Home Modernization of Nigeria’s Mining Industry: The Case for Participation and Sustainable Development of Local Communities
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Modernization of Nigeria’s Mining Industry: The Case for Participation and Sustainable Development of Local Communities

  • Martin-Joe Ezeudu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 4, 2024

Abstract

To retract from its overdependence on crude oil fortunes and be a participant in the green energy economy, Nigeria has recently begun to revive and modernize its mining industry. The modernization is driven by the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 (NMMA) and Regulations promulgated thereunder. This paper examines whether and to what extent the NMMA and the Regulations provide sufficient legal architecture for local communities to meaningfully participate in mineral development decisions and processes in ways that advance the course of their sustainable development. It acknowledges that participation or meaningful consultation with local communities in regard to decisions or activities pertaining to resource development is a modern strategy for ensuring that local communities obtain the benefits of sustainable development and measures the compliance of the NMMA and its Regulations against the standard tools developed under international law. It attributes the human and environmental sustainability crisis in the Niger Delta region to the failure of the Nigerian government to involve the oil host communities early on in the oil development and governance scheme and warns that Nigeria should not repeat the same error as it embarks on modernizing the solid mineral industry.


Corresponding author: Martin-Joe Ezeudu, Bora Laskin Faculty of Law, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada, E-mail:
PhD (Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Canada), LLM (Birmingham, England), LLB (NAU, Nigeria). Assistant Professor, Bora Laskin Faculty of Law, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. I would like to thank Kim Bastow and Jaaron Pullenayegem for their helpful research assistance provided for this paper, and Professors Brent Cook and David Rosenberg, my friend and colleague respectively, for their helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper. This paper was presented at the Future of Natural Resources Conference held June 4 & 13–14, 2024, at the University of Turku, Finland. Dedicated to my ever-gracious mother, Mrs. Angela Udenwa Ezeudu, whose unparalleled sacrifices and legacy of diligence greatly influenced the course of my life. The usual disclaimers apply.

References

Adeniji, Gbite, The Legal and Regulatory Framework for Mining in Nigeria, paper presented at the National Mining Policy Dialogue Conference and Exhibition, organized by the Federal Ministry of Solid Minerals Development in collaboration with The World Bank (July 12–14, 2004), available at: https://enradvisory.com/knowledge-hub/bpage/4/ [https://perma.cc/G4ZW-HUQ9].Search in Google Scholar

Adeniji, Gbite, Nigeria’s Mining Act: A Case Study for Mining Reform, paper presented at the West Africa Mining Investment Conference (December 12, 2007), available at: https://enradvisory.com/knowledge-hub/bpage/4/ [https://perma.cc/G4ZW-HUQ9].Search in Google Scholar

Adetuyi, Adetayo and Nnanke Williams, Understanding the Legal and Regulatory Considerations for Mining Solid Minerals in Nigeria (Brooks & Knights: Legal Consultants, Lagos), available at: https://brooksandknights.com/2020/10/13/understanding-the-legal-and-regu latory-considerations-for-mining-solid-minerals-in-nigeria/ [https://perma.cc/YYW5-SF L2].Search in Google Scholar

Adomokai, Rosemary, and William R. Sheate, Community participation and environmental decision making in the Niger Delta, 24 Environmental Impact Assessment (2004).10.1016/j.eiar.2004.01.002Search in Google Scholar

Akerboom, Sanne, and Robin Kundis Craig, How law structures public participation in Environmental decision making: A comparative law approach, 32 Environmental Policy and Governance, no. 3 (2022).10.1002/eet.1986Search in Google Scholar

Akper, P. T., San, OFR, and Laura Ani, Legal and Policy Issues in the Development of Nigeria’s Mining Sector: Charting the Way Forward (February 7, 2000), available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3563005. [https://perma.cc/UZ3D-DBWK].Search in Google Scholar

Ako, Rhuks Temitope, Ensuring public participation in environmental impact assessment of development projects in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: a veritable tool for sustainable development, 3 Envirotropica, no. 1 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

Arabi, Bakari Saleh, Mining and Infrastructure Development in Nigeria: Appraisal of the Legal and Policy Framework for Investment and Sukuk (PhD Thesis, University of East London, 2019), available at: https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/87y65, [https://perma.cc/73DG-5HXD].Search in Google Scholar

