Startseite Linguistik & Semiotik On the interplay of object animacy and verb type during sentence comprehension in German: ERP evidence from the processing of transitive dative and accusative constructions
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On the interplay of object animacy and verb type during sentence comprehension in German: ERP evidence from the processing of transitive dative and accusative constructions

  • Anna Czypionka EMAIL logo , Katharina Spalek , Isabell Wartenburger und Manfred Krifka
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. Oktober 2017

Abstract

Comprehension of transitive sentences relies on different kinds of information, like word order, case marking, and animacy contrasts between arguments. When no formal cues like case marking or number congruency are available, a contrast in animacy helps the parser to decide which argument is the grammatical subject and which the object. Processing costs are enhanced when neither formal cues nor animacy contrasts are available in a transitive sentence. We present an ERP study on the comprehension of grammatical transitive German sentences, manipulating animacy contrasts between subjects and objects as well as the verbal case marking pattern. Our study shows strong object animacy effects even in the absence of violations, and in addition suggests that this effect of object animacy is modulated by the verbal case marking pattern.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Carsten Schliewe.

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Appendix. Stimuli

This Appendix lists all critical sentences used in the experiment.

(1)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Kathrin behauptet, dassBanditenPostkutschenhäufig
Kathrin claims thatbandit.pl.(nom)stagecoach.pl.(acc)frequently
ausrauben,und Max behauptet das auch.
rob.3pland Max claims that too

‘Kathrin claims that bandits frequently rob stage coaches, and Max claims that too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Samira behauptet, dassBanditenPostbotenhäufig
Samira claims thatbandit.pl.(nom)postman.pl.(acc)frequently
ausrauben,und Emma behauptet das auch.
rob.3pland Emma claims that too

‘Samira claims that bandits frequently rob postmen, and Emma claims that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Daniel behauptet, dassBanditenPostkutschen
Daniel claims thatbandit.pl.(nom)stagecoach.pl.(dat)
häufigauflauern,und Dominik behauptet das auch.
frequentlywaylay.3pland Dominik claims that too

‘Daniel claims that bandits frequently waylay stage coaches, and Dominik claims that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Tommi behauptet, dassBanditenPostboten
Tommi claims thatbandit.pl.(nom)postman.pl.(dat)
häufigauflauern,und Susanne behauptet das auch.
frequentlywaylay.3pland Susanne claims that too

‘Tommi claims that bandits frequently waylay postmen, and Susanne claims that, too.’

(2)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Peter behauptet, dassStudentinnenVorlesungen
Peter claims thatstudent.fem.pl.(nom)lecture.pl.(acc)
begeistertloben,und Ida behauptet das auch.
enthusiasticallypraise.3pland Ida claims that too

‘Peter claims that students enthusiastically praise lectures, and Ida claims that, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Sven behauptet, dassStudentinnenProfessoren
Sven claims thatstudent.fem.pl.(nom)professor.pl.(acc)
begeistertloben,und Ida behauptet das auch.
enthusiasticallypraise.3pland Ida claims that too

‘Sven claims that students enthusiastically praise professors, and Andreas claims that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Mia behauptet, dassStudentinnenVorlesungen
Mia claims thatstudent.fem.pl.(nom)lecture.pl.(dat)
begeistertapplaudierenund Jan behauptet das auch..
enthusiasticallyapplaud.3pland Jan claims that too

‘Mia claims that students enthusiastically applaud lectures, and Jan claims that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Jan behauptet, dassStudentinnenProfessoren
Jan claims thatstudent.fem.pl.(nom)professor.pl.(dat)
begeistertapplaudierenund Tim behauptet das auch..
enthusiasticallyapplaud.3pland Tim claims that too

‘Jan claims that students enthusiastically applaud professors, and Tim claims that, too.’

(3)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Leo denkt, dassDirektorenStrategienschnell
Leo thinks thatdirector.pl.(nom)strategy.pl.(acc)quickly
verstehen,und Bert denkt das gleiche.
understand.3pland Ida claims that too

‘Leo thinks that directors quickly understand strategies and Bernd thinks so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Lydia denkt, dassDirektorenSekretärinnenschnell
Lydia thinks thatdirector.pl.(nom)secretary.fem.pl.(acc)quickly
verstehen,und Jan denkt das gleiche.
understand.3pland Jan claims that too

‘Lydia thinks that directors quickly understand secretaries and Jan thinks so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Jakob denkt, dassDirektorenStrategienschnell
Jakob thinks thatdirector.pl.(nom)strategy.pl.(dat)quickly
zustimmen,und Hannah denkt das gleiche.
agree.with.3pland Hannah claims that too

‘Jakob thinks that directors quickly agree with strategies, and Hannah thinks so, too.’

d:

animate-accusative

Sabrina denkt, dassDirektorenSekretärinnenschnell
Sabrina thinks thatdirector.pl.(nom)secretary.fem.pl.(dat)quickly
zustimmen,und Simone denkt das gleiche.
agree.with.3pland Simone claims that too

‘Sabrina thinks that directors quickly agree with secretaries and Simone thinks so, too.’

