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Nomogram of fetal upper arm volume by three-dimensional ultrasound using extended imaging virtual organ computer-aided analysis (XI VOCAL)

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Published/Copyright: July 30, 2011
Journal of Perinatal Medicine
From the journal Journal of Perinatal Medicine Volume 39 Issue 6

Abstract

Aim: To define the reference range of the fetal upper arm volume by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound using the eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (XI VOCAL) method.

Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study enrolled 425 healthy pregnant women with 20–40 weeks of gestation. The XI VOCAL technique was used for the volumetric calculations, considering 10 sequential sectional plane areas, performed along the axial plan of the fetal upper arm. The proximal and distal epiphyses were the beginning and final reference. Second degree polynomial regression models were created to evaluate the correlation between the volume of the fetal arm and the gestational age (GA), determining the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th corresponding percentiles. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the intra- and interobserver reproducibility.

Results: The mean fetal upper arm volume ranged from 4.59±1.18 (3.10–7.40 cm3) to 53.87±10.72 cm3 (40.30–76.60 cm3). The fetal upper arm volume and GA were highly associated (R2=0.913). The intra- and interobserver reproducibility were reliable, with ICC=0.997 (95% CI 0.995–0.999) and 0.996 (95% CI 0.993–0.998), respectively.

Conclusion: The reference range for the fetal upper arm volume was determined by 3D-ultrasound using the XI VOCAL method, and was found to be highly reproducible.

Keywords: Fetal upper arm volume; reference range; reproducibility; three-dimensional ultrasonography; XI VOCAL
Corresponding author: Edward Araujo Júnior, PhD Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Rua Carlos Weber, 950 apto. 113 Visage Alto da Lapa São Paulo – SP Brazil CEP 05303-000 Tel./Fax: +55-11-32943220
Received: 2011-3-7
Revised: 2011-4-13
Accepted: 2011-6-23
Published Online: 2011-07-30
Published in Print: 2011-11-01

©2011 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston

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https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm.2011.083
Keywords for this article
Fetal upper arm volume; reference range; reproducibility; three-dimensional ultrasonography; XI VOCAL

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Review Article
  2. Screening for pre-eclampsia: a systematic review of tests combining uterine artery Doppler with other markers
  3. Opinion Paper
  4. Reshaping pre-clerkship years in reproductive medicine education
  5. Original Articles – Obstetrics
  6. Placental lesions associated with maternal underperfusion are more frequent in early-onset than in late-onset preeclampsia
  7. The role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the neutrophilia observed in the fetal inflammatory response syndrome
  8. Identification of high-risk patients for adverse pregnancy outcome based on multivariate logistic regression analysis at 20–23 gestational weeks
  9. Recurrence risks of hypertensive diseases in pregnancy after HELLP syndrome
  10. Procalcitonin levels during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum
  11. Determinants of folic acid use in a multi-ethnic population of pregnant women: a cross-sectional study
  12. Risk factors for emergent preterm delivery in women with placenta previa and ultrasound findings suspicious for placenta accreta
  13. Requests and usage of epidural analgesia in grand-grand multiparous and similar-aged women with lesser parity: prospective observational study
  14. Gene expression patterns of insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor 2 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in human placenta from pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction
  15. Birth injury in a subsequent vaginal delivery among women with a history of shoulder dystocia
  16. Original Articles – Fetus
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  18. Neonatal outcome using ultrathin fetoscope for laser coagulation in twin-to-twin-transfusion syndrome
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  21. Short Communication
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