Home Linguistics & Semiotics Cooptation as a discourse strategy
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Cooptation as a discourse strategy

  • Bernd Heine EMAIL logo , Gunther Kaltenböck , Tania Kuteva and Haiping Long
Published/Copyright: July 11, 2017

Abstract

Some recent lines of research suggest that there are two different domains of discourse processing where one is concerned with the form and meaning of sentences and their parts and the other with the organization of discourse beyond the sentence and the relationship between linguistic material and the extra-linguistic situation of discourse. One important mechanism relating the two domains to one another is provided by cooptation, a cognitive-communicative operation whereby pieces of discourse located in one domain are transferred to another domain. In the present paper, the nature of this operation is looked at in more detail based on the framework of Discourse Grammar (Kaltenböck et al. 2011, On thetical grammar. Studies in Language 35(4). 848–893; Heine et al. 2013, An outline of Discourse Grammar. In Shannon Bischoff & Carmen Jeny (eds.), Reflections on functionalism in linguistics, 175–233. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton).

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their gratitude to two anonymous reviewers as well as to Brian MacWhinney, Shana Poplack, and Ad Backus for highly valuable comments made on earlier versions of this paper, and to Iris Gundacker for all the editiorial work she did on the paper. The first-named author also expresses his gratitude to Guangdong University of Foreign Studies and Haiping Long, and the University of Cape Town and Matthias Brenzinger for the academic hospitality he received as a visiting professor while working on this paper.

References

Ackema, Peter & Ad Neeleman. 2004. Beyond morphology: Interface conditions on word formation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267286.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Aijmer, Karin. 2002. English discourse particles: Evidence from a corpus. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/scl.10Search in Google Scholar

Aijmer, Karin & Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen. 2003. The discourse particle ‘well’ and its equivalents in Swedish and Dutch. Linguistics 41(1). 1123–1161.10.1515/ling.2003.036Search in Google Scholar

Auer, Peter. 1996. The pre-front field position in spoken German and its relevance as a grammaticalization position. Pragmatics 6. 295–322.10.1075/prag.6.3.03aueSearch in Google Scholar

Auer, Peter. 1997. Formen und Funktionen der Vor-Vorfeldbesetzung im gesprochenen Deutsch. In Peter Schlobinski (ed.), Syntax des gesprochenen Deutsch, 55–92. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.10.1007/978-3-322-88924-9_3Search in Google Scholar

Bayer, Klaus. 1973. Verteilung und Funktion der sogenannten Parenthese in Texten. Deutsche Sprache 1. 64–115.Search in Google Scholar

Beeman, Mark & Christine Chiarello. 1998. Complementary right- and left-hemisphere language comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science 7(1). 1–8.10.1111/1467-8721.ep11521805Search in Google Scholar

Belazi, Heidi, Edward Rubin & Almeida Jacqueline Toribio. 1994. Code switching and X-Bar theory: The functional head constraint. Linguistic Inquiry 25(2). 221–237.Search in Google Scholar

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1986. Linguistic constraints on intrasentential code-switching: A study of Spanish/Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society 15. 313–348.10.1017/S0047404500011799Search in Google Scholar

Berman, Steven M., Mark A. Mandelkern, Hao Phan & Eran Zaidel. 2003. Complementary hemispheric specialization for word and accent detection. NeuroImage 19. 319–331.10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00120-4Search in Google Scholar

Blakemore, Diane. 1987. Semantic constraints on relevance. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Blakemore, Diane. 2002. Relevance and linguistic meaning: The semantics and pragmatics of discourse markers (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 99). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486456Search in Google Scholar

Blakemore, Diane. 2005. And-parentheticals. Journal of Pragmatics 37. 1165–1181.10.1016/j.pragma.2005.04.003Search in Google Scholar

Blakemore, Diane. 2007. ‘Or’-parentheticals, ‘that is’-parentheticals and the pragmatics of reformulation. Journal of Linguistics 43. 311–339.10.1017/S0022226707004598Search in Google Scholar

