Government Supervision of Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia: Legal Issues and Proposed Remedies

References

Andrianto, Agus, Heru Komarudin, and Pablo Pacheco, Expansion of Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia’s Frontier: Problems of Externalities and the Future of Local and Indigenous Communities, 8 Land, no. 56 (2019).10.3390/land8040056Search in Google Scholar

Austin, Kemen G., et al.., What Causes Deforestation in Indonesia?, 14 Environmental Research Letters, no. 2 (2019).10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6dbSearch in Google Scholar

Bakhtiar, Irfan, et al.., Hutan Kita Bersawit (Jakarta: Yayasan Kehati, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Bakker, Laurens, Custom and Violence in Indonesia’s Protracted Land Conflict, 8 Social Sciences & Humanities Open, no. 1 (2023).10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100624Search in Google Scholar

Berenschot, Ward, et al.., Palm Oil Expansion and Conflict in Indonesia (Leiden: POCAJI, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

BersihkanIndonesia, Omnibus Law: Kitab Hukum Oligarki (Jakarta: #BersihkanIndonesia, 2020).Search in Google Scholar

BPHN, Laporan Akhir Analisis Dan Evaluasi Hukum Dalam Rangka Peningkatan Kedaulatan Pangan (Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional [BPHN], 2016).Search in Google Scholar

BPK, Ikhtisar Hasil Pemeriksaan Semester (IHPS) II Tahun 2021 (Jakarta: Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan [BPK], 2022).Search in Google Scholar

BPS, Statistik Indonesia 2022 (Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik [BPS], 2022).Search in Google Scholar

BPS Kaltim, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2021 (Samarinda: Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Timur [BPS Kaltim], 2021).Search in Google Scholar

BPS Kaltim, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2023 (Samarinda: Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Timur [BPS Kaltim], 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Butt, Simon and Tim Lindsey, Indonesian Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).10.1093/oso/9780199677740.003.0021Search in Google Scholar

Butt, Simon, Regional Autonomy And Legal Disorder: The Proliferation of Local Laws In Indonesia, Singapore Journal of Legal Studies (2010).Search in Google Scholar

Cisneros, Elías, Krisztina Kis-Katos, and Nunung Nuryartono, Palm Oil and the Politics of Deforestation in Indonesia, EFForTS Discussion Paper Series, no. 31 (Göttingen, 2020).10.2139/ssrn.3547436Search in Google Scholar

Constitutional Court decision Nr. 138/PUU-XIII/2015 concerning judicial review of Law Nr. 39 of 2014 concerning Plantations.Search in Google Scholar

Cownie, Fiona, and Anthony Bradney, “Socio-Legal Studies: A Challenge to the Doctrinal Approach,” in Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton (eds.), Research Methods in Law (New York: Routledge, 2013).Search in Google Scholar

Daemeter Consulting, Overview of Indonesian Oil Palm Smallholder Farmers: A Typology of Organizational Models, Needs, and Investment Opportunities (Bogor: Daemeter Consulting, 2015).Search in Google Scholar

“Divonis 10 Tahun, Ini Detail Gratifikasi Bupati Rita Widyasari,” Tempo, July 7, 2018, <https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1104550/divonis-10-tahun-ini-detail-gratifikasi-bupati-rita-widyasari>, accessed February 6, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Elst, G W. van der, Creating Legitimacy for the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification Scheme (Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Gaveau, David L.A., et al.., Rise and Fall of Forest Loss and Industrial Plantations in Borneo (2000–2017), 12 Conservation Letters, no. 3 (2019).10.1111/conl.12622Search in Google Scholar

Gaveau, David L. A., et al.., Slowing Deforestation in Indonesia Follows Declining Oil Palm Expansion and Lower Oil Prices, 17 PLoS One, no. 3 (2021).10.1371/journal.pone.0266178Search in Google Scholar

Greenpeace, Sawit Ilegal dalam Kawasan Hutan: Karpet Merah Oligarki (Jakarta: Greenpeace, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Hadjon, Philipus M., et al.., Pengantar Hukum Administrasi Indonesia (Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press, 1994).Search in Google Scholar

Hadjon, Philipus M. (ed.), Pengantar Hukum Perizinan (Surabaya: Yuridika, 1993).Search in Google Scholar

Hidayat, Nia Kurniawati, Astrid Offermans, and Pieter Glasbergen, Sustainable Palm Oil as a Public Responsibility? On the Governance Capacity of Indonesian Standard for Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), 35 Agriculture and Human Values, no. 1 (2018).10.1007/s10460-017-9816-6Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch, Why Our Land? Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia Risks Peatlands and Livelihoods (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

