Abstract
In polysynthetic West Caucasian languages, the morphological verbal complex amounts to a clause with all kinds of participants cross-referenced by affixes. Relativization is performed by introducing a relative affix in the cross-reference slot that corresponds to the relativized participant. However, these languages display several crosslinguistically rare features of relativization. Firstly, while under the view of the verbal complex as a clause this affix appears to be a relative pronoun, it is an unusual relative pronoun because it remains in situ. Secondly, relative affixes may appear several times in the same clause. Thirdly, relative pronouns are not expected to occur in languages with prenominal relative clauses. Fourthly, in the Circassian branch, relative pronouns are identical to reflexive pronouns. These features are explained by considering relative prefixes to be resumptive pronouns. This interpretation finds a parallel in the neighboring East Caucasian languages, where reflexive pronouns also show resumptive usages. Finally, since in some West Caucasian languages the relative affix is a morpheme with a dedicated relative function but still shows properties of a resumptive pronoun, our data suggest that the distinction between relative pronouns and resumptive pronouns may not be as clear as is usually assumed.
Acknowledgements
The article is partly based on the authors’ talks at NIAS workshop “Pronouns and perspective in language and literature” (Wassenaar, January 17, 2013) and “La relativisation dans les langues d’Asie Occidentale – Iran, Caucase, Anatolie, Proche-Orient” (Paris, INaLCO, February 7, 2014). We thank the participants of these workshops for the discussion of the data. We are also grateful to Ksenia Ershova and Paul Phelan as well to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on previous drafts of the article. The article was prepared within the framework of the HSE University Basic Research Program and funded by the Russian Academic Excellence Project ‘5-100’.
Appendix: Abbreviations used in glosses
- 1, 2, 3, 4
nominal classes (genders)
- 1sg, 1pl, 2Sg, 2pl, 3sg
person indexes
- abs
absolutive
- ad
ad (localization marker, roughly ‘near’)
- add
additive particle
- adv
adverbial case
- all
allative
- aor
aorist
- art
definite article
- atr
attributivizer
- aux
auxiliary
- ben
benefactive applicative
- caus
causative
- cd
clausal determiner
- com
comitative applicative
- cop
copula
- cvb
converb
- dat
dative
- dir
directive
- dyn
dynamic
- erg
ergative
- ess
essive (absence of motion)
- evid
indirect evidential
- f
feminine
- fact
fact applicative
- fut
future
- gen
genitive
- hpl
human plural
- imp
imperative
- ins
instrumental
- io
indirect object applicative
- ipfv
imperfective
- loc
locative applicative (West Caucasian), general locative (East Caucasian)
- m
masculine
- mnr
manner applicative
- n
neuter
- neg
negative
- nfin
non-finite
- npl
non-human plural
- obl
(East Caucasian) oblique stem
- obl
(West Caucasian) oblique case
- pfv
perfective (stem)
- pl
plural
- poss
possessive applicative
- pr
possessor
- pret
preterite
- pst
past
- ptcl
particle
- q
interrogative
- re
refactive
- reas
reason applicative
- rec
reciprocal
- rel
relative marker
- rfl
reflexive
- sup
super (spatial marker)
- th
thematic element
- trans
translative
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© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- West Caucasian relative pronouns as resumptives
- General knowledge as an evidential category
- Predication over aspects of human individuals
- Metalinguistic conditionals and the role of explicit content
- Quantifying geographical variation in acceptability judgments in regional American English dialect syntax
- The areal typology of western Middle and South America: Towards a comprehensive view
- Erratum
- Erratum to: Japanese subject markers in linguistic change: A quantitative analysis of data spanning 90 years and its theoretical implications
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- West Caucasian relative pronouns as resumptives
- General knowledge as an evidential category
- Predication over aspects of human individuals
- Metalinguistic conditionals and the role of explicit content
- Quantifying geographical variation in acceptability judgments in regional American English dialect syntax
- The areal typology of western Middle and South America: Towards a comprehensive view
- Erratum
- Erratum to: Japanese subject markers in linguistic change: A quantitative analysis of data spanning 90 years and its theoretical implications