(4)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Kerstin glaubt, dassSängerinnenAnfeindungengelassen
Kerstin believes thatsinger.fem.pl.(nom)hostility.pl.(acc)calmly
aushalten,und Miriam glaubt das auch.
endure.3pland Miriam believes that too

‘Kerstin believes that singers calmly bear hostilities, and Miriam believes it, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Kilian glaubt, dassSängerinnenDirigentengelassen
Kilian believes thatsinger.fem.pl.(nom)conductor.pl.(acc)calmly
aushalten,und Anna glaubt das auch.
endure.3pland Anna believes that too

‘Kilian believes that singers calmly bear conductors, and Anna believes that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Mirka glaubt, dassSängerinnenAnfeindungengelassen
Mirka believes thatsinger.fem.pl.(nom)hostility.pl.(dat)calmly
standhalten,und Johanna glaubt das auch.
resist.3pland Johanna believes that too.

‘Mirka believes that singers calmly resist hostilities, and Johanna believes that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Paul glaubt, dassSängerinnenDirigentengelassen
Paul believes thatsinger.fem.pl.(nom)conductor.pl.(dat)calmly
standhalten,und Alex glaubt das auch.
resist.3pland Alex believes that too.

‘Paul believes that singers calmly resist conductors, and Alex believes that, too.’

(5)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Kati berichtet, dassAllergikerinnenZigaretten
Kati relates thatallergic.person.fem.pl.(nom)cigarette.pl.(acc)
häufigverfluchen,und Mari berichtet das auch.
frequentlycurse.3pland Mari relates that too.

‘Kati tells that allergic people frequently curse cigarettes, and Mari tells the same.’

b:

animate-accusative

Rita berichtet, dassAllergikerinnenKatzen
Kati relates thatallergic.person.fem.pl.(nom)cat.pl.(acc)
häufigverfluchen,und Mari berichtet das auch.
frequentlycurse.3pland Fred relates that too.

‘Rita tells that allergic people frequently curse cats, and Fred tells the same.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Egon berichtet, dassAllergikerinnenZigaretten
Egon relates thatallergic.person.fem.pl.(nom)cigarette.pl.(dat)
häufigabschwören,und Simon berichtet das auch.
frequentlyswear.off.3pland Simon relates that too.

‘Egon tells that allergic people often swear off cigarettes, and Simon tells the same.’

c:

animate-dative

Henk berichtet, dassAllergikerinnenKatzen
Henk relates thatallergic.person.fem.pl.(nom)cat.pl.(dat)
häufigabschwören,und Nele berichtet das auch.
frequentlyswear.off.3pland Nele relates that too.

‘Henk tells that allergic people often swear off cats, and Nele tells the same.’

(6)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Tim glaubt, dassTaubenLuftballonsgerne
Tim believes thatdove.pl.(nom)airballoon.pl.(acc)gladly
mögenund Tom glaubt das auch.
like.3pland Tom believes that too

‘Tim believes that doves rather like balloons, and Tom believes that, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Julian glaubt, dassTaubenKrähengerne
Julian believes thatdove.pl.(nom)crow.pl.(acc)gladly
mögenund Horst glaubt das auch.
like.3pland Horst believes that too

‘Julian believes that doves rather like crows, and Horst believes that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Gabi glaubt, dassTaubenLuftballonsgerne
Gabi believes thatdove.pl.(nom)airballoon.pl.(dat)gladly
folgenund Else glaubt das auch.
follow.3pland Else believes that too

‘Gabi believes that doves like following balloons, and Else believes that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Tim glaubt, dassTaubenKrähengerne
Tim believes thatdove.pl.(nom)airballoon.pl.(dat)gladly
folgenund Tom glaubt das auch.
follow.3pland Tom believes that too

‘Tim believes that doves like following crows, and Tom believes that, too.’

(7)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Suse behauptet, dassRichterinnenAlibishäufig
Suse claims thatjudge.fem.pl.(nom)alibi.pl.(acc)frequently
ablehnen,und Freddie behauptet das gleiche.
reject.3pland Freddie claims that too

‘Suse claims that judges frequently reject alibis, and Freddie claims that, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Manuela behauptet, dassRichterinnenZeuginnen
Manuela claims thatjudge.fem.pl.(nom)witness.fem.pl.(acc)
häufigablehnen,und Torsten behauptet das gleiche.
frequentlyreject.3pland Torsten claims that too

‘Manuela claims that judges frequently reject witnesses, and Torsten claims that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Frieke behauptet, dassRichterinnenAlibishäufig
Frieke claims thatjudge.fem.pl.(nom)alibi.pl.(dat)frequently
misstrauen,und Anna behauptet das gleiche.
distrust.3pland Anna claims that too

‘Frieke claims that judges frequently distrust alibis, and Anna claims that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Nadja behauptet, dassRichterinnenZeuginnen
Nadja claims thatjudge.fem.pl.(nom)witness.fem.pl.(dat)
häufigmisstrauen,und Linus behauptet das gleiche.
frequentlydistrust.3pland Linus claims that too

‘Nadja claims that judges frequently distrust witnesses, and Linus claims that, too.’

(8)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Marion sagt, dassSekretärinnenFirmen
Marion says thatsecretary.fem.pl.(nom)company.pl.(dat)
ungernanzeigen,und Karla sagt das gleiche.
reluctantlyreport.3pland Karla says the same

‘Marion says that secretaries dislike reporting companies [to the police], and Karla says so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Henning sagt, dassSekretärinnenKollegen
Henning says thatsecretary.fem.pl.(nom)colleagues.pl.(dat)
ungernanzeigen,und Hannes sagt das gleiche.
reluctantlyreport.3pland Hannes says the same

‘Henning says that secretaries dislike reporting colleagues [to the police], and Hannes says so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative:

Ute sagt, dassSekretärinnenFirmenungern
Ute says thatsecretary.fem.pl.(nom)company.pl.(dat)reluctantly
schaden,und Elke sagt das gleiche.
damage.3pland Elke says the same

‘Ute says that secretaries dislike doing damage to companies, and Elke says the same.’

d:

animate-dative

Udo sagt, dassSekretärinnenKollegen
Udo says thatsecretary.fem.pl.(nom)colleagues.pl.(dat)
ungernschaden,und Simone sagt das gleiche.
reluctantlydamage.3pland Simone says the same

‘Udo says that secretaries dislike doing damage to colleagues, and Simone says so, too.’

