On the interplay of object animacy and verb type during sentence comprehension in German: ERP evidence from the processing of transitive dative and accusative constructions
Abstract
Comprehension of transitive sentences relies on different kinds of information, like word order, case marking, and animacy contrasts between arguments. When no formal cues like case marking or number congruency are available, a contrast in animacy helps the parser to decide which argument is the grammatical subject and which the object. Processing costs are enhanced when neither formal cues nor animacy contrasts are available in a transitive sentence. We present an ERP study on the comprehension of grammatical transitive German sentences, manipulating animacy contrasts between subjects and objects as well as the verbal case marking pattern. Our study shows strong object animacy effects even in the absence of violations, and in addition suggests that this effect of object animacy is modulated by the verbal case marking pattern.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Carsten Schliewe.
References
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Appendix. Stimuli
This Appendix lists all critical sentences used in the experiment.
inanimate-accusative
| Kathrin behauptet, dass | Banditen | Postkutschen | häufig |
| Kathrin claims that | bandit.pl.(nom) | stagecoach.pl.(acc) | frequently |
| ausrauben, | und Max behauptet das auch. |
| rob.3pl | and Max claims that too |
‘Kathrin claims that bandits frequently rob stage coaches, and Max claims that too.’
animate-accusative
| Samira behauptet, dass | Banditen | Postboten | häufig |
| Samira claims that | bandit.pl.(nom) | postman.pl.(acc) | frequently |
| ausrauben, | und Emma behauptet das auch. |
| rob.3pl | and Emma claims that too |
‘Samira claims that bandits frequently rob postmen, and Emma claims that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Daniel behauptet, dass | Banditen | Postkutschen |
| Daniel claims that | bandit.pl.(nom) | stagecoach.pl.(dat) |
| häufig | auflauern, | und Dominik behauptet das auch. |
| frequently | waylay.3pl | and Dominik claims that too |
‘Daniel claims that bandits frequently waylay stage coaches, and Dominik claims that, too.’
animate-dative
| Tommi behauptet, dass | Banditen | Postboten |
| Tommi claims that | bandit.pl.(nom) | postman.pl.(dat) |
| häufig | auflauern, | und Susanne behauptet das auch. |
| frequently | waylay.3pl | and Susanne claims that too |
‘Tommi claims that bandits frequently waylay postmen, and Susanne claims that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Peter behauptet, dass | Studentinnen | Vorlesungen |
| Peter claims that | student.fem.pl.(nom) | lecture.pl.(acc) |
| begeistert | loben, | und Ida behauptet das auch. |
| enthusiastically | praise.3pl | and Ida claims that too |
‘Peter claims that students enthusiastically praise lectures, and Ida claims that, too.’
animate-accusative
| Sven behauptet, dass | Studentinnen | Professoren |
| Sven claims that | student.fem.pl.(nom) | professor.pl.(acc) |
| begeistert | loben, | und Ida behauptet das auch. |
| enthusiastically | praise.3pl | and Ida claims that too |
‘Sven claims that students enthusiastically praise professors, and Andreas claims that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Mia behauptet, dass | Studentinnen | Vorlesungen |
| Mia claims that | student.fem.pl.(nom) | lecture.pl.(dat) |
| begeistert | applaudieren | und Jan behauptet das auch.. |
| enthusiastically | applaud.3pl | and Jan claims that too |
‘Mia claims that students enthusiastically applaud lectures, and Jan claims that, too.’
animate-dative
| Jan behauptet, dass | Studentinnen | Professoren |
| Jan claims that | student.fem.pl.(nom) | professor.pl.(dat) |
| begeistert | applaudieren | und Tim behauptet das auch.. |
| enthusiastically | applaud.3pl | and Tim claims that too |
‘Jan claims that students enthusiastically applaud professors, and Tim claims that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Leo denkt, dass | Direktoren | Strategien | schnell |
| Leo thinks that | director.pl.(nom) | strategy.pl.(acc) | quickly |
| verstehen, | und Bert denkt das gleiche. |
| understand.3pl | and Ida claims that too |
‘Leo thinks that directors quickly understand strategies and Bernd thinks so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Lydia denkt, dass | Direktoren | Sekretärinnen | schnell |
| Lydia thinks that | director.pl.(nom) | secretary.fem.pl.(acc) | quickly |
| verstehen, | und Jan denkt das gleiche. |
| understand.3pl | and Jan claims that too |
‘Lydia thinks that directors quickly understand secretaries and Jan thinks so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Jakob denkt, dass | Direktoren | Strategien | schnell |
| Jakob thinks that | director.pl.(nom) | strategy.pl.(dat) | quickly |
| zustimmen, | und Hannah denkt das gleiche. |
| agree.with.3pl | and Hannah claims that too |
‘Jakob thinks that directors quickly agree with strategies, and Hannah thinks so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Sabrina denkt, dass | Direktoren | Sekretärinnen | schnell |
| Sabrina thinks that | director.pl.(nom) | secretary.fem.pl.(dat) | quickly |
| zustimmen, | und Simone denkt das gleiche. |
| agree.with.3pl | and Simone claims that too |
‘Sabrina thinks that directors quickly agree with secretaries and Simone thinks so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Kerstin glaubt, dass | Sängerinnen | Anfeindungen | gelassen |
| Kerstin believes that | singer.fem.pl.(nom) | hostility.pl.(acc) | calmly |
| aushalten, | und Miriam glaubt das auch. |
| endure.3pl | and Miriam believes that too |
‘Kerstin believes that singers calmly bear hostilities, and Miriam believes it, too.’
animate-accusative
| Kilian glaubt, dass | Sängerinnen | Dirigenten | gelassen |
| Kilian believes that | singer.fem.pl.(nom) | conductor.pl.(acc) | calmly |
| aushalten, | und Anna glaubt das auch. |
| endure.3pl | and Anna believes that too |
‘Kilian believes that singers calmly bear conductors, and Anna believes that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Mirka glaubt, dass | Sängerinnen | Anfeindungen | gelassen |
| Mirka believes that | singer.fem.pl.(nom) | hostility.pl.(dat) | calmly |
| standhalten, | und Johanna glaubt das auch. |
| resist.3pl | and Johanna believes that too. |
‘Mirka believes that singers calmly resist hostilities, and Johanna believes that, too.’
