The Impact of the Pandemic on Reproductive Autonomy and Gender Equality: Perspectives from the Sustainable Development Agenda

References

A. B. and C. v. Ireland , App. No. 25579/05 [2010] ECHR.Search in Google Scholar

Abortion Act 1967 (United Kingdom), available at: <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/contents>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

AidAccess, Order Abortion Pills Online, available at: <https://aidaccess.org/en/>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Aiken, Abigail R.A., et al.., Safety and effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion provided using online telemedicine in the United States: A population based study, 10 The Lancet Regional Health – Americas (2022), available at: <https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2667-193X%2822%2900017-5>, accessed October 1, 2023.10.1016/j.lana.2022.100200Search in Google Scholar

Ali, Jasmine, et al.., Contraceptive Access During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 5 Contraception and Reproductive Medicine (2020), available at: <https://contraceptionmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40834-020-00114-9#ref-CR26>, accessed October 18, 2023.10.1186/s40834-020-00114-9Search in Google Scholar

American Convention on Human Rights, “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica,” 1969.Search in Google Scholar

American Historical Association, et al.., Brief Supporting Respondents, Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organizations (No. 19-1392), available at: <https://www.historians.org/news-and-advocacy/aha-advocacy/aha-amicus-curiae-brief-in-dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-organization-(september-2021)>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Ansley, Laura, Abortion, Choice, and the Supreme Court: The American Historical Association’s History Behind the Headlines Webinar, Perspectives on History, July 8, 2022, available at: <https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/summer-2022/abortion-choice-and-the-supreme-court-the-ahas-history-behind-the-headlines-webinar>, accessed November 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Auza, Bernardito, Note of the Holy See on the First Anniversary of the Adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals, Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations, October 5, 2016, available at <https://holyseemission.org/contents/statements/5806914667987.php>, accessed October 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Belluck, Pam, F.D.A. Will Allow Abortion Pills by Mail During the Pandemic, N.Y. Times, April 4, 2021, available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/13/health/covid-abortion-pills-mailed.html>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Belluck, Pam, F.D.A. Will Permanently Allow Abortion Pills by Mail, N.Y. Times, December 16, 2021, available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/16/health/abortion-pills-fda.html>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Center for Reproductive Rights, Cox v. State of Texas, available at: <https://reproductiverights.org/case/cox-v-texas/>, accessed January 2, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Center for Reproductive Rights, Historic Decision: Mexico’s Supreme Court Decriminalizes Abortion, September 7, 2023, available at: <https://reproductiverights.org/mexico-supreme-court-decriminalizes-abortion-federal/#:∼:text=The%20ruling%20affirms%20that%20federal,prosecuted%20for%20providing%20abortion%20services>, accessed November 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Center for Reproductive Rights, Latin America’s Green Wave, available at: <https://reproductiverights.org/latin-america-green-wave/>, accessed November 5, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Center for Reproductive Rights, Nationwide Threat to Medication Abortion: Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. FDA, available at: <https://reproductiverights.org/case/alliance-for-hippocratic-medicine-v-fda/>, accessed January 2, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Center for Reproductive Rights, The Green Wave Reaches Brazil: Supreme Court to Decide on Abortion Decriminalization, September 22, 2023, available at: <https://reproductiverights.org/green-wave-brazil-supreme-court/>, accessed November 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Center for Reproductive Rights, Zurawski v. State of Texas, available at: <https://reproductiverights.org/case/zurawski-v-texas-abortion-emergency-exceptions/zurawski-v-texas/>, accessed January 2, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, Elizabeth and John Bonifield, Texas Woman Almost Dies Because She Couldn’t Get an Abortion, CNN, June 20, 2023, available at: <https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/16/health/abortion-texas-sepsis/index.html>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, Elizabeth and Danielle Herman, Why a Woman’s Doctor Warned Her Not To Get Pregnant in Texas, CNN, September 10, 2022, available at: <https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/09/health/abortion-restrictions-texas/index.html>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Committee Against Torture, Concluding Observations: Nicaragua, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/NIC/CO/1 (2009).Search in Google Scholar

