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West Caucasian relative pronouns as resumptives

  • Yury Lander EMAIL logo and Michael Daniel
Published/Copyright: November 8, 2019

Abstract

In polysynthetic West Caucasian languages, the morphological verbal complex amounts to a clause with all kinds of participants cross-referenced by affixes. Relativization is performed by introducing a relative affix in the cross-reference slot that corresponds to the relativized participant. However, these languages display several crosslinguistically rare features of relativization. Firstly, while under the view of the verbal complex as a clause this affix appears to be a relative pronoun, it is an unusual relative pronoun because it remains in situ. Secondly, relative affixes may appear several times in the same clause. Thirdly, relative pronouns are not expected to occur in languages with prenominal relative clauses. Fourthly, in the Circassian branch, relative pronouns are identical to reflexive pronouns. These features are explained by considering relative prefixes to be resumptive pronouns. This interpretation finds a parallel in the neighboring East Caucasian languages, where reflexive pronouns also show resumptive usages. Finally, since in some West Caucasian languages the relative affix is a morpheme with a dedicated relative function but still shows properties of a resumptive pronoun, our data suggest that the distinction between relative pronouns and resumptive pronouns may not be as clear as is usually assumed.

Acknowledgements

The article is partly based on the authors’ talks at NIAS workshop “Pronouns and perspective in language and literature” (Wassenaar, January 17, 2013) and “La relativisation dans les langues d’Asie Occidentale – Iran, Caucase, Anatolie, Proche-Orient” (Paris, INaLCO, February 7, 2014). We thank the participants of these workshops for the discussion of the data. We are also grateful to Ksenia Ershova and Paul Phelan as well to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on previous drafts of the article. The article was prepared within the framework of the HSE University Basic Research Program and funded by the Russian Academic Excellence Project ‘5-100’.

Appendix: Abbreviations used in glosses

1, 2, 3, 4

nominal classes (genders)

1sg, 1pl, 2Sg, 2pl, 3sg

person indexes

abs

absolutive

ad

ad (localization marker, roughly ‘near’)

add

additive particle

adv

adverbial case

all

allative

aor

aorist

art

definite article

atr

attributivizer

aux

auxiliary

ben

benefactive applicative

caus

causative

cd

clausal determiner

com

comitative applicative

cop

copula

cvb

converb

dat

dative

dir

directive

dyn

dynamic

erg

ergative

ess

essive (absence of motion)

evid

indirect evidential

f

feminine

fact

fact applicative

fut

future

gen

genitive

hpl

human plural

imp

imperative

ins

instrumental

io

indirect object applicative

ipfv

imperfective

loc

locative applicative (West Caucasian), general locative (East Caucasian)

m

masculine

mnr

manner applicative

n

neuter

neg

negative

nfin

non-finite

npl

non-human plural

obl

(East Caucasian) oblique stem

obl

(West Caucasian) oblique case

pfv

perfective (stem)

pl

plural

poss

possessive applicative

pr

possessor

pret

preterite

pst

past

ptcl

particle

q

interrogative

re

refactive

reas

reason applicative

rec

reciprocal

rel

relative marker

rfl

reflexive

sup

super (spatial marker)

th

thematic element

trans

translative

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