animate-dative
| Paul glaubt, dass | Sängerinnen | Dirigenten | gelassen |
| Paul believes that | singer.fem.pl.(nom) | conductor.pl.(dat) | calmly |
| standhalten, | und Alex glaubt das auch. |
| resist.3pl | and Alex believes that too. |
‘Paul believes that singers calmly resist conductors, and Alex believes that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Kati berichtet, dass | Allergikerinnen | Zigaretten |
| Kati relates that | allergic.person.fem.pl.(nom) | cigarette.pl.(acc) |
| häufig | verfluchen, | und Mari berichtet das auch. |
| frequently | curse.3pl | and Mari relates that too. |
‘Kati tells that allergic people frequently curse cigarettes, and Mari tells the same.’
animate-accusative
| Rita berichtet, dass | Allergikerinnen | Katzen |
| Kati relates that | allergic.person.fem.pl.(nom) | cat.pl.(acc) |
| häufig | verfluchen, | und Mari berichtet das auch. |
| frequently | curse.3pl | and Fred relates that too. |
‘Rita tells that allergic people frequently curse cats, and Fred tells the same.’
inanimate-dative
| Egon berichtet, dass | Allergikerinnen | Zigaretten |
| Egon relates that | allergic.person.fem.pl.(nom) | cigarette.pl.(dat) |
| häufig | abschwören, | und Simon berichtet das auch. |
| frequently | swear.off.3pl | and Simon relates that too. |
‘Egon tells that allergic people often swear off cigarettes, and Simon tells the same.’
animate-dative
| Henk berichtet, dass | Allergikerinnen | Katzen |
| Henk relates that | allergic.person.fem.pl.(nom) | cat.pl.(dat) |
| häufig | abschwören, | und Nele berichtet das auch. |
| frequently | swear.off.3pl | and Nele relates that too. |
‘Henk tells that allergic people often swear off cats, and Nele tells the same.’
inanimate-accusative
| Tim glaubt, dass | Tauben | Luftballons | gerne |
| Tim believes that | dove.pl.(nom) | airballoon.pl.(acc) | gladly |
| mögen | und Tom glaubt das auch. |
| like.3pl | and Tom believes that too |
‘Tim believes that doves rather like balloons, and Tom believes that, too.’
animate-accusative
| Julian glaubt, dass | Tauben | Krähen | gerne |
| Julian believes that | dove.pl.(nom) | crow.pl.(acc) | gladly |
| mögen | und Horst glaubt das auch. |
| like.3pl | and Horst believes that too |
‘Julian believes that doves rather like crows, and Horst believes that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Gabi glaubt, dass | Tauben | Luftballons | gerne |
| Gabi believes that | dove.pl.(nom) | airballoon.pl.(dat) | gladly |
| folgen | und Else glaubt das auch. |
| follow.3pl | and Else believes that too |
‘Gabi believes that doves like following balloons, and Else believes that, too.’
animate-dative
| Tim glaubt, dass | Tauben | Krähen | gerne |
| Tim believes that | dove.pl.(nom) | airballoon.pl.(dat) | gladly |
| folgen | und Tom glaubt das auch. |
| follow.3pl | and Tom believes that too |
‘Tim believes that doves like following crows, and Tom believes that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Suse behauptet, dass | Richterinnen | Alibis | häufig |
| Suse claims that | judge.fem.pl.(nom) | alibi.pl.(acc) | frequently |
| ablehnen, | und Freddie behauptet das gleiche. |
| reject.3pl | and Freddie claims that too |
‘Suse claims that judges frequently reject alibis, and Freddie claims that, too.’
animate-accusative
| Manuela behauptet, dass | Richterinnen | Zeuginnen |
| Manuela claims that | judge.fem.pl.(nom) | witness.fem.pl.(acc) |
| häufig | ablehnen, | und Torsten behauptet das gleiche. |
| frequently | reject.3pl | and Torsten claims that too |
‘Manuela claims that judges frequently reject witnesses, and Torsten claims that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Frieke behauptet, dass | Richterinnen | Alibis | häufig |
| Frieke claims that | judge.fem.pl.(nom) | alibi.pl.(dat) | frequently |
| misstrauen, | und Anna behauptet das gleiche. |
| distrust.3pl | and Anna claims that too |
‘Frieke claims that judges frequently distrust alibis, and Anna claims that, too.’
animate-dative
| Nadja behauptet, dass | Richterinnen | Zeuginnen |
| Nadja claims that | judge.fem.pl.(nom) | witness.fem.pl.(dat) |
| häufig | misstrauen, | und Linus behauptet das gleiche. |
| frequently | distrust.3pl | and Linus claims that too |
‘Nadja claims that judges frequently distrust witnesses, and Linus claims that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Marion sagt, dass | Sekretärinnen | Firmen |
| Marion says that | secretary.fem.pl.(nom) | company.pl.(dat) |
| ungern | anzeigen, | und Karla sagt das gleiche. |
| reluctantly | report.3pl | and Karla says the same |
‘Marion says that secretaries dislike reporting companies [to the police], and Karla says so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Henning sagt, dass | Sekretärinnen | Kollegen |
| Henning says that | secretary.fem.pl.(nom) | colleagues.pl.(dat) |
| ungern | anzeigen, | und Hannes sagt das gleiche. |
| reluctantly | report.3pl | and Hannes says the same |
‘Henning says that secretaries dislike reporting colleagues [to the police], and Hannes says so, too.’
inanimate-dative:
| Ute sagt, dass | Sekretärinnen | Firmen | ungern |
| Ute says that | secretary.fem.pl.(nom) | company.pl.(dat) | reluctantly |
| schaden, | und Elke sagt das gleiche. |
| damage.3pl | and Elke says the same |
‘Ute says that secretaries dislike doing damage to companies, and Elke says the same.’