Blonder, Lee Xenakis, Dawn Bowers & Kenneth M. Heilman. 1991. The role of the RH in emotional communication. Brain 114(3). 1115–1127.10.1093/brain/114.3.1115Search in Google Scholar

Bloom, R., Joan C. Borod, Loraine K. Obler & L. Gerstman. 1992. Impact of emotional content on discourse production in patients with unilateral brain damage. Brain and Language 42. 153–164.10.1016/0093-934X(92)90122-USearch in Google Scholar

Borod, Joan C., Ronald L. Bloom, Adam M. Brickman, Luba Nakhutina & Elizabeth A. Curko. 2002. Emotional processing deficits in individuals with unilateral brain damage. Applied Neuropsychology 9(1). 23–36.10.1207/S15324826AN0901_4Search in Google Scholar

Borod, Joan C., Ronald L. Bloom & Cornelia Santschi Haywood. 1998. Verbal aspects of emotional communication in the right cerebral hemisphere. In Mark Beeman & Christine Chiarello (eds.), Right hemisphere language comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience, 285–307. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Search in Google Scholar

Brandt, Margareta. 1996. Subordination und Parenthese als Mittel der Informationsstrukturierung in Texten. In Wolfgang Motsch (ed.), Ebenen der Textstruktur: Sprachliche und kommunikative Prinzipien, 211–240. Tübingen: Niemeyer.10.1515/9783110918533.211Search in Google Scholar

Breitenstein, Caterina, Irene Daum & Hermann Ackermann. 1998. Emotional processing following cortical and subcortical brain damage: Contribution of the fronto-striatal circuitry. Behavioural Neurology 11. 29–42.10.1155/1998/579029Search in Google Scholar

Brinton, Laurel J. 1996. Pragmatic markers in English: Grammaticalization and discourse functions (Topics in English Linguistics 19). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110907582Search in Google Scholar

Brinton, Laurel J. 2008. The comment clause in English: Syntactic origins and pragmatic development (Studies in English Language). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511551789Search in Google Scholar

Brody, Jill. 1987. Particles borrowed from Spanish as discourse markers into Mayan languages. Anthropological Linguistics 29. 507–521.Search in Google Scholar

Brody, Jill. 1993. Borrowing the ‘unborrowable’: Spanish discourse markers in indigenous American languages. In Carmen Silva-Corvalán (ed.), Spanish in four continents, 132–147. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Burton-Roberts, Noel. 2005. Parentheticals. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition, volume 9 179–82. Amsterdam: Elsevier.10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02013-7Search in Google Scholar

Butler, Christopher S. 2003. Structure and function: A guide to three major structural-functional theories, part 2: From clause to discourse and beyond (Studies in Language Companion Series 63). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.64Search in Google Scholar

Clark, Herbert H. 1996. Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511620539Search in Google Scholar

Clark, Herbert H. & Jean E. Fox Tree. 2002. Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking. Cognition 84. 73–111.10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00017-3Search in Google Scholar

Croft, William. 2000. Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach. London: Longman.Search in Google Scholar

Croft, William. 2001. Radical construction grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299554.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Croft, William & Alan Cruse. 2004. Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511803864Search in Google Scholar

Dehé, Nicole. 2007. The relation between syntactic and prosodic parenthesis. In Nicole Dehé & Yordanka Kavalova (eds.), Parentheticals (Linguistics Today 106), 261–285. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.106.15dehSearch in Google Scholar

Dehé, Nicole. 2009. Clausal parentheticals, intonational phrasing, and prosodic theory. Journal of Linguistics 45(3). 569–615.10.1017/S002222670999003XSearch in Google Scholar

Dehé, Nicole. 2014. Parentheticals in spoken English: The syntax-prosody relation (Studies in English Language). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139032391Search in Google Scholar

Dehé, Nicole & Yordanka Kavalova (eds.). 2007. Parentheticals (Linguistics Today 106). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.106Search in Google Scholar