“Industri Kelapa Sawit Nasional Perkuat Kemitraan Petani Sawit untuk Masa Depan Sawit Indonesia yang Berkelanjutan,” Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, October 5, 2021, available at: <https://www.ekon.go.id/publikasi/detail/3349/industri-kelapa-sawit-nasional-perkuat-kemitraan-petani-sawit-untuk-masa-depan-sawit-indonesia-yang-berkelanjutans>, accessed January 2, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Jong, Hans Nicholas, “Report: Half of plantations in Indonesia’s palm oil heartland are illegal,” Mongabay, October 13, 2023, available at: <https://news.mongabay.com/2023/10/report-half-of-plantations-in-indonesias-palm-oil-heartland-are-illegal/>, accessed January 24, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Khatarina, Josi, Palm Oil in Indonesia and Natural Resources Management: Why the Lack of a Legal Framework, 19 Australian Journal of Asian Law, no. 1 (2018).Search in Google Scholar

“Koalisi LSM Polisikan Kementerian Agraria Soal Data HGU,” CNN Indonesia, March 25, 2019, available at: <https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190325213224-12-380621/koalisi-lsm-polisikan-kementerian-agraria-soal-data-hgu>, accessed October 18, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

KPK, Kajian Sistem Pengelolaan Komoditas Kelapa Sawit (Jakarta: Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi [KPK], 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Li, Tania Murray, and Pujo Semedi, Plantation Life. Corporate Occupation in Indonesia’s Oil Palm Zone (Durham: Duke University Press, 2021).10.1215/9781478022237Search in Google Scholar

Lund, Christian, Nine-Tenths of the Law: Enduring Dispossession in Indonesia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020).10.12987/9780300255560Search in Google Scholar

Lund, Christian, An air of legality – Legalization under Conditions of Rightlessness in Indonesia, 50 The Journal of Peasant Studies, no. 4 (2023).10.1080/03066150.2022.2096448Search in Google Scholar

Mardiharini, M., et al.., Palm Oil Industry towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Achievements, 892 IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, no. 1 (November 1, 2021).10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012068Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy, John F., Changing to Gray: Decentralization and the Emergence of Volatile Socio-Legal Configurations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, 32 World Development, no. 7 (2004).10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.02.002Search in Google Scholar

Meijaard, Erik, et al.., The Environmental Impacts of Palm Oil in Context, 6 Nature Plants, no. 12 (2020).10.1038/s41477-020-00813-wSearch in Google Scholar

Mubin, Ufqil, “PT Kutai Sawit Plantation Siap Menempuh Jalur Hukum,” Kompasiana, June 17, 2015, available at: <https://www.kompasiana.com/ufqilmubin/54f96a52a33311ef048b4e1c/pt-kutai-sawit-plantation-siap-menempuh-jalur-hukum>, accessed April 15, 2020.Search in Google Scholar

Nababan, Willy M.C., “Perbaikan Tata Kelola, Pemerintah Akan Putihkan 3,3 Juta Hektar Sawit di Kawasan Hutan,” Kompas.id, June 23, 2023, available at: <https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2023/06/23/perbaikan-tata-kelola-pemerintah-akan-putihkan-33-juta-hektare-sawit-di-kawasan-hutan>, accessed October 18, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Nanggara, Soelthon Gussetya, et al.., Silang Sengkarut Pengelolaan Hutan dan Lahan di Indonesia (Bogor: Forest Watch Indonesia [FWI], 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Nasir, Mohamad, Implementasi 9 (Sembilan) Urusan Pertanahan di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara (Tenggarong: Bagian Pertanahan Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, 2010).Search in Google Scholar

Nasir, Mohamad, Laurens Bakker, and Toon van Meijl, Coal Mining Governance in Indonesia: Legal Uncertainty and Contestation, 22 Australian Journal of Asian Law, no. 1 (2022).Search in Google Scholar

Nasrul, Erdy, “Gubernur Kaltim: Industri Sawit Indonesia Ramah Lingkungan,” Republika, July 18, 2023, available at: <https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/rxzz90451/gubernur-kaltim-industri-sawit-indonesia-ramah-lingkungan>, accessed October 15, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Negara, T.A.S., Syahriza Alkohir Anggoro, and Imam Koeswahyono, Indonesian Job Creation Law: Neoliberal Legality, Authoritarianism and Executive Aggrandizement Under Joko Widodo, 16 Law and Development Review (2023).Search in Google Scholar

Nugraha, Indra, “Menyoal Jutaan Hektar Kebun Sawit Dalam Kawasan Hutan,” Mongabay, October 30, 2019, available at: <https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/10/30/menyoal-jutaan-hektar-kebun-sawit-dalam-kawasan-hutan/>, accessed April 2, 2020.Search in Google Scholar