animate-dative
| Udo sagt, dass | Sekretärinnen | Kollegen |
| Udo says that | secretary.fem.pl.(nom) | colleagues.pl.(dat) |
| ungern | schaden, | und Simone sagt das gleiche. |
| reluctantly | damage.3pl | and Simone says the same |
‘Udo says that secretaries dislike doing damage to colleagues, and Simone says so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Teresa erzählt, dass | Mädchen | Karnevalswagen |
| Teresa tells that | girl.pl.(nom) | carnival.wagon.pl.(acc) |
| begeistert | anstarren, | und Roland erzählt das gleiche. |
| enthusiastically | stare.at.3pl | and Roland tells the same |
‘Teresa tells that girls enthusiastically stare at carnival floats, and Roland tells the same.’
animate-accusative
| Peter erzählt, dass | Mädchen | Karnevalsprinzen |
| Peter tells that | girl.pl.(nom) | carnival.prince..pl.(acc) |
| begeistert | anstarren, | und Lisa erzählt das gleiche. |
| enthusiastically | stare.at.3pl | and Lisa tells the same |
‘Peter tells that girls enthusiastically stare at carnival princes, and Lisa tells the same.’
inanimate-dative
| Hannes erzählt, dass | Mädchen | Karnevalswagen |
| Hannes tells that | girl.pl.(nom) | carnival.wagon..pl.(dat) |
| begeistert | zujubeln, | und Malte erzählt das gleiche. |
| enthusiastically | cheer.at.3pl | and Malte tells the same |
‘Hannes tells that girls enthusiastically hail carnival floats, and Malte tells the same.’
animate-dative
| Antje erzählt, dass | Mädchen | Karnevalsprinzen |
| Antje tells that | girl.pl.(nom) | carnival.prince..pl.(dat) |
| begeistert | zujubeln, | und Mareike erzählt das gleiche. |
| enthusiastically | cheer.at.3pl | and Mareike tells the same |
‘Antje tells that girls enthusiastically hail carnival princes, and Mareike tells the same.’
inanimate-accusative
| Nina sagt, dass | Mädchen | Autos | lange |
| Nina says that | girl.pl.(nom) | car.pl.(acc) | long |
| anglotzen, | und Hans sagt das auch. |
| stare.at.3pl | and Hans says that too |
‘Nina says that girls stare at cars for a long time, and Hans says so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Florian sagt, dass | Mädchen | Jungen | lange | anglotzen, |
| Florian says that | girl.pl.(nom) | boy.pl.(acc) | long | stare.at.3pl |
| und Felix sagt das auch. |
| and Felix says that too |
‘Florian says that girls stare at boys for a long time, and Felix says so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Antje sagt, dass | Mädchen | Autos | lange |
| Antje says that | girl.pl.(nom) | car.pl.(dat) | long |
| nachglotzen | und Kerstin sagt das auch. |
| stare.after.3pl | and Kerstin says that too |
‘Antje says that girls stare after cars for a long time, and Kerstin says so, too.’
animate-dative
| Sabine sagt, dass | Mädchen | Jungen | lange |
| Sabine says that | girl.pl.(nom) | boy.pl.(dat) | long |
| nachglotzen | und Anne sagt das auch. |
| stare.after.3pl | and Anne says that too |
‘Sabine says that girls stare after boys for a long time, and Anne says so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Kathrin erzählt, dass | Krähen | Luftballons | misstrauisch |
| Kathrin tells that | crow.pl.(nom) | air.balloon.pl.(acc) | suspiciously |
| anglotzen, | und Maja erzählt das auch. |
| stare.at.3pl | and Maja tells that too |
‘Kathrin tells that crows suspiciously watch balloons, and Maja tells that, too.’
animate-accusative
| Anja erzählt, dass | Krähen | Eulen | misstrauisch |
| Anja tells that | crow.pl.(nom) | owl.pl.(acc) | suspiciously |
| anglotzen, | und Thomas erzählt das auch. |
| stare.at.3pl | and Thomas tells that too |
‘Anja tells that crows suspiciously watch owls, and Thomas tells that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Vera erzählt, dass | Krähen | Luftballons | misstrauisch |
| Vera tells that | crow.pl.(nom) | air.balloon.pl.(dat) | suspiciously |
| nachsehen | und Peter erzählt das auch. |
| watch.after.3pl | and Peter tells that too |
‘Vera tells that crows suspicously look after balloons [that move away] and Peter tells that, too.’
animate-dative
| Ute erzählt, dass | Krähen | Eulen | misstrauisch |
| Ute tells that | crow.pl.(nom) | owl.pl.(dat) | suspiciously |
| nachsehen | und Elke erzählt das auch. |
| watch.after.3pl | and Elke tells that too |
‘Ute tells that crows suspiciously look after owls [that move away] and Elke tells that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Florian meint, dass | Ärztinnen | Irrlehren |
| Florian supposes that | doctor.fem.pl.(nom) | heterodoxy.pl.(acc) |
| nachdrücklich | verteidigen, | und Petra meint das auch. |
| insistently | defend.3pl | and Petra supposes that too |
‘Florian supposes that doctors insistently defend heterodoxies, and Petra supposes so to.’
animate-accusative
| Ana meint, dass | Ärztinnen | Krankenpflegerinnen |
| Ana supposes that | doctor.fem.pl.(nom) | nurse.fem.pl.(acc) |
| nachdrücklich | verteidigen, | und Max meint das auch. |
| insistently | defend.3pl | and Max supposes that too |
‘Ana supposes that doctors insistently defend nurses, and Max supposes so too.’
inanimate-dative
| Gabi meint, dass | Ärztinnen | Irrlehren |
| Gabi supposes that | doctor.fem.pl.(nom) | heterodoxy.pl.(dat) |
| nachdrücklich | widersprechen | und Andrea meint das auch. |
| insistently | contradict.3pl | and Andrea supposes that too |
‘Gabi supposes that doctors emphatically contradict heterodoxies, and Andrea supposes so, too.’