Dehé, Nicole & Anne Wichmann. 2010. Sentence-initial I think (that) and I believe (that): Prosodic evidence for use as main clause, comment clause and discourse marker. Studies in Language 34(1). 36–74.10.1075/sl.34.1.02dehSearch in Google Scholar

Dér, Csilla Ilona. 2010. On the status of discourse markers. Acta Linguistica Hungarica 57(1). 3–28.10.1556/ALing.57.2010.1.1Search in Google Scholar

Devinsky, Orrin. 2000. Right cerebral hemisphere dominance for a sense of corporeal and emotional self. Epilepsy and Behavior 1(1). 60–73.10.1006/ebeh.2000.0025Search in Google Scholar

Dik, Simon C. 1997. The theory of functional grammar, part 2: Complex and derived constructions (Functional Grammar Series 21). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110218374Search in Google Scholar

Dixon, R. M. W. 2005. A semantic approach to English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Dostie, Gaetane. 2004. Pragmaticalisation et marqueurs discursifs: Analyse sémantique et traitement lexicographique. Brussels: De Boeck & Larcier.10.3917/dbu.dosti.2004.01Search in Google Scholar

Du Bois, John. 1985. Competing motivations. In John Haiman (ed.), Iconicity in syntax (Typological Studies in Language 6), 343–366. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.6.17dubSearch in Google Scholar

Espinal, M. Teresa. 1991. The representation of disjunct constituents. Language 67. 726–762.10.2307/415075Search in Google Scholar

Evans, Nicolas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina Nicolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 366–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Fforde, Jasper. 2003. The well of lost plots. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Search in Google Scholar

Fillmore, J. Charles & Colin Baker. 2015. A frames approach to semantic analysis. In Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog (eds.), 791–816. The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, Kerstin. 2000. From cognitive semantics to lexical pragmatics: The functional polysemy of discourse particles. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110828641Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, Kerstin (ed.). 2006. Approaches to discourse particles (Studies in Pragmatics 1). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Flores-Ferrán, Nydia. 2014. So pues entonces: An examination of bilingual discourse markers in Spanish oral narratives of personal experience of New York City-born Puerto Ricans. Sociolinguistic Studies 8(1). 57–83.10.1558/sols.v8i1.57Search in Google Scholar

Frake, Charles O. 1977. Plying frames can be dangerous: Some reflections on methodology in cognitive anthropology. The Quarterly Newsletter of the Institute for Comparative Human Cognition 1. 1–7.Search in Google Scholar

Fried, Mirjam & Jan-Ola Östman. 2005. Construction grammar and spoken language: The case of pragmatic markers. Journal of Pragmatics 37. 1752–1778.10.1016/j.pragma.2005.03.013Search in Google Scholar

Friederici, Angela D. & Kai Alter. 2004. Lateralization of auditory language functions: A dynamic dual pathway model. Brain and Language 89(2). 267–276.10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00351-1Search in Google Scholar

Gaines, Philip. 2011. The multifunctionality of discourse operator okay: Evidence from a police interview. Journal of Pragmatics 43. 3291–3315.10.1016/j.pragma.2011.06.005Search in Google Scholar

Gernsbacher, Morton A. 1990. Language comprehension as structure building. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.10.21236/ADA221854Search in Google Scholar

Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Goldberg, Adele E. 2003. Constructions: A new theoretical approach to language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(5). 219–224.10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00080-9Search in Google Scholar

Goldberg, Adele E. 2006. Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268511.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Goss, E. & J. Salmons. 2000. The evolution of a bilingual discourse marking system: Modal particles and English markers in German-American dialects. International Journal of Bilingualism 4. 469–484.10.1177/13670069000040040501Search in Google Scholar

Graesser, Arthur C., Keith K. Millis & Rolf A. Zwaan. 1997. Discourse comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology 48. 163–189.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376746.013.0030Search in Google Scholar

Grenoble, Lenore. 2004. Parentheticals in Russian. Journal of Pragmatics 36(11). 1953–1974.10.1016/j.pragma.2004.02.008Search in Google Scholar