O’donovan, Darren, “Socio-Legal Methodology: Conceptual Underpinnings, Justifications and Practical Pitfalls,” in Laura Cahillane and Jennifer Schweppe (eds.), Legal Research Methods: Principles and Practicalities (Dublin: Clarus Press, 2016).Search in Google Scholar

“Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade,” USDA, February 2024, available at: <https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/oilseeds.pdf>, accessed January 2, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Ombudsman Republik Indonesia, Rekomendasi Nomor: 0002/RM.03.01/0750.2017/XII/2022, available at: <https://ombudsman.go.id/produk/lihat/767/16_file_20230328_094150.pdf>, accessed October 17, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Pahlevi, Reza, “PT MSPG Disanksi Pembekuan Izin Lingkungan, DLHK Ungkap Penyebabnya,” Koran Kaltim, March 11, 2020, available at: <https://korankaltim.com/berita-terkini/read/29243/pt-mspg-disanksi-pembekuan-izin-lingkungan-dlhk-ungkap-penyebabnya>, accessed April 15, 2020.Search in Google Scholar

Paterson, R.R.M., Depletion of Indonesian Oil Palm Plantations Implied from Modeling Oil Palm Mortality and Ganoderma Boninense Rot under Future Climate, 7 AIMS Environmental Science, no. 5 (2020).10.3934/environsci.2020024Search in Google Scholar

Pistor, Katharina, and Chenggang Xu, Incomplete Law, 35 Journal of International Law and Politics, no. 931 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

Purnomo, Herry, et al.., Reconciling Oil Palm Economic Development and Environmental Conservation in Indonesia: A Value Chain Dynamic Approach, 111 Forest Policy and Economics (2020).10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102089Search in Google Scholar

Putri, E.I.K., et al.., The Oil Palm Governance: Challenges of Sustainability Policy in Indonesia, 14 Sustainability, no. 1820 (2022).10.3390/su14031820Search in Google Scholar

Riyanto, Sigit, et al.., Kertas Kebijakan: Catatan kritis terhadap UU No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (2nd ed.,Yogyakarta: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2020).Search in Google Scholar

Rosyadi, Fachry Husein, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, and Jangkung Handoyo Mulyoet, Impact of Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Certification on The Indonesian CPO Exports to The Destination Countries, 31 Agro Ekonomi, no. 1 (2020).10.22146/ae.54559Search in Google Scholar

Rutten, Rosanne, et al.., Smallholder Bargaining Power in Large-Scale Land Deals: A Relational Perspective, 44 Journal of Peasant Studies, no. 4 (2017).10.1080/03066150.2016.1277991Search in Google Scholar

Schouten, Greetje and Otto Hospes, Public and Private Governance in Interaction: Changing Interpretations of Sovereignty in the Field of Sustainable Palm Oil, 10 Sustainability, no. 12 (2018).10.3390/su10124811Search in Google Scholar

Semedi, Pujo and Laurens Bakker, Between Land Grabbing and Farmers’ Benefits: Land Transfers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, 15 The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, no. 4 (2014).10.1080/14442213.2014.928741Search in Google Scholar

Sholikin, M Nur, Regulasi Eksploitatif Penebar Ancaman (Jakarta: ELSAM, 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Simarmata, Rikardo, “The Role of Local Bureaucrats in the Law-making Process” in Adriaan Bedner and Barbara Oomen (eds.), Real Legal Certainty and Its Relevance (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2019).10.24415/9789400603301-008Search in Google Scholar

Taherdoost, Hamed, Data Collection Methods and Tools for Research; A Step-by-Step Guide to Choose Data Collection Technique for Academic and Business Research Projects, 10 International Journal of Academic Research in Management, no. 1 (2021).Search in Google Scholar

Waddell, Sarah K., The Role of The ‘Legal Rule’ In Indonesian Law: Environmental Law and Reformasi of Water Quality Management (Sydney: University of Sydney, 2004).Search in Google Scholar

Wibisana, Andri G., Campur Tangan Pemerintah Dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan: Sebuah Penelusuran Teoretis Berdasarkan Analisis Ekonomi Atas Hukum (Economic Analysis Of Law), 47 Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, no. 2 (2017).10.21143/jhp.vol47.no2.812Search in Google Scholar

Xin, Yu, Laixiang Sun, and Matthew C. Hansen, Biophysical and Socioeconomic Drivers of Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia, 16 Environmental Research Letters, no. 3 (2021).10.1088/1748-9326/abce83Search in Google Scholar

Yusuf, Muhammad, Keberlakuan Peraturan dalam Undang-Undang Yang Tidak Kunjung Diterbitkan Peraturan Pemerintah sebagai Peraturan Pelaksananya, 5 Jurnal Restorasi Hukum, no. 1 (2022).10.14421/jrh.v5i1.2380Search in Google Scholar