Committee Against Torture, Concluding Observations: Peru, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/PER/CO/4 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 22: Right to Sexual and Reproductive Health (Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), U.N. Doc. E/C.12/GC/22 (May 2, 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Concluding Observations on Peru, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/PER/CO/7-8 (July 24, 2014).Search in Google Scholar

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Inquiry Concerning the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/OP.8/GRB/1 (March 6, 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Guaranteeing Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights for All Women, in Particular Women with Disabilities (August 29, 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, LC v. Peru, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/50/D/22/2009 (November 4, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Summary of the Inquiry Concerning the Philippines, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/OP.8/PHL/1 (April 22, 2015).Search in Google Scholar

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249.Search in Google Scholar

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, U.N.G.A. Res. 61/106 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577.Search in Google Scholar

Cook, Rebecca J., Human Rights and Reproductive Self-Determination, 44 American University Law Review, no. 4 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

Cook, Rebecca J. and Bernard M. Dickens, Human Rights Dynamics of Abortion Law Reform, 25 Human Rights Quarterly, no. 1 (2003).10.1353/hrq.2003.0003Search in Google Scholar

Copelon, Rhonda, et al.., Human Rights Begin at Birth: International Law and the Claim of Fetal Rights, 13 Reproductive Health Matters, no. 26 (2005).10.1016/S0968-8080(05)26218-3Search in Google Scholar

Council of Europe, COVID-19: Ensure Women’s Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (Strasbourg, May 7, 2020), available at: <https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/covid-19-ensure-women-s-access-to-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Craine, Patrick B. and Pete Baklinski, Holy See stresses pro-life creds at UN amid concerns over statement on Sustainable Development Goals, Life Site News, July 23, 2015, available at: <https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/holy-see-stresses-pro-life-creds-at-un-amid-questions>, accessed October 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Daniels, Joe Parkin, et al.., Killed by Abortion Laws: Five Women Whose Stories We Must Never Forget, The Guardian, May 7, 2022, available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/may/07/killed-by-abortion-laws-five-women-whose-stories-we-must-never-forget>, accessed November 1, 2022.Search in Google Scholar

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 142 U.S. 2228 (2022).Search in Google Scholar

Doctors Without Borders, How to Ensure a Safe Abortion With Pills, available at: <https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/how-ensure-safe-abortion-pills>, accessed October 28, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

European Court of Human Rights, Group of abortion rights cases against Poland declared inadmissible, 173 ECHR (June 8, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Feibel, Carrie, Because of Texas Abortion Law, Her Wanted Pregnancy Became a Medical Nightmare, NPR, July 26, 2022, available at: <https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/07/26/1111280165/because-of-texas-abortion-law-her-wanted-pregnancy-became-a-medical-nightmare>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, Laura, et al.., Mind the Gap: Understanding the Differences Between Sexual and Reproductive Health Related Legal Frameworks on Paper and in Practice, 3 Frontiers in Global Women’s Health (2022), available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9120771/>, accessed October 1, 2023.10.3389/fgwh.2022.838976Search in Google Scholar

Food and Drug Administration, Information about Mifepristone for Medical Termination of Pregnancy Through Ten Weeks Gestation, available at: <https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Forouzan, Kimya and Isabel Guarnieri, State Policy Trends 2023: In the First Full Year Since Roe Fell, a Tumultuous Year for Abortion and Other Reproductive Health Care, Guttmacher Institute, December 19, 2023, available at: <https://www.guttmacher.org/2023/12/state-policy-trends-2023-first-full-year-roe-fell-tumultuous-year-abortion-and-other>, accessed January 2, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Ganatra, Bella, et al.., Global, Regional and Sub-regional Classifications of Abortion by Safety, 2010-2014: Estimates from a Bayesian Hierarchical Model, 390 The Lancet, no. 10110 (2017), 2372–2381, available at: <https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31794-4/fulltext>, accessed October 1, 2023.10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31794-4Search in Google Scholar

George, Mary, “Reproductive Rights” Within SDG 5, 17 International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled (2022).Search in Google Scholar