Hansen, Maj-Britt Mosegaard. 1998a. The function of discourse particles: A study with special reference to spoken Standard French. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Search in Google Scholar

Hansen, Maj-Britt Mosegaard. 1998b. The semantic status of discourse markers. Lingua 104(3/4). 235–260.10.1016/S0024-3841(98)00003-5Search in Google Scholar

Haselow, Alexander. 2011. Discourse marker and modal particle: The functions of utterance-final then in spoken English. Journal of Pragmatics 43. 3603–3623.10.1016/j.pragma.2011.09.002Search in Google Scholar

Haselow, Alexander. 2013. Arguing for a wide conception of grammar: The case of final particles in spoken discourse. Folia Linguistica 47(2). 375–424.10.1515/flin.2013.015Search in Google Scholar

Hayashi, Makoto & Kyung-Eun Yoon. 2006. A cross-linguistic exploration of demonstratives in interaction: With particular reference to the context of word-formulation trouble. Studies in Language 30. 485–540.10.1075/tsl.93.03haySearch in Google Scholar

Heine, Bernd. 2013. On discourse markers: Grammaticalization, pragmaticalization, or something else? Linguistics 51(6). 1205–1247.10.1515/ling-2013-0048Search in Google Scholar

Heine, Bernd 2016. Language contact and extra-clausal constituents: The case of discourse markers. In Gunther Kaltenböck, Evelien Keizer & Arne Lohmann (eds.), Outside the clause (Studies in Language Companion Series 178), 243–272. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.178.09heiSearch in Google Scholar

Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck & Tania Kuteva 2016. On insubordination and cooptation. In Nicholas Evans & Honoré Watanabe (eds.), Insubordination (Typological Studies in Language), 39–63. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.115.02heiSearch in Google Scholar

Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, Tania Kuteva & Haiping Long. 2013. An outline of Discourse Grammar. In Shannon Bischoff & Carmen Jeny (eds.), Reflections on functionalism in linguistics, 175–233. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.Search in Google Scholar

Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, Tania Kuteva & Haiping Long. 2015a. On some correlations between grammar and brain lateralization. Oxford handbooks online in linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.16Search in Google Scholar

Heine, Bernd, Christa König & Karsten Legère. 2015b. On institutional frames in Akie: A Discourse Grammar approach. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information structure and Nilotic languages (Studies in Nilotic Linguistics 10), 141–157. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.Search in Google Scholar

Hengeveld, Kees & J. Lachlan Mackenzie. 2008. Functional Discourse Grammar: A typologically-based theory of language structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278107.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Hengeveld, Kees & J. Lachlan Mackenzie. 2011. Functional Discourse Grammar. In Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog (eds.), 367–400. The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hilpert, Martin. 2013. Constructional change in English: Developments in allomorphy, word-formation, and syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139004206Search in Google Scholar

Huddleston, Rodney & Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781316423530Search in Google Scholar

Ifantidou, Elly. 2001. Evidentials and relevance (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 86). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.86Search in Google Scholar

Jucker, Andreas H. 1993. The discourse marker well: A relevance-theoretical account. Journal of Pragmatics 19(5). 435–452.10.1016/0378-2166(93)90004-9Search in Google Scholar

Jucker, Andreas H. 1997. The discourse marker well in the history of English. English Language & Linguistics 1(1). 91–110.10.1017/S136067430000037XSearch in Google Scholar

Jucker, Andreas H. & Yael Ziv (eds.). 1998. Discourse markers: Description and theory. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.57Search in Google Scholar

Jung-Beeman, Mark. 2005. Bilateral brain processes for comprehending natural language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9. 512–518.10.1016/j.tics.2005.09.009Search in Google Scholar

Kac, Michael B. 1972. Clauses of saying and the interpretation of because. Language 48(3). 626–632.10.2307/412038Search in Google Scholar

Kaltenböck, Gunther. 2007. Spoken parenthetical clauses in English. In Nicole Dehé & Yordanka Kavalova (eds.), Parentheticals (Linguistics Today 106), 25–52. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.10.1075/la.106.05kalSearch in Google Scholar