animate-dative
| Rudi meint, dass | Ärztinnen | Krankenpflegerinnen |
| Rudi supposes that | doctor.fem.pl.(nom) | nurse.fem.pl.(dat) |
| nachdrücklich | widersprechen | und Pia meint das auch. |
| insistently | contradict.3pl | and Pia supposes that too |
‘Rudi supposes that doctors emphatically contradict nurses, and Pia supposes so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Norbert hofft, dass | Politikerinnen | Bestechungen |
| Norbert hopes that | politician.fem.pl.(nom) | bribe.pl.(acc) |
| prinzipiell | ablehnen, | und Karin hofft das auch. |
| on.principle | reject.3pl | and Karin hopes that too |
‘Norbert hopes that politicians reject of bribes as a matter of principle, and Karin hopes so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Toni hofft, dass | Politikerinnen | Baulöwen |
| Toni hopes that | politician.fem.pl.(nom) | build.lion.pl.(acc) |
| prinzipiell | ablehnen, | und Michael hofft das auch. |
| on.principle | reject.3pl | and Michael hopes that too |
‘Toni hopes that politicians reject building tycoons as a matter of principle, and Michael hopes so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Vroni hofft, dass | Politikerinnen | Bestechungen | problemlos |
| Vroni hopes that | politician.fem.pl.(nom) | bribe.pl.(dat) | problem.less |
| widerstehen, | und Karin hofft das auch. |
| resist.3pl | and Karin hopes that too |
‘Vroni hopes that politicians resist bribes without difficulty and Karin hopes so, too.’
animate-dative
| Emanuel hofft, dass | Politikerinnen | Baulöwen |
| Emanuel hopes that | politician.fem.pl.(nom) | build.lion.pl.(dat) |
| problemlos | widerstehen, | und Saskia hofft das auch. |
| problem.less | resist.3pl | and Saskia hopes that too |
‘Emanuel hopes that politicians resist building tycoons without difficulty and Saskia hopes so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Nicole denkt, dass | Schülerinnen | Unannehmlichkeiten |
| Nicole thinks that | pupil.fem.pl.(nom) | inconvenience.pl.(acc) |
| selten | vergessen | und Daniel denkt es auch. |
| rarely | forget.3pl | and Daniel thinks it too |
‘Nicole thinks that pupils rarely forget inconveniences, and Daniel thinks so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Michael denkt, dass | Schülerinnen | Lehrerinnen | selten |
| Michael thinks that | pupil.fem.pl.(nom) | teacher.fem.pl.(acc) | rarely |
| vergessen | und Claudia denkt es auch. |
| forget.3pl | and Claudia thinks it too |
‘Michael thinks that pupils rarely forget teachers, and Claudia thinks so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Jessica denkt, dass | Schülerinnen | Unannehmlichkeiten | selten |
| Jessica thinks that | pupil.fem.pl.(nom) | inconvenience.pl.(dat) | rarely |
| begegnen | und Dominik denkt es auch. |
| encounter.3pl | and Dominik thinks it too |
‘Jessica thinks that pupils rarely encounter inconveniences, and Dominik thinks so, too.’
animate-dative
| Marina denkt, dass | Schülerinnen | Lehrerinnen | selten |
| Marina thinks that | pupil.fem.pl.(nom) | teacher.fem.pl.(dat) | rarely |
| begegnen | und Wolfgang denkt es auch. |
| encounter.3pl | and Wolfgang thinks it too |
‘Marina thinks that pupils rarely encounter teachers, and Wolfgang thinks so,too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Matthias hofft, dass | Patienten | Anweisungen | selten |
| Matthias hopes that | patient.pl.(nom) | instruction.pl.(acc) | rarely |
| verspotten | und Tina hofft es auch. |
| mock.3pl | and Tina hopes it too |
‘Matthias hopes that patients rarely mock [doctor’s] orders, and Tina hopes so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Julia hofft, dass | Patienten | Arztinnen | selten |
| Julia hopes that | patient.pl.(nom) | doctor.fem.pl.(acc) | rarely |
| verspotten | und Karsten hofft es auch. |
| mock.3pl | and Karsten hopes it too |
‘Julia hopes that patients rarely mock doctors, and Karsten hopes so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Robert hofft, dass | Patienten | Anweisungen | selten |
| Robert hopes that | patient.pl.(nom) | instruction.pl.(dat) | rarely |
| zuwiderhandeln | und Nele hofft es auch. |
| counteract.3pl | and Nele hopes it too |
‘Robert hopes that patients rarely act against [doctor’s] orders, and Nele hopes so, too.’
animate-dative
| Benno hofft, dass | Patienten | Arztinnen | selten |
| Benno hopes that | patient.pl.(nom) | doctor.fem.pl.(dat) | rarely |
| zuwiderhandeln | und Sina hofft es auch. |
| counteract.3pl | and Sina hopes it too |
‘Benno hopes that patients rarely act against doctors, and Sina hopes so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Karsten sieht, dass | Radfahrerinnen | Baustellen | geschickt |
| Karsten sees that | cyclist.fem.pl.(nom) | build.site.pl.(acc) | deftly |
| vermeiden | und Martin sieht das auch. |
| avoid.3pl | and Martin sees it, too |
‘Karsten sees that cyclists deftly avoid construction sites, and Martin sees it, too.’
animate-accusative
| Toni sieht, dass | Radfahrerinnen | Polizisten | geschickt |
| Toni sees that | cyclist.fem.pl.(nom) | policeman.pl.(acc) | deftly |
| vermeiden | und Suse sieht das auch. |
| avoid.3pl | and Suse sees it, too |
‘Toni sees that cyclists deftly avoid policemen, and Suse sees it, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Otto sieht, dass | Radfahrerinnen | Baustellen | geschickt |
| Otto sees that | cyclist.fem.pl.(nom) | build.site.pl.(dat) | deftly |
| ausweichen | und Rainer sieht das auch. |
| dodge.3pl | and Rainer sees it, too |
‘Otto sees that cyclists deftly dodge construction sites, and Rainer sees it, too.’
animate-dative
| Michael sieht, dass | Radfahrerinnen | Polizisten | geschickt |
| Michael sees that | cyclist.fem.pl.(nom) | policeman.pl.(dat) | deftly |
| ausweichen | und Andreas sieht das auch. |
| dodge.3pl | and Andreas sees it, too |
‘Michael sees that cyclists deftly dodge policemen, and Andreas sees it, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Robert hofft, dass | Eltern | Beschwerden | aufmerksam |
| Robert hopes that | parent.pl.(nom) | complaint..pl.(acc) | attentitvely |
| anhören | und Max hofft das auch. |
| listen.to.3pl | and Max hopes that too |
’Robert hopes that parents attentively listen to complaints, and Max hopes so,too.’