(9)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Teresa erzählt, dassMädchenKarnevalswagen
Teresa tells thatgirl.pl.(nom)carnival.wagon.pl.(acc)
begeistertanstarren,und Roland erzählt das gleiche.
enthusiasticallystare.at.3pland Roland tells the same

‘Teresa tells that girls enthusiastically stare at carnival floats, and Roland tells the same.’

b:

animate-accusative

Peter erzählt, dassMädchenKarnevalsprinzen
Peter tells thatgirl.pl.(nom)carnival.prince..pl.(acc)
begeistertanstarren,und Lisa erzählt das gleiche.
enthusiasticallystare.at.3pland Lisa tells the same

‘Peter tells that girls enthusiastically stare at carnival princes, and Lisa tells the same.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Hannes erzählt, dassMädchenKarnevalswagen
Hannes tells thatgirl.pl.(nom)carnival.wagon..pl.(dat)
begeistertzujubeln,und Malte erzählt das gleiche.
enthusiasticallycheer.at.3pland Malte tells the same

‘Hannes tells that girls enthusiastically hail carnival floats, and Malte tells the same.’

d:

animate-dative

Antje erzählt, dassMädchenKarnevalsprinzen
Antje tells thatgirl.pl.(nom)carnival.prince..pl.(dat)
begeistertzujubeln,und Mareike erzählt das gleiche.
enthusiasticallycheer.at.3pland Mareike tells the same

‘Antje tells that girls enthusiastically hail carnival princes, and Mareike tells the same.’

(10)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Nina sagt, dassMädchenAutoslange
Nina says thatgirl.pl.(nom)car.pl.(acc)long
anglotzen,und Hans sagt das auch.
stare.at.3pland Hans says that too

‘Nina says that girls stare at cars for a long time, and Hans says so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Florian sagt, dassMädchenJungenlangeanglotzen,
Florian says thatgirl.pl.(nom)boy.pl.(acc)longstare.at.3pl
und Felix sagt das auch.
and Felix says that too

‘Florian says that girls stare at boys for a long time, and Felix says so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Antje sagt, dassMädchenAutoslange
Antje says thatgirl.pl.(nom)car.pl.(dat)long
nachglotzenund Kerstin sagt das auch.
stare.after.3pland Kerstin says that too

‘Antje says that girls stare after cars for a long time, and Kerstin says so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Sabine sagt, dassMädchenJungenlange
Sabine says thatgirl.pl.(nom)boy.pl.(dat)long
nachglotzenund Anne sagt das auch.
stare.after.3pland Anne says that too

‘Sabine says that girls stare after boys for a long time, and Anne says so, too.’

(11)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Kathrin erzählt, dassKrähenLuftballonsmisstrauisch
Kathrin tells thatcrow.pl.(nom)air.balloon.pl.(acc)suspiciously
anglotzen,und Maja erzählt das auch.
stare.at.3pland Maja tells that too

‘Kathrin tells that crows suspiciously watch balloons, and Maja tells that, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Anja erzählt, dassKrähenEulenmisstrauisch
Anja tells thatcrow.pl.(nom)owl.pl.(acc)suspiciously
anglotzen,und Thomas erzählt das auch.
stare.at.3pland Thomas tells that too

‘Anja tells that crows suspiciously watch owls, and Thomas tells that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Vera erzählt, dassKrähenLuftballonsmisstrauisch
Vera tells thatcrow.pl.(nom)air.balloon.pl.(dat)suspiciously
nachsehenund Peter erzählt das auch.
watch.after.3pland Peter tells that too

‘Vera tells that crows suspicously look after balloons [that move away] and Peter tells that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Ute erzählt, dassKrähenEulenmisstrauisch
Ute tells thatcrow.pl.(nom)owl.pl.(dat)suspiciously
nachsehenund Elke erzählt das auch.
watch.after.3pland Elke tells that too

‘Ute tells that crows suspiciously look after owls [that move away] and Elke tells that, too.’

(12)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Florian meint, dassÄrztinnenIrrlehren
Florian supposes thatdoctor.fem.pl.(nom)heterodoxy.pl.(acc)
nachdrücklichverteidigen,und Petra meint das auch.
insistentlydefend.3pland Petra supposes that too

‘Florian supposes that doctors insistently defend heterodoxies, and Petra supposes so to.’

b:

animate-accusative

Ana meint, dassÄrztinnenKrankenpflegerinnen
Ana supposes thatdoctor.fem.pl.(nom)nurse.fem.pl.(acc)
nachdrücklichverteidigen,und Max meint das auch.
insistentlydefend.3pland Max supposes that too

‘Ana supposes that doctors insistently defend nurses, and Max supposes so too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Gabi meint, dassÄrztinnenIrrlehren
Gabi supposes thatdoctor.fem.pl.(nom)heterodoxy.pl.(dat)
nachdrücklichwidersprechenund Andrea meint das auch.
insistentlycontradict.3pland Andrea supposes that too

‘Gabi supposes that doctors emphatically contradict heterodoxies, and Andrea supposes so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Rudi meint, dassÄrztinnenKrankenpflegerinnen
Rudi supposes thatdoctor.fem.pl.(nom)nurse.fem.pl.(dat)
nachdrücklichwidersprechenund Pia meint das auch.
insistentlycontradict.3pland Pia supposes that too

‘Rudi supposes that doctors emphatically contradict nurses, and Pia supposes so, too.’