Glucksberg v. Washington, 521 U.S. 702 (1997).Search in Google Scholar

Grammage, Sarah, Shareen Joshi, and Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, The Intersections of Women’s Economic and Reproductive Empowerment, 26 Feminist Economics, no. 1 (2020), 1–33.10.1080/13545701.2019.1674451Search in Google Scholar

Grandia, Lex, “Imagine: To Be a Part of This,” in Maya Sabatello and Marianne Schulze (eds.), Human Rights And Disability Advocacy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014).Search in Google Scholar

Guest Blogger for Women Around the World, Abortion in the Time of COVID, Council on Foreign Relations, June 25, 2020, available at: <https://www.cfr.org/blog/abortion-time-covid-19>, accessed October 30, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Haddad, Lisa and Nawal M. Nour, Unsafe Abortion: Unnecessary Maternal Mortality, 2 Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, no. 2 (2009), 122–126, available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1521693419301191>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, Latoya, Samantha Artigua, and Usha Ranji, Racial Disparities in Maternal and Infant Health: Current Status and Efforts to Address Them, KFF, November 1, 2022, available at: <https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/racial-disparities-in-maternal-and-infant-health-current-status-and-efforts-to-address-them/#>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Committee Concluding Observations: Chile, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.104 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations: Nicaragua, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/NIC/CO/3 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Committee, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 40 of the Covenant, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.104 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Committee: Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/NIC/CO/3 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 28: Article 3 (Equality of Rights Between Men and Women), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Committee, Whelan v. Ireland, CCPR/C/119/D/2425/2014 (July 11, 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Committee, Mellet v. Ireland, CCPR/C/116/D/2324/2013 (November 17, 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch, El Salvador: Court Hears Case on Total Abortion Ban: Inter-American Court Ruling Could Set Precedent in Latin America and the Caribbean, available at: <https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/23/el-salvador-court-hears-case-total-abortion-ban>, accessed January 20, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, United States: Abortion Access, OAS, November 8, 2023, available at: <https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/sessions/Default.asp?S=188>, accessed November 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, IACHR calls for progress in the recognition and protection of reproductive rights in the region, OAS, January 31, 2023, available at: <https://www.oas.org/en/IACHR/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2023/011.asp>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, IACHR Takes Case Involving El Salvador’s Absolute Ban on Abortion to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, OAS, January 11, 2022, available at: <https://www.oas.org/en/IACHR/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2022/011.asp>, accessed January 20, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Case of Manuela et al. v. El Salvador, Judgment of 2 November 2021 (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations, and Costs), OAS, available at: <https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_441_ing.pdf>, accessed January 26, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999.Search in Google Scholar

International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, FIGO Endorses the Permanent Adoption of Telemedicine Abortion Services, available at: <https://www.figo.org/FIGO-endorses-telemedicine-abortion-services#_edn4>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

International Planned Parenthood Federation, Contraception and COVID 19: Disrupted Supply and Access, available at: <https://www.ippf.org/blogs/contraception-and-covid-19-disrupted-supply-and-access>, accessed October 20, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Ipas, Women’s Access to Safe Abortion in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2015): Advancing Maternal Health, Gender Equality and Reproductive Rights, available at: <https://www.ipas.org/resource/womens-access-to-safe-abortion-in-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development-advancing-maternal-health-gender-equality-and-reproductive-rights/>, accessed November 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Irish Family Planning Association, History of Abortion in Ireland, available at: <https://www.ifpa.ie/advocacy/abortion-in-ireland-legal-timeline/>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Kabeer, Naila, The Beijing Platform for Action and the Millennium Development Goals: Different processes, different outcomes, paper presented at the United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) Expert Group Meeting (Baku, 2005), available at <https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/bpfamd2005/experts-papers/EGM-BPFA-MD-MDG-2005-EP.11.pdf>, accessed October 15, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Kapelanska-Pregowska, Julia, The Scales of the European Court of Human Rights: Abortion Restrictions in Poland, the European Consensus and, and the State’s Margin of Appreciation, 23 Health and Human Rights Journal, no. 2 (2012).Search in Google Scholar

Kapp, Nathalie, et al., Medical abortion at 13 or more weeks gestation provided through telemedicine: A retrospective review of services, 3 Contraception: X (2021), available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7881210/>, accessed October 1, 2023.10.1016/j.conx.2021.100057Search in Google Scholar