animate-accusative
| Lena hofft, dass | Eltern | Lehrerinnen | aufmerksam |
| Lena hopes that | parent.pl.(nom) | teacher.fem.pl.(acc) | attentitvely |
| anhören | und Miriam hofft das auch. |
| listen.to.3pl | and Miriam hopes that too |
‘Lena hopes that parents attentively listen to teachers, and Miriam hopes so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Björn hofft, dass | Eltern | Beschwerden | aufmerksam |
| Björn hopes that | parent.pl.(nom) | complaint..pl.(dat) | attentitvely |
| zuhören | und Anna hofft das auch. |
| listen.to.3pl | and Anna hopes that too |
‘Björn hopes that parents attentively listen to complaints, and Anna hopes so, too.’
animate-dative
| Hannes hofft, dass | Eltern | Lehrerinnen | aufmerksam |
| Hannes hopes that | parent.pl.(nom) | teacher.fem.pl.(dat) | attentitvely |
| zuhören | und Katja hofft das auch. |
| listen.to.3pl | and Katja hopes that too |
‘Hannes hopes that parents attentively listen to teachers, and Katja hopes so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Nora erzählt, dass | Jungen | Autos | neugierig |
| Nora tells that | boy.pl.(nom) | car.pl.(acc) | curiously |
| anstarren, | und Gabi erzählt das gleiche. |
| stare.at.3pl | and Gabi tells the same |
‘Nora tells that boys curiously stare at cars and Gabi tells the same.’
animate-accusative
| Dirk erzählt, dass | Jungen | Mädchen | neugierig |
| Dirk tells that | boy.pl.(nom) | girl.pl.(acc) | curiously |
| anstarren, | und Nicole erzählt das gleiche. |
| stare.at.3pl | and Nicole tells the same |
‘Dirk tells that boys curiously stare at girls, and Nicole tells the same.’
inanimate-dative
| Nadine erzählt, dass | Jungen | Autos | neugierig |
| Nadine tells that | boy.pl.(nom) | car.pl.(dat) | curiously |
| nachlaufen, | und Jessica erzählt das gleiche. |
| run.after.3pl | and Jessica tells the same |
‘Nadine tells that boys curiously run after cars, and Jessica tells the same.’
animate-dative
| Dieter erzählt, dass | Jungen | Mädchen | neugierig |
| Dieter tells that | boy.pl.(nom) | girl.pl.(dat) | rarely |
| nachlaufen, | und Andreas erzählt das gleiche. |
| run.after.3pl | and Andreas tells the same |
‘Dieter tells that boys curiously run after girls, and Andreas tells the same.’
inanimate-accusative
| Thomas erzählt, dass | Katzen | Tierparks | selten |
| Thomas tells that | cat.pl.(nom) | zoo.pl.(acc) | rarely |
| akzeptieren, | und Matti erzählt das gleiche. |
| accept.3pl | and Matti tells the same |
‘Thomas tells that cats rarely accept zoos and Matti tells the same.’
animate-accusative
| Roland erzählt, dass | Katzen | Frauchen | selten |
| Roland tells that | cat.pl.(nom) | woman.dim.pl.(acc) | rarely |
| akzeptieren, | und Sabine erzählt das gleiche. |
| accept.3pl | and Sabine tells the same |
‘Roland tells that cats rarely accept (female) owners, and Sabine tells the same.’
inanimate-dative
| Willi erzählt, dass | Katzen | Tierparks | selten |
| Willi tells that | cat.pl.(nom) | zoo.pl.(dat) | rarely |
| entlaufen, | und Artur erzählt das gleiche. |
| run.off.3pl | and Artur tells the same |
‘Willi tells that cats rarely run away from zoos, and Artur tells the same.’
animate-dative
| Nicole erzählt, dass | Katzen | Frauchen | selten |
| Nicole tells that | cat.pl.(nom) | woman.dim.pl.(dat) | rarely |
| entlaufen, | und Jens erzählt das gleiche. |
| run.off.3pl | and Jens tells the same |
‘Nicole tells that cats rarely run away from (female) owners, and Jens tells the same.’
inanimate-accusative
| Jana sagt, dass | Schülerinnen | Einladungen | gerne |
| Jana says that | pupil.fem.pl.(nom) | invitation.pl.(acc) | gladly |
| annehmen, | und Mirko sagt das auch. |
| accept.3pl | and Mirko tells the same |
‘Jana says that pupils like accepting invitations, and Mirko says so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Matthias sagt, dass | Schülerinnen | Lehrerinnen | gerne |
| Matthias says that | pupil.fem.pl.(nom) | teacher.fem.pl.(acc) | gladly |
| annehmen, | und Felix sagt das auch. |
| accept.3pl | and Felix tells the same |
‘Matthias says that pupils like accepting teachers, and Felix says so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Peter sagt, dass | Schülerinnen | Einladungen | gerne |
| Peter says that | pupil.fem.pl.(nom) | invitation.pl.(dat) | gladly |
| entgegenkommen, | und Stefan sagt das auch. |
| come.toward.3pl | and Stefan tells the same |
‘Peter says that pupils like to accomodate to invitations and Stefan says so, too.’
animate-dative
| Karl sagt, dass | Schülerinnen | Lehrerinnen | gerne |
| Karl says that | pupil.fem.pl.(nom) | teacher.fem.pl.(dat) | gladly |
| entgegenkommen, | und Lars sagt das auch. |
| come.toward.3pl | and Lars tells the same |
‘Karl says that pupils gladly accommodate to teachers, and Lars says so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Merle behauptet, dass | Waisen | Sonderschulen |
| Merle claims that | orphan.pl.(nom) | special.school.pl.(acc) |
| niemals | fürchten, | und Wiebke behauptet das auch. |
| never | fear.3pl | and Wiebke tells the same |
‘Merle claims that orphans never fear special schools, and Wiebke claims the same.’