(13)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Norbert hofft, dassPolitikerinnenBestechungen
Norbert hopes thatpolitician.fem.pl.(nom)bribe.pl.(acc)
prinzipiellablehnen,und Karin hofft das auch.
on.principlereject.3pland Karin hopes that too

‘Norbert hopes that politicians reject of bribes as a matter of principle, and Karin hopes so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Toni hofft, dassPolitikerinnenBaulöwen
Toni hopes thatpolitician.fem.pl.(nom)build.lion.pl.(acc)
prinzipiellablehnen,und Michael hofft das auch.
on.principlereject.3pland Michael hopes that too

‘Toni hopes that politicians reject building tycoons as a matter of principle, and Michael hopes so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Vroni hofft, dassPolitikerinnenBestechungenproblemlos
Vroni hopes thatpolitician.fem.pl.(nom)bribe.pl.(dat)problem.less
widerstehen,und Karin hofft das auch.
resist.3pland Karin hopes that too

‘Vroni hopes that politicians resist bribes without difficulty and Karin hopes so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Emanuel hofft, dassPolitikerinnenBaulöwen
Emanuel hopes thatpolitician.fem.pl.(nom)build.lion.pl.(dat)
problemloswiderstehen,und Saskia hofft das auch.
problem.lessresist.3pland Saskia hopes that too

‘Emanuel hopes that politicians resist building tycoons without difficulty and Saskia hopes so, too.’

(14)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Nicole denkt, dassSchülerinnenUnannehmlichkeiten
Nicole thinks thatpupil.fem.pl.(nom)inconvenience.pl.(acc)
seltenvergessenund Daniel denkt es auch.
rarelyforget.3pland Daniel thinks it too

‘Nicole thinks that pupils rarely forget inconveniences, and Daniel thinks so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Michael denkt, dassSchülerinnenLehrerinnenselten
Michael thinks thatpupil.fem.pl.(nom)teacher.fem.pl.(acc)rarely
vergessenund Claudia denkt es auch.
forget.3pland Claudia thinks it too

‘Michael thinks that pupils rarely forget teachers, and Claudia thinks so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Jessica denkt, dassSchülerinnenUnannehmlichkeitenselten
Jessica thinks thatpupil.fem.pl.(nom)inconvenience.pl.(dat)rarely
begegnenund Dominik denkt es auch.
encounter.3pland Dominik thinks it too

‘Jessica thinks that pupils rarely encounter inconveniences, and Dominik thinks so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Marina denkt, dassSchülerinnenLehrerinnenselten
Marina thinks thatpupil.fem.pl.(nom)teacher.fem.pl.(dat)rarely
begegnenund Wolfgang denkt es auch.
encounter.3pland Wolfgang thinks it too

‘Marina thinks that pupils rarely encounter teachers, and Wolfgang thinks so,too.’

(15)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Matthias hofft, dassPatientenAnweisungenselten
Matthias hopes thatpatient.pl.(nom)instruction.pl.(acc)rarely
verspottenund Tina hofft es auch.
mock.3pland Tina hopes it too

‘Matthias hopes that patients rarely mock [doctor’s] orders, and Tina hopes so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Julia hofft, dassPatientenArztinnenselten
Julia hopes thatpatient.pl.(nom)doctor.fem.pl.(acc)rarely
verspottenund Karsten hofft es auch.
mock.3pland Karsten hopes it too

‘Julia hopes that patients rarely mock doctors, and Karsten hopes so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Robert hofft, dassPatientenAnweisungenselten
Robert hopes thatpatient.pl.(nom)instruction.pl.(dat)rarely
zuwiderhandelnund Nele hofft es auch.
counteract.3pland Nele hopes it too

‘Robert hopes that patients rarely act against [doctor’s] orders, and Nele hopes so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Benno hofft, dassPatientenArztinnenselten
Benno hopes thatpatient.pl.(nom)doctor.fem.pl.(dat)rarely
zuwiderhandelnund Sina hofft es auch.
counteract.3pland Sina hopes it too

‘Benno hopes that patients rarely act against doctors, and Sina hopes so, too.’

(16)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Karsten sieht, dassRadfahrerinnenBaustellengeschickt
Karsten sees thatcyclist.fem.pl.(nom)build.site.pl.(acc)deftly
vermeidenund Martin sieht das auch.
avoid.3pland Martin sees it, too

‘Karsten sees that cyclists deftly avoid construction sites, and Martin sees it, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Toni sieht, dassRadfahrerinnenPolizistengeschickt
Toni sees thatcyclist.fem.pl.(nom)policeman.pl.(acc)deftly
vermeidenund Suse sieht das auch.
avoid.3pland Suse sees it, too

‘Toni sees that cyclists deftly avoid policemen, and Suse sees it, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Otto sieht, dassRadfahrerinnenBaustellengeschickt
Otto sees thatcyclist.fem.pl.(nom)build.site.pl.(dat)deftly
ausweichenund Rainer sieht das auch.
dodge.3pland Rainer sees it, too

‘Otto sees that cyclists deftly dodge construction sites, and Rainer sees it, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Michael sieht, dassRadfahrerinnenPolizistengeschickt
Michael sees thatcyclist.fem.pl.(nom)policeman.pl.(dat)deftly
ausweichenund Andreas sieht das auch.
dodge.3pland Andreas sees it, too

‘Michael sees that cyclists deftly dodge policemen, and Andreas sees it, too.’