Kaltenböck, Gunther. 2008. Prosody and function of English comment clauses. Folia Linguistica 42(1). 83–134.10.1515/FLIN.2008.83Search in Google Scholar

Kaltenböck, Gunther. 2011. Explaining diverging evidence. The case of clause-initial I think. In Doris Schönefeld (ed.), Converging evidence: Methodological and theoretical issues for linguistic research, 81–112. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/hcp.33.07kalSearch in Google Scholar

Kaltenböck, Gunther, Bernd Heine & Tania Kuteva. 2011. On thetical grammar. Studies in Language 35(4). 848–893.10.1075/sl.35.4.03kalSearch in Google Scholar

Karow, Colleen M. & Elizabeth C. Connors. 2003. Affective communication in normal and brain-damaged adults: An overview. Seminars in Speech and Language 24(2). 69–91.10.1055/s-2003-38900Search in Google Scholar

Kavalova, Yordanka. 2007. And-parenthetical clauses. In Nicole Dehé & Yordanka Kavalova (eds.), Parentheticals, 145–172. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.106.09kavSearch in Google Scholar

Kluck, Marlies. 2011. Sentence amalgamation. Groningen: LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics.Search in Google Scholar

Levelt, Willem. J. M. 1983. Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition 14. 41–104.10.1016/0010-0277(83)90026-4Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, Diana M. 2011. A discourse-constructional approach to the emergence of discourse markers in English. Linguistics 49(2). 415–443.10.1515/ling.2011.013Search in Google Scholar

Lipski, John. 2005. Code-switching or borrowing? No sé so no puedo decir, you know. In Lotfi Sayahi & Maurice Westermoreland (eds.), Selected proceedings of the second workshop on Spanish sociolinguistics, 1–15. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar

MacWhinney, Brian. 2013. The logic of the Unified Model. In Susan Gass & Alison Mackay (eds.), Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, 211–227. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Maruyama, Takehiko. 2013. Analysis of parenthetical clauses in spontaneous Japanese. In Robert Eklund (ed.), Proceedings of DiSS 2013: The 6th workshop on disfluency in spontaneous speech, 45–48. Stockholm: Universitetsservice US-AB.Search in Google Scholar

Maschler, Yael. 1994. Metalanguaging and discourse markers in bilingual conversation. Language in Society 23. 325–266.10.1017/S0047404500018017Search in Google Scholar

Maschler, Yael. 2000. What can bilingual conversation tell us about discourse markers? International Journal of Bilingualism 4(4). 437–445.10.1177/13670069000040040101Search in Google Scholar

Matras, Yaron. 1998. Utterance modifiers and universals of grammatical borrowing. Linguistics 36. 281–331.10.1515/ling.1998.36.2.281Search in Google Scholar

Mitchell, Rachel L. C. & Tim J. Crow. 2005. Right hemisphere language functions and schizophrenia: The forgotten hemisphere? Brain 128. 963–978.10.1093/brain/awh466Search in Google Scholar

Mithun, Marianne. 2008. The extension of dependency beyond the sentence. Language 84(1). 69–119.10.1353/lan.2008.0054Search in Google Scholar

Myers, Penelope S. 1999. Right hemisphere damage: Disorders of communication and cognition. London: Singular Publishing Group.Search in Google Scholar

Nespoulous, Jean-Luc. 1980. De deux comportements verbaux de base: Référentiel et modalisateur: De leur dissociation dans le discours aphasique. Cahiers de Psychologie 23. 195–210.Search in Google Scholar

Nespoulous, Jean-Luc, Chris Code, Jacques Virbel & André Roch Lecours. 1998. Hypotheses on the dissociation between “referential” and “modalizing” verbal behaviour in aphasia. Applied Psycholinguistics 19. 311–331.10.1017/S0142716400010080Search in Google Scholar

Nosek, Jirí. 1973. Parenthesis in modern colloquial English. Prague Studies in English 15. 99–116.Search in Google Scholar