animate-accusative
| Heidi behauptet, dass | Waisen | Betreuerinnen |
| Heidi claims that | orphan.pl.(nom) | custodian.fem.pl.(acc) |
| niemals | fürchten, | und Greta behauptet das auch. |
| never | fear.3pl | and Greta tells the same |
‘Heidi claims that orphans never fear custodians, and Greta claims the same.’
inanimate-dative
| Jutta behauptet, dass | Waisen | Sonderschulen |
| Jutta claims that | orphan.pl.(nom) | special.school.pl.(dat) |
| niemals | entkommen, | und Roland behauptet das auch. |
| never | escape.3pl | and Roland tells the same |
‘Jutta claims that orphans never escape special schools, and Roland claims the same.’
animate-accusative
| Robert behauptet, dass | Waisen | Betreuerinnen |
| Robert claims that | orphan.pl.(nom) | custodian.fem.pl.(dat) |
| niemals | entkommen, | und Antje behauptet das auch. |
| never | escape.3pl | and Antje tells the same |
‘Robert claims that orphans never escape custodians, and Antje claims the same.’
inanimate-accusative
| Tina beklagt, dass | Journalisten | Parteien | regelmäßig |
| Tina laments that | journalist.pl.(nom) | party.pl.(acc) | regularly |
| parodieren, | und Petra beklagt es auch. |
| parody.3pl | and Petra laments it too |
‘Tina laments that journalists regularly spoof [political] parties, and Petra laments it, too.’
animate-accusative
| Hannes beklagt, dass | Journalisten | Kollegen |
| Hannes laments that | journalist.pl.(nom) | colleague.pl.(acc) |
| regelmäßig | parodieren, | und Volker beklagt es auch. |
| regularly | parody.3pl | and Volker laments it too |
‘Hannes laments that journalists regularly spoof colleagues, and Volker laments it, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Wolfgang beklagt, dass | Journalisten | Parteien | regelmäßig |
| Wolfgang laments that | journalist.pl.(nom) | party.pl.(dat) | regularly |
| zuvorkommen, | und Claudia beklagt es auch. |
| scoop.3pl | and Claudia laments it too |
‘Wolfgang laments that journalists regularly scoop [political] parties, and Claudia laments it, too.’
animate-dative
| Britta beklagt, dass | Journalisten | Kollegen |
| Britta laments that | journalist.pl.(nom) | colleague.pl.(dat) |
| regelmäßig | zuvorkommen, | und Inge beklagt es auch. |
| regularly | scoop.3pl | and Inge laments it too |
‘Britta laments that journalists regularly scoop colleagues, and Inge laments it, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Jonna hofft, dass | Beraterinnen | Parteien |
| Jonna hopes that | consultant.fem.pl.(nom) | colleague.pl.(acc) |
| engagiert | unterstützen, | und Nils hofft das auch. |
| committedly | support.3pl | and Nils laments it too |
‘Jonna hopes that consultants committedly support [political] parties, and Nils hopes so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Inge hofft, dass | Beraterinnen | Kandidaten |
| Inge hofft that | consultant.fem.pl.(nom) | candidate.pl.(acc) |
| engagiert | unterstützen, | und Michael hofft das auch. |
| committedly | support.3pl | and Michael laments it too |
‘Ingo hopes that consultants committedly support candidates, and Michael hopes so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Britta hofft, dass | Beraterinnen | Parteien |
| Britta hofft that | consultant.fem.pl.(nom) | colleague.pl.(acc) |
| engagiert | dienen, | und Jannis hofft das auch. |
| committedly | serve.3pl | and Jannis laments it too |
‘Britta hopes that consultants committedly serve [political] parties, and Jannis hopes so, too.’
animate-dative
| Joachim hofft, dass | Beraterinnen | Kandidaten |
| Joachim hofft that | consultant.fem.pl.(nom) | candidate.pl.(dat) |
| engagiert | dienen, | und Marion hofft das auch. |
| committedly | serve.3pl | and Marion laments it too |
‘Joachim hopes that consultants committedly serve candidates, and Marion hopes so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Lily sagt, dass | Patienten | Anweisungen |
| Lily says that | patient.pl.(nom) | instruction.pl.(acc) |
| ungern | missachten | und Emma sagt das gleiche. |
| reluctantly | disobey.3pl | and Emma says the same |
‘Lily says that patients are reluctant to disobey instructions, and Emma says so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Helene sagt, dass | Patienten | Ärztinnen | ungern |
| Helene says that | patient.pl.(nom) | doctor.fem.pl.(acc) | reluctantly |
| missachten | und Simon sagt das gleiche. |
| disobey.3pl | and Simon says the same |
‘Helene says that patients are reluctant to disobey doctors, and Simon says so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Janne sagt, dass | Patienten | Anweisungen |
| Janne says that | patient.pl.(nom) | instruction.pl.(dat) |
| ungern | gehorchen | und Ingo sagt das gleiche. |
| reluctantly | obey.3pl | and Ingo says the same |
‘Janne says that patients are reluctant to obey instructions, and Ingo says so, too.’
animate-dative
| Silke sagt, dass | Patienten | Ärztinnen |
| Silke says that | patient.pl.(nom) | doctor.fem.pl.(dat) |
| ungern | gehorchen | und Wolfgang sagt das gleiche. |
| reluctantly | obey.3pl | and Wolfgang says the same |
‘Silke says that patients are reluctant to obey doctors, and Wolfgang says so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Vera glaubt, dass | Fußballfans | Sportsendungen |
| Vera believes that | football.fan.pl.(nom) | sport.broadcast.pl.(acc) |
| ungeduldig | herbeisehnen | und Kai glaubt es auch. |
| impatiently | yearn.for.3pl | and Kai believes it too |
‘Vera believes that football fans impatiently yearn for sports programmes, and Kai believes so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Ingo glaubt, dass | Fußballfans | Schiedsrichterinnen |
| Ingo believes that | football.fan.pl.(nom) | referee.fem.pl.(acc) |
| ungeduldig | herbeisehnen | und Dan glaubt es auch. |
| impatiently | yearn.for.3pl | and Dan believes it too |
‘Ingo believes that football fans impatiently yearn for referees, and Dan believes so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Nadia glaubt, dass | Fußballfans | Sportsendungen |
| Nadia believes that | football.fan.pl.(nom) | sport.broadcast.pl.(dat) |
| ungeduldig | entgegenfiebern | und Mara glaubt es auch. |
| impatiently | fever.toward.3pl | and Mara believes it too |
‘Nadia believes that football fans impatiently look forward to sports programmes, and Mara believes so, too.’