(17)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Robert hofft, dassElternBeschwerdenaufmerksam
Robert hopes thatparent.pl.(nom)complaint..pl.(acc)attentitvely
anhörenund Max hofft das auch.
listen.to.3pland Max hopes that too

’Robert hopes that parents attentively listen to complaints, and Max hopes so,too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Lena hofft, dassElternLehrerinnenaufmerksam
Lena hopes thatparent.pl.(nom)teacher.fem.pl.(acc)attentitvely
anhörenund Miriam hofft das auch.
listen.to.3pland Miriam hopes that too

‘Lena hopes that parents attentively listen to teachers, and Miriam hopes so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Björn hofft, dassElternBeschwerdenaufmerksam
Björn hopes thatparent.pl.(nom)complaint..pl.(dat)attentitvely
zuhörenund Anna hofft das auch.
listen.to.3pland Anna hopes that too

‘Björn hopes that parents attentively listen to complaints, and Anna hopes so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Hannes hofft, dassElternLehrerinnenaufmerksam
Hannes hopes thatparent.pl.(nom)teacher.fem.pl.(dat)attentitvely
zuhörenund Katja hofft das auch.
listen.to.3pland Katja hopes that too

‘Hannes hopes that parents attentively listen to teachers, and Katja hopes so, too.’

(18)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Nora erzählt, dassJungenAutosneugierig
Nora tells thatboy.pl.(nom)car.pl.(acc)curiously
anstarren,und Gabi erzählt das gleiche.
stare.at.3pland Gabi tells the same

‘Nora tells that boys curiously stare at cars and Gabi tells the same.’

b:

animate-accusative

Dirk erzählt, dassJungenMädchenneugierig
Dirk tells thatboy.pl.(nom)girl.pl.(acc)curiously
anstarren,und Nicole erzählt das gleiche.
stare.at.3pland Nicole tells the same

‘Dirk tells that boys curiously stare at girls, and Nicole tells the same.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Nadine erzählt, dassJungenAutosneugierig
Nadine tells thatboy.pl.(nom)car.pl.(dat)curiously
nachlaufen,und Jessica erzählt das gleiche.
run.after.3pland Jessica tells the same

‘Nadine tells that boys curiously run after cars, and Jessica tells the same.’

d:

animate-dative

Dieter erzählt, dassJungenMädchenneugierig
Dieter tells thatboy.pl.(nom)girl.pl.(dat)rarely
nachlaufen,und Andreas erzählt das gleiche.
run.after.3pland Andreas tells the same

‘Dieter tells that boys curiously run after girls, and Andreas tells the same.’

(19)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Thomas erzählt, dassKatzenTierparksselten
Thomas tells thatcat.pl.(nom)zoo.pl.(acc)rarely
akzeptieren,und Matti erzählt das gleiche.
accept.3pland Matti tells the same

‘Thomas tells that cats rarely accept zoos and Matti tells the same.’

b:

animate-accusative

Roland erzählt, dassKatzenFrauchenselten
Roland tells thatcat.pl.(nom)woman.dim.pl.(acc)rarely
akzeptieren,und Sabine erzählt das gleiche.
accept.3pland Sabine tells the same

‘Roland tells that cats rarely accept (female) owners, and Sabine tells the same.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Willi erzählt, dassKatzenTierparksselten
Willi tells thatcat.pl.(nom)zoo.pl.(dat)rarely
entlaufen,und Artur erzählt das gleiche.
run.off.3pland Artur tells the same

‘Willi tells that cats rarely run away from zoos, and Artur tells the same.’

d:

animate-dative

Nicole erzählt, dassKatzenFrauchenselten
Nicole tells thatcat.pl.(nom)woman.dim.pl.(dat)rarely
entlaufen,und Jens erzählt das gleiche.
run.off.3pland Jens tells the same

‘Nicole tells that cats rarely run away from (female) owners, and Jens tells the same.’

(20)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Jana sagt, dassSchülerinnenEinladungengerne
Jana says thatpupil.fem.pl.(nom)invitation.pl.(acc)gladly
annehmen,und Mirko sagt das auch.
accept.3pland Mirko tells the same

‘Jana says that pupils like accepting invitations, and Mirko says so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Matthias sagt, dassSchülerinnenLehrerinnengerne
Matthias says thatpupil.fem.pl.(nom)teacher.fem.pl.(acc)gladly
annehmen,und Felix sagt das auch.
accept.3pland Felix tells the same

‘Matthias says that pupils like accepting teachers, and Felix says so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Peter sagt, dassSchülerinnenEinladungengerne
Peter says thatpupil.fem.pl.(nom)invitation.pl.(dat)gladly
entgegenkommen,und Stefan sagt das auch.
come.toward.3pland Stefan tells the same

‘Peter says that pupils like to accomodate to invitations and Stefan says so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Karl sagt, dassSchülerinnenLehrerinnengerne
Karl says thatpupil.fem.pl.(nom)teacher.fem.pl.(dat)gladly
entgegenkommen,und Lars sagt das auch.
come.toward.3pland Lars tells the same

‘Karl says that pupils gladly accommodate to teachers, and Lars says so, too.’