Olshtain, Elite & Shoshana Blum-Kulka. 1989. Happy Hebrish: mixing and switching in American Israeli family interaction. In Susan Gass et al. (eds.), Variation in Second Language Acquisition, 59–83. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Search in Google Scholar

Ortner, Hanspeter. 1983. Syntaktisch hervorgehobene Konnektoren im Deutschen. Deutsche Sprache 11. 97–121.Search in Google Scholar

Prat, Chantel S., Debra L. Long & Kathleen Baynes. 2007. The representation of discourse in the two hemispheres: An individual differences investigation. Brain and Language 100(3). 283–294.10.1016/j.bandl.2006.11.002Search in Google Scholar

Robertson, D. A., M. A. Gernsbacher, S. J. Guidotti, R. R. W. Robertson, W. Irwin, B. J. Mock & M. E. Campana. 2000. Functional neuroanatomy of the cognitive process of mapping during discourse comprehension. Psychological Sciences 11(3). 255–260.10.1111/1467-9280.00251Search in Google Scholar

Rooij, Vincent A. de. 2000. French discourse markers in Shaba Swahili conversations. International Journal of Bilingualism 4(4). 447–466.10.1177/13670069000040040401Search in Google Scholar

Rota, Giuseppina. 2009. Direct brain feedback and language learning from the gifted. In Gzegorz Dogil & Maria Reiterer (eds.), Language talent and brain Activity, 337–350. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110215496.337Search in Google Scholar

Rouchota, Villy. 1998. Procedural meaning and parenthetical discourse markers. In Andreas H. Jucker & Yael Ziv (eds.), Discourse markers: Descriptions and theory, 97–126. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.57.07rouSearch in Google Scholar

Sakai, Kuniyoshi L., Yoshinori Tatsuno, Kei Suzuki, Harumi Kimura & Yasuhiro Ichida. 2005. Sign and speech: A modal commonality in left hemisphere dominance for comprehension of sentences. Brain 128(6). 1407–1417.10.1093/brain/awh465Search in Google Scholar

Sankoff, David & Shana Poplack. 1981. A formal grammar for code-switching. Papers in Linguistics 14(1–4). 3–45.10.1080/08351818109370523Search in Google Scholar

Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse markers. (Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics 5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511611841Search in Google Scholar

Schneider, Stefan. 2007. Reduced parenthetical Clauses as mitigators: A corpus study of spoken French, Italian and Spanish. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/scl.27Search in Google Scholar

Schourup, Lawrence Clifford. 1999. Discourse markers. Lingua 107. 227–265.10.1016/S0024-3841(96)90026-1Search in Google Scholar

Shamay-Tsoory, Simone G., Rachel Tomer, Bill D. Berger & Judith Aharon-Peretz. 2003. Characterization of empathy deficits following prefrontal brain damage: The role of the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15(3). 324–337.10.1162/089892903321593063Search in Google Scholar

Sherratt, Sue. 2007. Right brain damage and the verbal expression of emotion: A preliminary investigation. Aphasiology 21(3–4). 320–333.10.1080/02687030600911401Search in Google Scholar

Sherratt, Sue & Karen Bryan 2012. Discourse production after right brain damage: Gaining a comprehensive picture using a multi-level processing model. Journal of Neurolinguistics 25. 213–239.10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.01.001Search in Google Scholar

Shriberg, E. E. 1994. Preliminaries to a theory of speech disfluencies. Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Specker, Elizabeth. 2008. The use of bilingual discourse markers: Identity in mediated learning. Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching 15. 97–120.Search in Google Scholar

Stolz, Thomas. 2007. Allora: On the recurrence of function-word borrowing in contact situations with Italian as donor language. In Jochen Rehbein, Christiane Hohenstein & Lukas Pietsch (eds.), Connectivity in grammar and discourse, 75–99. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/hsm.5.06stoSearch in Google Scholar