animate-dative
| Leo glaubt, dass | Fußballfans | Schiedsrichterinnen |
| Leo believes that | football.fan.pl.(nom) | referee.fem.pl.(dat) |
| ungeduldig | entgegenfiebern | und Niki glaubt es auch. |
| impatiently | fever.toward.3pl | and Niki believes it too |
‘Leo believes that football fans impatiently look forward to referees, and Niki believes so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Markus findet, dass | Menschen | Maschinen | irgendwie |
| Markus thinks that | human.pl.(nom) | machine.pl.(acc) | somehow |
| mögen, | und Nina findet das auch. |
| like.3pl | and Nina thinks that too |
‘Markus thinks that humans kind of like machines, and Nina thinks so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Roland findet, dass | Menschen | Affen | irgendwie |
| Roland thinks that | human.pl.(nom) | monkey.pl.(acc) | somehow |
| mögen, | und Martin findet das auch. |
| like.3pl | and Martin thinks that too |
‘Roland thinks that humans kind of like monkeys and Martin thinks so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Silke findet, dass | Menschen | Maschinen | irgendwie |
| Silke thinks that | human.pl.(nom) | machine.pl.(dat) | somehow |
| ähneln | und Astrid findet das auch. |
| resemble.3pl | and Astrid thinks that too |
‘Silke thinks that humans somehow resemble machines, and Astrid thinks so, too.’
animate-dative
| Bert findet, dass | Menschen | Affen | irgendwie |
| Bert thinks that | human.pl.(nom) | monkey.pl.(dat) | somehow |
| ähneln | und Ingo findet das auch. |
| resemble.3pl | and Ingo thinks that too |
‘Bert thinks that humans somehow resemble monkeys, and Ingo thinks so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Florian sagt, dass | Demonstranten | Polizeiwagen |
| Florian says that | protester.pl.(nom) | police.van.pl.(acc) |
| stundenlang | beobachten | und Julia sagt das auch. |
| hour.long | observe.3pl | and Julia says that too |
‘Florian says that protesters observe police vans for hours, and Julia says so, too.’
animate-accusative
| Felix sagt, dass | Demonstranten | Polizistinnen |
| Felix says that | protester.pl.(nom) | police.fem.pl.(acc) |
| stundenlang | beobachten | und Lisa sagt das auch. |
| hour.long | observe.3pl | and Lisa says that too |
‘Felix says that protesters observe policewomen for hours, and Lisa says so, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Lukas sagt, dass | Demonstranten | Polizeiwagen |
| Lukas says that | protester.pl.(nom) | police.van.pl.(dat) |
| stundenlang | gegenüberstehen, | und Tanja sagt das auch. |
| hour.long | stand.opposite.3pl | and Tanja says that too |
‘Lukas says that protesters face policevans for hours, and Tanja says so, too.’
animate-dative
| Tim sagt, dass | Demonstranten | Polizistinnen |
| Tim says that | protester.pl.(nom) | police.fem.pl.(dat) |
| stundenlang | gegenüberstehen, | und Björn sagt das auch. |
| hour.long | stand.opposite.3pl | and Björn says that too |
‘Tim says that protesters face policewomen for hours, and Björn says so, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Mellie kritisiert, dass | Eltern | Anschuldigungen |
| Melli criticizes that | parent.pl.(nom) | accusation.pl.(acc) |
| zögerlich | anerkennen, | und Basti kritisiert das auch. |
| hesitantly | recognize.3pl | and Basti criticizes that too |
‘Melli criticizes that parents hesitantly recognize accusations, and Basti criticizes that, too.’
animate-accusative
| Christian kritisiert, dass | Eltern | Lehrerinnen | zögerlich |
| Christian criticizes that | parent.pl.(nom) | teacher.pl.(acc) | hesitantly |
| anerkennen, | und Birte kritisiert das auch. |
| recognize.3pl | and Birte criticizes that too |
‘Christian criticizes that parents hesitantly recognize teachers, and Birte criticizes that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Anne kritisiert, dass | Eltern | Anschuldigungen | zögerlich |
| Anne criticizes that | parent.pl.(nom) | accusation.pl.(dat) | hesitantly |
| beipflichten, | und Flo kritisiert das auch. |
| assent.3pl | and Flo criticizes that too |
‘Anne criticizes that parents hesitantly assent to accusations, and Flo criticizes that, too.’
animate-dative
| Andi kritisiert, dass | Eltern | Lehrerinnen | zögerlich |
| Andi criticizes that | parent.pl.(nom) | teacher.pl.(dat) | hesitantly |
| beipflichten, | und Robert kritisiert das auch. |
| assent.3pl | and Robert criticizes that too |
‘Andi criticizes that parents hesitantly assent to teachers, and Robert criticizes that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Ina hofft, dass | Ärztinnen | Versicherungen | besonders |
| Ina hopes that | doctor.fem.pl.(nom) | insurance.pl.(acc) | specifically |
| empfehlen, | und Pia hofft das auch. |
| recommend.3pl | and Pia hopes that too |
‘Pia hopes that doctors specifically recommend insurance companies, and Pia hopes that, too.’
animate-accusative
| Ina hofft, dass | Ärztinnen | Krankenschwestern | besonders |
| Ina hopes that | doctor.fem.pl.(nom) | nurse.pl.(acc) | specifically |
| empfehlen, | und Till hofft das auch. |
| recommend.3pl | and Till hopes that too |
‘Pia hopes that doctors specifically recommend nurses, and Pia hopes that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Tim hofft, dass | Ärztinnen | Versicherungen | besonders |
| Tim hopes that | doctor.fem.pl.(nom) | insurance.pl.(dat) | specifically |
| vertrauen | und Isa hofft das auch. |
| trust.3pl | and Isa hopes that too |
‘Pia hopes that doctors specifically recommend nurses, and Pia hopes that, too.’