Barton, Barry, Canadian Law of Mining (2nd ed., Toronto: LexisNexis, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Bradshaw, B., C. Fidler and A. Wright, Impact and Benefit Agreements & Northern Resource Governance: What we Know and What we Still Need to Figure Out (Lakehead University and Yukon Research Centre, 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Brock, Tegan, Maureen G. Reed and Katherine J. Stewart, Indigenous community participation in resource development decision-making: Practitioner perceptions of legal and voluntary arrangements, 283 Journal of Environmental Management (2021), 111922.10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111922Search in Google Scholar

de Poza-Vilches, María Fátima, José Gutiérrez-Pérez and Abigail López-Alcarria, “Participation and Sustainable Development,” in Walter Leal Filho (ed) Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education (Cham: Springer, 2019).10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2_57-1Search in Google Scholar

Dernbach, John C., Sustainable Development in Law Practice, 95 Denver Law Review, no. 1 (2017).Search in Google Scholar

Esteves, Ana Maria, Daniel Franks and Frank Vanclay, Social impact assessment: the state of the art, 30 Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, no. 1 (2012).10.1080/14615517.2012.660356Search in Google Scholar

Etemire, Uzuazo, Law and Practice on Public Participation in Environmental Matters: The Nigerian Example in Transnational Comparative Perspective (Oxon: Routledge, 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Ezeudu, Martin-Joe, The Unconstitutionality of Canada’s Free Entry Mining Systems and the Ontario Exception, 20 Asper Review of International Business and Trade Law (2020).Search in Google Scholar

Ezeudu, Martin-Joe, Oil Transnational Corporations and the Legacy of Corporate-Community Conflicts: The Case of SEEPCO in Nigeria, 17 Law and Development Review, no. 1 (2024).10.1515/ldr-2023-0083Search in Google Scholar

Faluyi, E. K., The Importance of Mining to Nigeria’s Economy in Colonial Times, 8 Lagos Notes and Records (February 1999).Search in Google Scholar

Few, Roger, Katrina Brown and Emma L. Tompkins, Public Participation and Climate Change Adaptation: Avoiding the Illusion of Inclusion, 7 Climate Policy, no. 1 (2007).10.1080/14693062.2007.9685637Search in Google Scholar

Fitzmaurice, Malgosia, Public Participation in the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation 52 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2003).10.1093/iclq/52.2.333Search in Google Scholar

Foster, George K., Community Participation in Development, 51 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, no. 1 (2018).Search in Google Scholar

Goldschmidt, Mark R., Role of Transparency and Public Participation in International Environmental Agreements: The North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, 29 Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, no. 2 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

Government of Canada, Project Profile - Support to Nigeria’s Mining Sector Reform, available at: https://w05.international.gc.ca/projectbrowser-banqueprojets/project-projet/details/a035 495001?Lang=eng, [https://perma.cc/GS79-Y3FP].Search in Google Scholar

Government of Canada, Policy Statement and Guidelines for Public Participation – Department of Justice, available at: https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cons/pol.html, [https://perma.cc/ 5N2K-LU5Z].Search in Google Scholar

Hartley, Nicola, and Christopher Wood, Public participation in environmental impact assessment – implementing the Aarhus Convention, 25 Environmental Impact Assessment Review (2005).10.1016/j.eiar.2004.12.002Search in Google Scholar

Harvey, Bruce, and David Brereton, Emerging Models of Community Engagement in the Australian Minerals Industry, paper presented at the UN Conference on engaging communities (Brisbane, Australia, August 15, 2005), available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43459873_Emerging_Models_of_Community_Engagement_in_the_Australian_Minerals_Industry/>.Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch, The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria’s Oil Producing Communities (New York: January 1999), available at: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/, [https://perma.cc/45KT-QN99].Search in Google Scholar

Jagers, Sverker C. et al.., The Impact of Local Participation on Community Support for Natural Resource Management: The Case of Mining in Northern Canada and Northern Sweden, 9 Arctic Review on Law and Politics (2018).10.23865/arctic.v9.730Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, Craig A., Public Participation and Sustainable Development: Counting the Costs and Benefits, 12 TDRI Quarterly Review, no. 2 (1997).Search in Google Scholar