Kaufman, Risa, et al.., Global Impacts of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization and Abortion Regression in the United States, 30 Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, no. 1 (2022), available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9673802/>, accessed November 1, 2023.10.1080/26410397.2022.2135574Search in Google Scholar

Klibanoff, Eleanor, Doctors Report Compromising Care Out of Fear of Texas Abortion Law, The Texas Tribune, June 23, 2022, available at: <https://www.texastribune.org/2022/06/23/texas-abortion-law-doctors-delay-care/>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Löwy, Ilana and Marilena Cordiero Dias Villela Corrêa, The “Abortion Pill” Misoprostol in Brazil: Women’s Empowerment in a Conservative and Repressive Political Environment, 110 American Journal of Public Health, no. 5 (2020), available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144453/>, accessed November 10, 2023.10.2105/AJPH.2019.305562Search in Google Scholar

Mama Network, Mobilizing Activists Around Medical Abortion, available at: <https://mamanetwork.org/>, accessed January 27, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Mama Network, Helplines, available at: <https://mamanetwork.org/helplines/>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Mamun, Firoj al, Ismail Hosen, and Mohammed A. Mamun, Sexual Violence and Rapes’ Increment During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh 34 eClinical Medicine 100817 (April 6, 2021), available at: <https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00097-3/fulltext>, accessed October 18, 2023.10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100817Search in Google Scholar

MDG Monitor, MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women, November 15, 2016, available at: <https://www.mdgmonitor.org/mdg-3-promote-gender-equality-and-empower-women/>, accessed November 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

MDG Monitor, MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health, November 15, 2016, available at: <https://www.mdgmonitor.org/mdg-5-improve-maternal-health/>, accessed November 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Moore, Ann M., et al.., Online Abortion Drug Sales in Indonesia: A Quality of Care Assessment, 51 Studies in Family Planning, no. 4 (2020), 295–308, available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7821208/>, accessed November 10, 2023.10.1111/sifp.12138Search in Google Scholar

Moseson, Heidi, et al.., Self-managed abortion: A systematic scoping review, 63 Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology (2020), available at: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31859163/>, accessed January 27, 2024.10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.08.002Search in Google Scholar

Nolan, Stephanie, When Brazil banned Abortion Pills, Women Turned to Drug Traffickers, N.Y. Times, June 28, 2022, available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/28/health/brazil-abortion-pills.html>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S. 644 (2015).Search in Google Scholar

Ochieng, Walter, et al.., Sexual Violence Trends before and after Rollout of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures, Kenya, 28 Emerging Infectious Diseases, no. 3 (2022), available at: <https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/13/22-0394_article>, accessed October 18, 2023.10.3201/eid2813.220394Search in Google Scholar

Ong, Isabella, et al.., The Global Impact of COVID-19 on Abortion Care, 9 Heliyon, no. 5 (2023), available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10165865/#bib7>, accessed October 30, 2023.10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16094Search in Google Scholar

Our World in Data, Sustainable Development Goal 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls, available at: < https://ourworldindata.org/sdgs/gender-equality>, accessed October 15, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Palmua, Anna, The Human Toll of Poland’s Strict Abortion Laws, Time Magazine, October 13, 2023, available at: <https://time.com/6320172/poland-abortion-laws-maternal-health-care/>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Perlin, Michael L. and Alison J. Lynch, All His Sexless Patients: Persons with Mental Disabilities and the Competence to Have Sex, 89 Washington Law Review, no. 257 (2014), 257–300, available at: <https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1691&context=fac_articles_chapters;l>, accessed January 27, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

Petersen, Carole J., Reproductive Autonomy and Laws Prohibiting “Discriminatory” Abortions: Constitutional and Ethical Challenges, 96 University of Detroit Law Review (2019), 605–626.Search in Google Scholar

Petersen, Carole J., Reproductive Justice, Public Policy, and Abortion on the Basis of Fetal Impairment: Lessons from International Human Rights Law and the Potential Impact of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 28 Journal of Law and Health (2015), 121–164.Search in Google Scholar