animate-dative
| Mia hofft, dass | Ärztinnen | Krankenschwestern | besonders |
| Mia hopes that | doctor.fem.pl.(nom) | nurse.pl.(dat) | specifically |
| vertrauen | und Ali hofft das auch. |
| trust.3pl | and Ali hopes that too |
‘Mia hopes that doctors especially trust nurses, and Ali hopes that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Paula glaubt, dass | Journalisten | Drohungen | einfach |
| Paula believes that | journalist.pl.(nom) | threat.pl.(acc) | simply |
| ignorieren, | und Daniel glaubt das auch. |
| ignore.3pl | and Daniel believes that too |
‘Paula believes that journalists simply ignore threats, and Daniel believes that, too.’
animate-accusative
| Felix glaubt, dass | Journalisten | Konkurrenten | einfach |
| Felix believes that | journalist.pl.(nom) | competitor.pl.(acc) | simply |
| ignorieren, | und Dora glaubt das auch. |
| ignore.3pl | and Dora believes that too |
‘Felix believes that journalists simply ignore competitors, and Dora believes that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Hermann glaubt, dass | Journalisten | Drohungen | einfach |
| Hermann believes that | journalist.pl.(nom) | threat.pl.(dat) | simply |
| nachgeben, | und Inge glaubt das auch. |
| give.in.to.3pl | and Inge believes that too |
‘Hermann believes that journalists simply give in to threats, and Inge believes that, too.’
animate-dative
| Ingo glaubt, dass | Journalisten | Konkurrenten | einfach |
| Ingo believes that | journalist.pl.(nom) | competitor.pl.(dat) | simply |
| nachgeben, | und Sabine glaubt das auch. |
| give.in.to.3pl | and Sabine believes that too |
‘Ingo believes that journalists simply give in to competitors, and Sabine believes that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Tom vermutet, dass | Politikerinnen | Entwicklungen |
| Tom suspects that | politician.fem.pl.(nom) | development.pl.(acc) |
| heimlich | ausspionieren, | und Till vermutet das auch. |
| secretly | give.in.to.3pl | and Till suspects that too |
‘Tom suspects that politicians secretly spy on developments, and Tiom suspects that, too.’
animate-accusative
| Paula vermutet, dass | Politikerinnen | Kolleginnen |
| Paula suspects that | politician.fem.pl.(nom) | colleague.fem.pl.(acc) |
| heimlich | ausspionieren, | und Dan vermutet das auch. |
| secretly | give.in.to.3pl | and Dan suspects that too |
‘Paula suspects that politicians secretly spy on colleagues, and Dan suspects that, too.’
inanimate-dative
| Horst vermutet, dass | Politikerinnen | Entwicklungen |
| Horst suspects that | politician.fem.pl.(nom) | development.pl.(dat) |
| heimlich | nachhelfen, | und Karin vermutet das auch. |
| secretly | help.along.3pl | and Karin suspects that too |
‘Horst suspects that politicians secretly help along developments, and Karin suspects that, too.’
animate-dative
| Marion vermutet, dass | Politikerinnen | Kolleginnen |
| Marion suspects that | politician.fem.pl.(nom) | colleague.fem.pl.(dat) |
| heimlich | nachhelfen, | und Vera vermutet das auch. |
| secretly | help.along.3pl | and Vera suspects that too |
‘Marion suspects that politicians secretly help along colleagues, and Vera suspects that, too.’
inanimate-accusative
| Horst glaubt,, dass | Rockstars | Sekten | gründlich |
| Horst believes that | rockstar.pl.(nom) | cult.pl.(acc) | thoroughly |
| verabscheuen, | und Schorsch glaubt das auch. |
| despise.3pl | and Schorsch believes the same |
‘Horst believes that rockstars thoroughly despise cults, and Schorsch believes the same.’
animate-accusative
| Dieter glaubt,, dass | Rockstars | Gurus | gründlich |
| Dieter believes that | rockstar.pl.(nom) | guru.pl.(acc) | thoroughly |
| verabscheuen, | und Sabrina glaubt das auch. |
| despise.3pl | and Sabrina believes the same |
‘Dieter believes that rockstars thoroughly despise gurus, and Sabrina believes the same.’
inanimate-dative
| Petra glaubt, dass | Rockstars | Sekten | gründlich |
| Petra believes that | rockstar.pl.(nom) | cult.pl.(dat) | thoroughly |
| verfallen, | und Heidi glaubt das auch. |
| fall.for.3pl | and Heidi believes the same |
‘Petra believes that rockstars thoroughly fall for cults, and Heidi believes the same.’
animate-dative
| Maria glaubt, dass | Rockstars | Gurus | gründlich |
| Maria believes that | rockstar.pl.(nom) | guru.pl.(dat) | thoroughly |
| verfallen, | und Hans glaubt das auch. |
| fall.for.3pl | and Hans believes the same |
‘Maria believes that rockstars thoroughly fall for gurus, and Hans believes the same.’
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Explaining asymmetries in number marking: Singulatives, pluratives, and usage frequency
- The typology of property words in Oceanic languages
- Not that I know of: A polarity-sensitive construction
- Melodic patterns of absolute interrogative utterances in northern German spontaneous speech
- Why is children’s interpretation of doubly quantified sentences non-isomorphic?
- On the interplay of object animacy and verb type during sentence comprehension in German: ERP evidence from the processing of transitive dative and accusative constructions
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Explaining asymmetries in number marking: Singulatives, pluratives, and usage frequency
- The typology of property words in Oceanic languages
- Not that I know of: A polarity-sensitive construction
- Melodic patterns of absolute interrogative utterances in northern German spontaneous speech
- Why is children’s interpretation of doubly quantified sentences non-isomorphic?
- On the interplay of object animacy and verb type during sentence comprehension in German: ERP evidence from the processing of transitive dative and accusative constructions