Tannen, Deborah (ed.). 1993. Framing in discourse. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Thim-Mabrey, Christiane. 1988. Satzadverbialia und andere Ausdrücke im Vorvorfeld. Deutsche Sprache 16. 25–67.Search in Google Scholar

Tompkins, Connie A., Wiltrud Fassbinder, Margaret T. Lehman-Blake & Anette Baumgaertner. 2002. The nature and implications of right hemisphere language disorders: Issues in search of answers. In Argye E. Hillis (ed.), The handbook of adult language disorders. Integrating cognitive neuropsychology, neurology, and rehabilitation, 429–448. New York & London: Psychology Press.Search in Google Scholar

Torres, Lourdes. 2002. Bilingual discourse markers in Puerto Rican Spanish. Language in Society 31. 61–83.10.1017/S0047404502001033Search in Google Scholar

Torres, Lourdes. 2006. Bilingual discourse markers in indigenous languages. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 9. 615–624.10.2167/beb383.0Search in Google Scholar

Tottie, Gunnel. 2011. Uh and um as sociolinguistic markers in British English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 16. 173–196.10.1075/ijcl.16.2.02totSearch in Google Scholar

Tottie, Gunnel. 2014. On the use of uh and um in American English. Functions of Language 21. 6–29.10.1075/fol.21.1.02totSearch in Google Scholar

Tottie, Gunnel. 2015. Uh and um in British and American English: Are they words? Evidence from co-occurrence with pauses. In Rena Torres Cacoullos, Nathalie Dion & André Lapierre (eds.), Linguistic variation: Confronting fact and theory, 38–55. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1995. The role of discourse markers in a theory of grammaticalization. Paper presented at the 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, England, 13–18 August.Search in Google Scholar

Traugott, Elizabeth C. & Graeme Trousdale. 2013. Constructionalization and constructional changes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679898.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Traugott, Elizabeth C. & Graeme Trousdale. 2014. Contentful constructionalization. Journal of Historical Linguistics 4(2). 254–282.10.1075/jhl.4.2.04traSearch in Google Scholar

Van Bogaert, Julie. 2009. The grammar of complement-taking mental predicate constructions in present-day spoken British English. Ghent: University of Ghent dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Van Lancker, Diana. 1997. Rags to riches: Our increasing appreciation of cognitive and communicative abilities of the human right cerebral hemisphere. Brain and Language 57. 1–11.10.1006/brln.1997.1850Search in Google Scholar

Van Linden, An & Freek Van de Velde. 2014. (Semi-)autonomous subordination in Dutch: Structures semantic-pragmatic values. Journal of Pragmatics 60. 226–250.10.1016/j.pragma.2013.08.022Search in Google Scholar

Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie Simon & Dominique Willems. 2011. Crosslinguistic data as evidence in the grammaticalization debate: The case of discourse markers. Linguistics 49(2). 333–364.10.1515/ling.2011.010Search in Google Scholar

Wager, Tor D., K. Luan Phan, Israel Liberzon & Stephan F. Taylor. 2003. Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: A meta-analysis of findings from neuroimaging. NeuroImage 19. 513–531.10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00078-8Search in Google Scholar

Wichmann, Anne. 2001. Spoken parentheticals. In Karin Aijmer (ed.), A wealth of English: Studies in honour of Goran Kjellmer, 171–193. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, Deidre & Dan Sperber. 1993. Linguistic form and relevance. Lingua 90(1–2). 1–25.10.1017/CBO9781139028370.010Search in Google Scholar

Winford, Donald. 2003. Code Switching: Linguistic aspects. In Donald Winford (ed.), An introduction to contact linguistics, 126–167. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Woolford, Ellen. 1983. Bilingual code-switching and syntactic theory. Linguistic Inquiry 14. 520–536.Search in Google Scholar

Zanuttini, Raffaella & Paul Portner. 2003. Exclamative clauses: At the syntax-semantics interface. Language 79(1). 39–81.10.1353/lan.2003.0105Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2017-7-11
Published in Print: 2017-7-26

© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 6.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ling-2017-0012/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button