Kennett, Steven A., Guide to Impact and Benefits Agreements (Calgary: Canadian Institute of Resources Law, 1999).Search in Google Scholar

Kenig-Witkowska, Maria M. The Concept of Sustainable Development in the European Union Policy and Law, 1 Journal of Comparative Urban Law and Policy (2017).Search in Google Scholar

KPMG, Nigerian Mining Sector Brief (3rd ed., Nigeria: February 2017), available at: https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/ng/pdf/advisory/ng-Nigerian-Mining-Sector.pdf, [https://perma.cc/3N8Y-RDNB].Search in Google Scholar

Lee, Maria, and Carolyn Abbot, The Usual Suspects? Public Participation under the Aarhus Convention, 66 Modern Law Review, no. 1 (Jan 2003).10.1111/1468-2230.6601004Search in Google Scholar

Lucas, Alastair R., “Canadian Participatory Rights in Mining and Energy Resource Development: The Bridges to Empowerment?” in Donald Zillman, Alastair Lucas and George (Rock ) Pring (eds.), Human Rights in Natural Resource Development: Public Participation in the Sustainable Development of Mining Energy Resources (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253784.003.0009Search in Google Scholar

Macnaghten, Phil, and Michael Jacobs, Public Identification with Sustainable Development: Investigating Cultural Barriers to Participation, 7 Global Environmental Change, no. 1 (1997).10.1016/S0959-3780(96)00023-4Search in Google Scholar

Mallo, Stephen J., The Nigerian Mining Sector: An Overview, 7 Continental Journal of Applied Sciences, no. 1 (2012).10.5707/cjearthsci.2012.7.1.19.28Search in Google Scholar

Mannariri, Terri, Angela Fedi and Stefania Trippetti, Public Involvement: How to Encourage Citizen Participation, 20 Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology (2010).10.1002/casp.1030Search in Google Scholar

Newig, Jens, Does Public Participation in Environmental Decisions Lead to Improved Environmental Quality? Towards an Analytical Framework, 1 Communication, Cooperation, Participation (International Journal of Sustainability Communication), no. 1 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

Nwapi, Chilenye, Legislative Proposal for Public Participation in Oil and Gas Decision-Making in Nigeria, 54 Journal of African Law, no. 2 (2010).10.1017/S0021855310000045Search in Google Scholar

Nwapi, Chilenye, Governance Considerations Relating to Social Impact Assessments for Mining Development in African Communities, 17 Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, no. 2 (June 2015).10.1142/S1464333215500192Search in Google Scholar

Nzor, Ernest, “How abandoning mining sector affects Nigerian economy,” The Guardian, 19 July, 2022, available at: <https://guardian.ng/news/how-abandoning-mining-sector-affects-nige rian-economy/>[https://perma.cc/V9T4-998M].Search in Google Scholar

O’Faircheallaigh, Ciaran, Public Participation and Environmental Impact Assessment: Purposes, Implications, and Lessons for Public Policy Making, 30 Environmental Impact Assessment Review (2010).10.1016/j.eiar.2009.05.001Search in Google Scholar

Omorogbe, Yinka, “The Legal Framework for Public Participation in Decision-Making on Mining and Energy Development in Nigeria: Giving Voices to the Voiceless,” in Donald Zillman, Alastair Lucas and George (Rock) Pring (eds.), Human Rights in Natural Resource Development: Public Participation in the Sustainable Development of Mining Energy Resources (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253784.003.0015Search in Google Scholar

Oxford Business Group, New Roadmap for Nigeria’s Mining Industry, available at: Oxford Business Group. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/nigeria/2017-report/economy/uncovering-potential-a-new-roadmap-aims-to-help-the-industry-capitalise-on-its-substantial-and-diversified-reserves, [https://perma.cc/8LP9-FXUB].Search in Google Scholar

Pring, George (Rock), James Otto and Koh Naito, Trends in International Environmental Law Affecting the Minerals Industry 17 Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, no. 1 (1999).10.1080/02646811.1999.11433155Search in Google Scholar