(21)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Merle behauptet, dassWaisenSonderschulen
Merle claims thatorphan.pl.(nom)special.school.pl.(acc)
niemalsfürchten,und Wiebke behauptet das auch.
neverfear.3pland Wiebke tells the same

‘Merle claims that orphans never fear special schools, and Wiebke claims the same.’

b:

animate-accusative

Heidi behauptet, dassWaisenBetreuerinnen
Heidi claims thatorphan.pl.(nom)custodian.fem.pl.(acc)
niemalsfürchten,und Greta behauptet das auch.
neverfear.3pland Greta tells the same

‘Heidi claims that orphans never fear custodians, and Greta claims the same.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Jutta behauptet, dassWaisenSonderschulen
Jutta claims thatorphan.pl.(nom)special.school.pl.(dat)
niemalsentkommen,und Roland behauptet das auch.
neverescape.3pland Roland tells the same

‘Jutta claims that orphans never escape special schools, and Roland claims the same.’

d:

animate-accusative

Robert behauptet, dassWaisenBetreuerinnen
Robert claims thatorphan.pl.(nom)custodian.fem.pl.(dat)
niemalsentkommen,und Antje behauptet das auch.
neverescape.3pland Antje tells the same

‘Robert claims that orphans never escape custodians, and Antje claims the same.’

(22)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Tina beklagt, dassJournalistenParteienregelmäßig
Tina laments thatjournalist.pl.(nom)party.pl.(acc)regularly
parodieren,und Petra beklagt es auch.
parody.3pland Petra laments it too

‘Tina laments that journalists regularly spoof [political] parties, and Petra laments it, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Hannes beklagt, dassJournalistenKollegen
Hannes laments thatjournalist.pl.(nom)colleague.pl.(acc)
regelmäßigparodieren,und Volker beklagt es auch.
regularlyparody.3pland Volker laments it too

‘Hannes laments that journalists regularly spoof colleagues, and Volker laments it, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Wolfgang beklagt, dassJournalistenParteienregelmäßig
Wolfgang laments thatjournalist.pl.(nom)party.pl.(dat)regularly
zuvorkommen,und Claudia beklagt es auch.
scoop.3pland Claudia laments it too

‘Wolfgang laments that journalists regularly scoop [political] parties, and Claudia laments it, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Britta beklagt, dassJournalistenKollegen
Britta laments thatjournalist.pl.(nom)colleague.pl.(dat)
regelmäßigzuvorkommen,und Inge beklagt es auch.
regularlyscoop.3pland Inge laments it too

‘Britta laments that journalists regularly scoop colleagues, and Inge laments it, too.’

(23)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Jonna hofft, dassBeraterinnenParteien
Jonna hopes thatconsultant.fem.pl.(nom)colleague.pl.(acc)
engagiertunterstützen,und Nils hofft das auch.
committedlysupport.3pland Nils laments it too

‘Jonna hopes that consultants committedly support [political] parties, and Nils hopes so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Inge hofft, dassBeraterinnenKandidaten
Inge hofft thatconsultant.fem.pl.(nom)candidate.pl.(acc)
engagiertunterstützen,und Michael hofft das auch.
committedlysupport.3pland Michael laments it too

‘Ingo hopes that consultants committedly support candidates, and Michael hopes so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Britta hofft, dassBeraterinnenParteien
Britta hofft thatconsultant.fem.pl.(nom)colleague.pl.(acc)
engagiertdienen,und Jannis hofft das auch.
committedlyserve.3pland Jannis laments it too

‘Britta hopes that consultants committedly serve [political] parties, and Jannis hopes so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Joachim hofft, dassBeraterinnenKandidaten
Joachim hofft thatconsultant.fem.pl.(nom)candidate.pl.(dat)
engagiertdienen,und Marion hofft das auch.
committedlyserve.3pland Marion laments it too

‘Joachim hopes that consultants committedly serve candidates, and Marion hopes so, too.’

(24)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Lily sagt, dassPatientenAnweisungen
Lily says thatpatient.pl.(nom)instruction.pl.(acc)
ungernmissachtenund Emma sagt das gleiche.
reluctantlydisobey.3pland Emma says the same

‘Lily says that patients are reluctant to disobey instructions, and Emma says so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Helene sagt, dassPatientenÄrztinnenungern
Helene says thatpatient.pl.(nom)doctor.fem.pl.(acc)reluctantly
missachtenund Simon sagt das gleiche.
disobey.3pland Simon says the same

‘Helene says that patients are reluctant to disobey doctors, and Simon says so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Janne sagt, dassPatientenAnweisungen
Janne says thatpatient.pl.(nom)instruction.pl.(dat)
ungerngehorchenund Ingo sagt das gleiche.
reluctantlyobey.3pland Ingo says the same

‘Janne says that patients are reluctant to obey instructions, and Ingo says so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Silke sagt, dassPatientenÄrztinnen
Silke says thatpatient.pl.(nom)doctor.fem.pl.(dat)
ungerngehorchenund Wolfgang sagt das gleiche.
reluctantlyobey.3pland Wolfgang says the same

‘Silke says that patients are reluctant to obey doctors, and Wolfgang says so, too.’