Petersen, Carole J., “Reproduction and Family Planning: Individual Right or Public Policy?,” in Raymond Wacks (ed.), Hong Kong, China and 1997: Essays in Legal Theory, 261–305 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1993).10.1515/9789882201750-013Search in Google Scholar

Petersen, Carole J., Women’s Right to Equality and Reproductive Autonomy: The Impact of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 45 University of Hawai‘i Law Review, no. 305 (2023).Search in Google Scholar

Pillai, Vijayan K. and Julieann Lynn Nagoshi, Unmet Family Planning Needs Globally: A Clarion Calling, 14 Open Access Journal of Contraception (2023), 139–147.10.2147/OAJC.S378042Search in Google Scholar

Plan C, Abortion Pills by Mail in Every State, available at: <https://www.plancpills.org/>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Planned Parenthood, Where is Abortion Legal? available at: <https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/abortion-access-tool/US>, accessed November 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).Search in Google Scholar

Polis, Chelsa B., et al.., Impacts of COVID-19 on Contraceptive and Abortion Services in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Scoping Review, 30 Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, no. 1 (2022).10.1080/26410397.2022.2098557Search in Google Scholar

Ptak, Alicja, “Not One More”: Thousands Protest Abortion Law After Latest Death of Pregnant Woman, Notes from Poland, June 15, 2023, available at: <https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/06/15/not-one-more-thousands-protest-abortion-law-after-latest-death-of-pregnant-woman-in-poland/>, accessed October 30, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

R. R. v. Poland, App. No. 27617/04 [2011] ECHR.Search in Google Scholar

Reagan, Leslie J., “What Alito Gets Wrong About the History of Abortion in America,” Politico, June 2, 2022, available at: <https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/02/alitos-anti-roe-argument-wrong-00036174>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 (1973).Search in Google Scholar

Rough, Elizabeth, Research Briefing: Early Medical Abortion at Home During and After the Pandemic, House of Commons Library, available at: <https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9496/CBP-9496.pdf>, accessed November 30, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Siegel, Reva B., Reasoning from the Body: An Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection, 44 Stanford Law Review, no. 2, (1992).10.2307/1228947Search in Google Scholar

Singh, Susheela, et al.., Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal Access, Guttmacher Institute, available at: <https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/abortion-worldwide-2017.pdf>, accessed November 1, 2023.10.1363/2018.29199Search in Google Scholar

Skuster, Patty, Jina Dhillon, and Jessica Li, Easing of Regulatory Barriers to Telemedicine Abortion in Response to COVID-19, 2 Frontiers in Global Women’s Health (2021), available at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2021.705611/full>, accessed October 1, 2023.10.3389/fgwh.2021.705611Search in Google Scholar

Sobel, Laurie, et al.., State Action to Limit Abortion During the COVID-19 Pandemic, KFF, August 10, 2020, available at: <https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/state-action-to-limit-abortion-access-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/>, accessed October 30, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Socorristas en Red, How to Have a Safe Abortion with Medication? available at: <https://socorristasenred.org/>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Specia, Megan, How Savita Halappanavar’s Death Spurred Ireland’s Abortion Rights Campaign, N.Y. Times, May 27, 2018, available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/27/world/europe/savita-halappanavar-ireland-abortion.html.>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Stars, Ann M., et al.., Accelerate Progress – Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights for All: Report of the Guttmacher-Lancet Commission, 391 The Lancet, no. 10140 (2018), 2642–2692, available at: <https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30293-9/fulltext>, accessed October 1, 2023.10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30293-9Search in Google Scholar

Stevenson, Amanda Jean, Leslie Root, and Jane Menken, The Maternal Mortality Consequences of Losing Abortion Access, University of Colorado Boulder, available at: <https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/7g29k>, accessed November 1, 2023.10.31235/osf.io/7g29kSearch in Google Scholar