Pring, George (Rock), and Susan Y. Noe, “The Emerging International Law of Public Participation Affecting Global Mining, Energy, and Resources Development,” in Donald Zillman, Alastair Lucas and George (Rock) Pring (eds.), Human Rights in Natural Resource Development: Public Participation in the Sustainable Development of Mining Energy Resources (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253784.003.0002Search in Google Scholar

Rodenhoff, Vera, The Aarhus Convention and its Implications for the Institutions of the European Community, 11 Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, no. 3 (2002).10.1111/1467-9388.00332Search in Google Scholar

Ross, Michael L., Mineral Wealth and Equitable Development (Equity & Development, Background Papers, World Development Report 2006) available at: www.rrojasdata bank.info/wdr2006/ross.pdf, [https://perma.cc/42UJ-Z3ZC].Search in Google Scholar

Schwarz, Priscillia, Sustainable Development in International Law, 5 Non-State Actors and International Law, no. 1 (2005).10.1163/1571807054764203Search in Google Scholar

Shankleman, Jill, Getting it Right: Making Corporate-Community Relations Work, 20 Development in Practice, no. 1 (2010).10.1080/09614520903447494Search in Google Scholar

Teja, Natasha, “Reviving Nigeria’s Neglected $700bn Mining Sector” fDi Intelligence, 20 February, 2023, available at: https://www.fdiintelligence.com/content/news/reviving-nigerias-neglected-700bn-mining-sector-82110, [https://perma.cc/NHY2-2NEH].Search in Google Scholar

The Nigerian Economic Summit Group, Nigeria’s Mining Sector Governance Landscape and Prospects: A Diagnostic Report, available at: https://nesgroup.org/miningeconomy, [https://perma.cc/Y494-FUTC].Search in Google Scholar

The World Bank, Nigeria: World Bank Approves $150 Million to Enhance Mining Sector Contribution and Support Economic Diversification (Press Release, 14 April 2017), available at: The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/04/14/nigeria-world-bank-approves-150-million-to-enhance-mining-sector-contribution-and-support-economic-diversification/, [https://perma.cc/K6KB-ENSH].Search in Google Scholar

Torjman, Sherri, The Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development (The Caledon Institute of Social Policy, May 2000) available at: https://maytree.com/publications/the-social-dimension-of-sustainable-development/, [https://perma.cc/5L2R-JDHN].Search in Google Scholar

Toth, Bende, Public Participation and Democracy in Practice – Aarhus Convention Principles as Democratic Institution Building in the Developing World, 30 Journal of Land, Resources and Environmental Law, no. 3 (2010).Search in Google Scholar

Udofia, Aniekan, Bram Noble and Greg Poelzer, Community Engagement in Environmental Assessment for Resource Development: Benefits, Enduring Concerns, Opportunities, 39 The Northern Review (2015).Search in Google Scholar

Umejesi, Ikechukwu, Coal Sector Revitalization, Community Memory, and the Land Question in Nigeria: A Paradox of Economic Diversification? 12 African Studies Quarterly, no. 3 (Summer 2011).Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report: Niger Delta Human Development Report (Abuja, Nigeria. 2006), available at: https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report, [https://perma.cc/U22V-U4U4].Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Sustainable Development, Agenda 21, available at: https://sdgs.un.org/publications/agenda21, [https://perma.cc/K6ZJ-L47E].Search in Google Scholar

Wanvik, Tarje I., Governance Transformed into Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): New Governance Innovations in the Canadian Oil Sands, 3 The Extractive Industries and Society (2016).10.1016/j.exis.2016.01.007Search in Google Scholar

Wealth, Linus, The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (September 28, 2018), available at: https://sustainable-environment.org.uk/Action/Rio_Declaration.php, [https://perma.cc/N8NE-ZEKB].Search in Google Scholar

Wesselink, Anna et al.., Rationales for Public Participation in Environmental Policy and Governance: Practitioners’ Perspectives, 43 Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, no. 11 (2011).10.1068/a44161Search in Google Scholar

Zandvliet, Luc, and Anderson Mary B Anderson, Getting it Right: Making Corporate-Community Relations Work (Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 2009).Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2024-06-05
Accepted: 2024-08-27
Published Online: 2024-10-04
Published in Print: 2025-02-25

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 27.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ldr-2024-0082/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button