(25)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Vera glaubt, dassFußballfansSportsendungen
Vera believes thatfootball.fan.pl.(nom)sport.broadcast.pl.(acc)
ungeduldigherbeisehnenund Kai glaubt es auch.
impatientlyyearn.for.3pland Kai believes it too

‘Vera believes that football fans impatiently yearn for sports programmes, and Kai believes so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Ingo glaubt, dassFußballfansSchiedsrichterinnen
Ingo believes thatfootball.fan.pl.(nom)referee.fem.pl.(acc)
ungeduldigherbeisehnenund Dan glaubt es auch.
impatientlyyearn.for.3pland Dan believes it too

‘Ingo believes that football fans impatiently yearn for referees, and Dan believes so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Nadia glaubt, dassFußballfansSportsendungen
Nadia believes thatfootball.fan.pl.(nom)sport.broadcast.pl.(dat)
ungeduldigentgegenfiebernund Mara glaubt es auch.
impatientlyfever.toward.3pland Mara believes it too

‘Nadia believes that football fans impatiently look forward to sports programmes, and Mara believes so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Leo glaubt, dassFußballfansSchiedsrichterinnen
Leo believes thatfootball.fan.pl.(nom)referee.fem.pl.(dat)
ungeduldigentgegenfiebernund Niki glaubt es auch.
impatientlyfever.toward.3pland Niki believes it too

‘Leo believes that football fans impatiently look forward to referees, and Niki believes so, too.’

(26)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Markus findet, dassMenschenMaschinenirgendwie
Markus thinks thathuman.pl.(nom)machine.pl.(acc)somehow
mögen,und Nina findet das auch.
like.3pland Nina thinks that too

‘Markus thinks that humans kind of like machines, and Nina thinks so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Roland findet, dassMenschenAffenirgendwie
Roland thinks thathuman.pl.(nom)monkey.pl.(acc)somehow
mögen,und Martin findet das auch.
like.3pland Martin thinks that too

‘Roland thinks that humans kind of like monkeys and Martin thinks so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Silke findet, dassMenschenMaschinenirgendwie
Silke thinks thathuman.pl.(nom)machine.pl.(dat)somehow
ähnelnund Astrid findet das auch.
resemble.3pland Astrid thinks that too

‘Silke thinks that humans somehow resemble machines, and Astrid thinks so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Bert findet, dassMenschenAffenirgendwie
Bert thinks thathuman.pl.(nom)monkey.pl.(dat)somehow
ähnelnund Ingo findet das auch.
resemble.3pland Ingo thinks that too

‘Bert thinks that humans somehow resemble monkeys, and Ingo thinks so, too.’

(27)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Florian sagt, dassDemonstrantenPolizeiwagen
Florian says thatprotester.pl.(nom)police.van.pl.(acc)
stundenlangbeobachtenund Julia sagt das auch.
hour.longobserve.3pland Julia says that too

‘Florian says that protesters observe police vans for hours, and Julia says so, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Felix sagt, dassDemonstrantenPolizistinnen
Felix says thatprotester.pl.(nom)police.fem.pl.(acc)
stundenlangbeobachtenund Lisa sagt das auch.
hour.longobserve.3pland Lisa says that too

‘Felix says that protesters observe policewomen for hours, and Lisa says so, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Lukas sagt, dassDemonstrantenPolizeiwagen
Lukas says thatprotester.pl.(nom)police.van.pl.(dat)
stundenlanggegenüberstehen,und Tanja sagt das auch.
hour.longstand.opposite.3pland Tanja says that too

‘Lukas says that protesters face policevans for hours, and Tanja says so, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Tim sagt, dassDemonstrantenPolizistinnen
Tim says thatprotester.pl.(nom)police.fem.pl.(dat)
stundenlanggegenüberstehen,und Björn sagt das auch.
hour.longstand.opposite.3pland Björn says that too

‘Tim says that protesters face policewomen for hours, and Björn says so, too.’

(28)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Mellie kritisiert, dassElternAnschuldigungen
Melli criticizes thatparent.pl.(nom)accusation.pl.(acc)
zögerlichanerkennen,und Basti kritisiert das auch.
hesitantlyrecognize.3pland Basti criticizes that too

‘Melli criticizes that parents hesitantly recognize accusations, and Basti criticizes that, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Christian kritisiert, dassElternLehrerinnenzögerlich
Christian criticizes thatparent.pl.(nom)teacher.pl.(acc)hesitantly
anerkennen,und Birte kritisiert das auch.
recognize.3pland Birte criticizes that too

‘Christian criticizes that parents hesitantly recognize teachers, and Birte criticizes that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Anne kritisiert, dassElternAnschuldigungenzögerlich
Anne criticizes thatparent.pl.(nom)accusation.pl.(dat)hesitantly
beipflichten,und Flo kritisiert das auch.
assent.3pland Flo criticizes that too

‘Anne criticizes that parents hesitantly assent to accusations, and Flo criticizes that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Andi kritisiert, dassElternLehrerinnenzögerlich
Andi criticizes thatparent.pl.(nom)teacher.pl.(dat)hesitantly
beipflichten,und Robert kritisiert das auch.
assent.3pland Robert criticizes that too

‘Andi criticizes that parents hesitantly assent to teachers, and Robert criticizes that, too.’