United Nations, Goal 5 Gender Equality, available at: <https://www.un.org/en/civil-society/goal-week-goal-5-gender-equality>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations, “Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” in the Annex to UN General Assembly Resolution 71/313, Work of the Statistical Commission Pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, (July 10, 2017), available at: <https://ggim.un.org/documents/a_res_71_313.pdf>, accessed January 27, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations, We can End Poverty: the Millennium Development Goals and Beyond 2015, available at: <https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/>, accessed October 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Family Planning and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Data Booklet, available at: <https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/familyPlanning_DataBooklet_2019.pdf>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Transforming our World: the 2020 Agenda for Sustainable Development, U.N.G.A. Res. 70/1 (2015).Search in Google Scholar

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, U.N.G.A. Res. 217(I) (1948).Search in Google Scholar

Office of the High Commissioner, States must combat domestic violence in the context of COVID-19 lockdowns - UN rights expert, Unied Nations, March 27, 2020, available at: <https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/03/states-must-combat-domestic-violence-context-covid-19-lockdowns-un-rights#:∼:text=The%20UN%20expert%20called%20on,be%20adopted%20during%20the%20crisis>, accessed October 20, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

UN Women, Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Beijing +5 Political Declaration and Outcome, available at: <https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/01/beijing-declaration>, accessed October 15, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023: Special Edition, available at: <https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/>, accessed October 15, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Population Fund, Cairo Declaration on Population and Development, available at: <https://www.unfpa.org/resources/cairo-declaration-population-development>, accessed October 15, 2023a.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Population Fund, Nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended – a global crisis says new UNFPA report, available at: <https://www.unfpa.org/press/nearly-half-all-pregnancies-are-unintended-global-crisis-says-new-unfpa-report>, accessed October 1, 2023b.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Population Fund, One Year Into the Pandemic, UNFPA estimate 12 million women have seen contraceptive interruptions leading to 1.4 million unintended pregnancies, available at: <https://www.unfpa.org/news/one-year-pandemic-unfpa-estimates-12-million-women-have-seen-contraceptive-interruptions>, January 28, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Population Fund, Programme of Action Adopted at the International Conference of Population and Development, available at: <https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/event-pdf/PoA_en.pdf>, accessed November 1, 2023c.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Population Fund, SDG Indicator: 5.6.2 Questions, available at: <https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/SDG5.6.2_questions.pdf>, accessed October 1, 2023d.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Population Fund, Tracking Women’s Decision Making for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights (February 2020), available at: <https://www.unfpa.org/resources/tracking-womens-decision-making-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-reproductive-rights>, accessed October 10, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Venzor, Thomas A., Protecting the Unborn Child: The Current State of International Law Concerning the So-Called Right to Abortion and Intervention by the Holy See, 89 Nebraska Law Review, no. 4 (2011).Search in Google Scholar

Vergallo, Gianluca Montanari, et al.., Is the Right to Abortion at Risk in Times of COVID-19? The Italian State of Affairs Within the European Context, 57 Medicina (Kaunas), no. 6 (2021), available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8231552/>, accessed November 1, 2023.10.3390/medicina57060615Search in Google Scholar

Women on Web, Abortion Pill Access by Mail, available at: <https://www.womenonweb.org/en/>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Women on Web, Are there Other Ways to Use Misoprostol? available at: <https://www.womenonweb.org/en/page/985/are-there-other-ways-to-use-misoprostol>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Women on Web, Women on Web Wins Supreme Court Case Against Spain for Censoring, available at: <https://www.womenonweb.org/en/page/21685/women-on-web-wins-supreme-court-case-against-spain-for-censoring>, accessed November 1, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

World Health Organization, Maintaining essential health services: operational guidance for the COVID-19 context, available at: <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-essential_health_services-2020.2>, accessed October 18, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

World Health Organization (Eastern Mediterranean Region), Levels of Domestic Violence Increase Globally, Including in the Region, as COVID 19 Pandemic Escalates, available at: <https://www.emro.who.int/violence-injuries-disabilities/violence-news/levels-of-domestic-violence-increase-as-covid-19-pandemic-escalates.html>, accessed October 18, 2023.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Sarah, “The Abortion Pill Can Be Used Later Than the FDA Says,” The Atlantic, June 22, 2022, available at: <https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/06/how-late-can-you-take-abortion-pill/661437/>, accessed January 27, 2024.Search in Google Scholar