(29)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Ina hofft, dassÄrztinnenVersicherungenbesonders
Ina hopes thatdoctor.fem.pl.(nom)insurance.pl.(acc)specifically
empfehlen,und Pia hofft das auch.
recommend.3pland Pia hopes that too

‘Pia hopes that doctors specifically recommend insurance companies, and Pia hopes that, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Ina hofft, dassÄrztinnenKrankenschwesternbesonders
Ina hopes thatdoctor.fem.pl.(nom)nurse.pl.(acc)specifically
empfehlen,und Till hofft das auch.
recommend.3pland Till hopes that too

‘Pia hopes that doctors specifically recommend nurses, and Pia hopes that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Tim hofft, dassÄrztinnenVersicherungenbesonders
Tim hopes thatdoctor.fem.pl.(nom)insurance.pl.(dat)specifically
vertrauenund Isa hofft das auch.
trust.3pland Isa hopes that too

‘Pia hopes that doctors specifically recommend nurses, and Pia hopes that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Mia hofft, dassÄrztinnenKrankenschwesternbesonders
Mia hopes thatdoctor.fem.pl.(nom)nurse.pl.(dat)specifically
vertrauenund Ali hofft das auch.
trust.3pland Ali hopes that too

‘Mia hopes that doctors especially trust nurses, and Ali hopes that, too.’

(30)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Paula glaubt, dassJournalistenDrohungeneinfach
Paula believes thatjournalist.pl.(nom)threat.pl.(acc)simply
ignorieren,und Daniel glaubt das auch.
ignore.3pland Daniel believes that too

‘Paula believes that journalists simply ignore threats, and Daniel believes that, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Felix glaubt, dassJournalistenKonkurrenteneinfach
Felix believes thatjournalist.pl.(nom)competitor.pl.(acc)simply
ignorieren,und Dora glaubt das auch.
ignore.3pland Dora believes that too

‘Felix believes that journalists simply ignore competitors, and Dora believes that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Hermann glaubt, dassJournalistenDrohungeneinfach
Hermann believes thatjournalist.pl.(nom)threat.pl.(dat)simply
nachgeben,und Inge glaubt das auch.
give.in.to.3pland Inge believes that too

‘Hermann believes that journalists simply give in to threats, and Inge believes that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Ingo glaubt, dassJournalistenKonkurrenteneinfach
Ingo believes thatjournalist.pl.(nom)competitor.pl.(dat)simply
nachgeben,und Sabine glaubt das auch.
give.in.to.3pland Sabine believes that too

‘Ingo believes that journalists simply give in to competitors, and Sabine believes that, too.’

(31)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Tom vermutet, dassPolitikerinnenEntwicklungen
Tom suspects thatpolitician.fem.pl.(nom)development.pl.(acc)
heimlichausspionieren,und Till vermutet das auch.
secretlygive.in.to.3pland Till suspects that too

‘Tom suspects that politicians secretly spy on developments, and Tiom suspects that, too.’

b:

animate-accusative

Paula vermutet, dassPolitikerinnenKolleginnen
Paula suspects thatpolitician.fem.pl.(nom)colleague.fem.pl.(acc)
heimlichausspionieren,und Dan vermutet das auch.
secretlygive.in.to.3pland Dan suspects that too

‘Paula suspects that politicians secretly spy on colleagues, and Dan suspects that, too.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Horst vermutet, dassPolitikerinnenEntwicklungen
Horst suspects thatpolitician.fem.pl.(nom)development.pl.(dat)
heimlichnachhelfen,und Karin vermutet das auch.
secretlyhelp.along.3pland Karin suspects that too

‘Horst suspects that politicians secretly help along developments, and Karin suspects that, too.’

d:

animate-dative

Marion vermutet, dassPolitikerinnenKolleginnen
Marion suspects thatpolitician.fem.pl.(nom)colleague.fem.pl.(dat)
heimlichnachhelfen,und Vera vermutet das auch.
secretlyhelp.along.3pland Vera suspects that too

‘Marion suspects that politicians secretly help along colleagues, and Vera suspects that, too.’

(32)
a:

inanimate-accusative

Horst glaubt,, dassRockstarsSektengründlich
Horst believes thatrockstar.pl.(nom)cult.pl.(acc)thoroughly
verabscheuen,und Schorsch glaubt das auch.
despise.3pland Schorsch believes the same

‘Horst believes that rockstars thoroughly despise cults, and Schorsch believes the same.’

b:

animate-accusative

Dieter glaubt,, dassRockstarsGurusgründlich
Dieter believes thatrockstar.pl.(nom)guru.pl.(acc)thoroughly
verabscheuen,und Sabrina glaubt das auch.
despise.3pland Sabrina believes the same

‘Dieter believes that rockstars thoroughly despise gurus, and Sabrina believes the same.’

c:

inanimate-dative

Petra glaubt, dassRockstarsSektengründlich
Petra believes thatrockstar.pl.(nom)cult.pl.(dat)thoroughly
verfallen,und Heidi glaubt das auch.
fall.for.3pland Heidi believes the same

‘Petra believes that rockstars thoroughly fall for cults, and Heidi believes the same.’

d:

animate-dative

Maria glaubt, dassRockstarsGurusgründlich
Maria believes thatrockstar.pl.(nom)guru.pl.(dat)thoroughly
verfallen,und Hans glaubt das auch.
fall.for.3pland Hans believes the same

‘Maria believes that rockstars thoroughly fall for gurus, and Hans believes the same.’

Published Online: 2017-10-25
Published in Print: 2017-11-27

© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 31.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ling-2017-0031/html
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