Abstract
Syncope of a short vowel before a cluster sT(R) (T: stop; R: l or r) is attested in Latin and Sabellic: Latin fēstra (beside fenestra), sēstertius, iuxtā, Oscan vezkeí, minstreis, Umbrian etuřstamu, mersto. This phenomenon raises important questions both for the historical phonology of the Italic languages and for the typological study of sT(R)-clusters. In Latin and Sabellic, syncope normally took place only in open syllables. Three competing strategies are possible in order to explain this paradox. (i) It has been argued that the cluster sT(R) was an onset, which would imply that the vowel standing before the cluster sT(R) was in an open syllable at the time of the syncope. (ii) It has been proposed that the sequence sT behaves as a single consonant. (iii) It could be assumed that the syncope did not take place in a closed syllable except if the closing consonant was s (or its allophone z). Furthermore, a careful study of the relevant material shows that in some Latin words a vowel standing before sT(R) may have been deleted by a phonological process distinct from the syncope stricto sensu (haplology, noundinum-rule).
Acknowledgments
The present article has been written as part of the Research Project VEGA 1/0812/18, Latinská slabika v diachronickom a typologickom kontexte (2018–2021, Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Filozofická fakulta). We are grateful to Prof. Pierluigi Cuzzolin for encouraging us to write the present paper. We alone are responsible for all errors of fact and opinion.
References
Ačaṙyan, Hračʿya. 1971–1979. Hayeren armatakan baṙaran. I (A–D), 1971; II (E–K), 1973; III (H–Čʿ), 1977; IV (P–F), 1979. Erevan: Erevani Hamalsarani Hratarakčʿowtʿyown.Search in Google Scholar
Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier. 2018. Ancora sul sostrato sudpiceno nei dialetti oschi settentrionali. In Raffaella Bombi & Francesco Costantini (eds.), Percorsi linguistici e interlinguistici: studi in onore di Vincenzo Orioles, 279–290. Udine: Forum.Search in Google Scholar
Alamolhoda, Seyyed Morteza. 2000. Phonostatistics and phonotactics of the syllable in Modern Persian. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.Search in Google Scholar
Amigues, Suzanne. 1989. Théophraste. Recherches sur les plantes. Tome II. Livres III–IV. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.Search in Google Scholar
André, Jacques. 1952. Contribution au vocabulaire de la viticulture: les noms de cépages. Revue des Études Latines 30. 126–156.Search in Google Scholar
André, Jacques. 1960. Pline l’Ancien. Histoire naturelle. Livre XV. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.Search in Google Scholar
Audollent, Auguste. 1904. Defixionum tabellae. Paris: Albert Fontemoing.Search in Google Scholar
Beck, Lily Y. 2017. Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus. De materia medica. Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann.Search in Google Scholar
Beckwith, Miles. 2007. The Old Italic o-Perfect and the Tortora inscription. In Karlene Jones-Bley, Martin E. Huld, Angela Della Volpe & Miriam Robbins Dexter (eds.), Proceedings of the 18th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, 77–87. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Search in Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul. 1969. The development of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Greek. The Hague & Paris: Mouton.10.1515/9783111358642Search in Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul. 2010. Etymological dictionary of Greek. Leiden & Boston: Brill.Search in Google Scholar
Benediktsson, Hreinn. 1960. The vowel syncope in Oscan-Umbrian. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 19. 157–295.Search in Google Scholar
Birkhan, Helmut. 1997. Kelten. Versuch einer Gesamtdarstellung ihrer Kultur. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Search in Google Scholar
Biville, Frédérique. 1987. Capistrum, feretrum, angistrum, etc.: emprunts, hybrides et formations héritées, à propos des dérivés médiatifs latins et grecs en -trum. In Sylvie Mellet (ed.), Études de linguistique générale et de linguistique latine offertes en hommage à Guy Serbat par ses collègues et ses élèves, 67–82. Paris: Société pour l’Information Grammaticale.Search in Google Scholar
Biville, Frédérique. 1995. Les emprunts du latin au grec. Approche phonétique, Tome II, Vocalisme et conclusions. Louvain & Paris: Bibliothèque de l’information grammaticale, Peeters.Search in Google Scholar
Bréal, Michel. 1878. Audio. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique 3. 410.Search in Google Scholar
Broselow, Ellen. 2015. The typology of position-quality interactions in loanword vowel insertion. In Yuchau E. Hsiao & Lian-Hee Wee (eds.), Capturing phonological shades within and across languages, 292–319. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Search in Google Scholar
Buck, Carl Darling. 1928. A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary. Boston: Ginn & Company.Search in Google Scholar
Byrd, Andrew Miles. 2015. The Indo-European syllable. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004293021Search in Google Scholar
Cels-Saint-Hilaire, Janine. 1995. La République des tribus. Du droit de vote et de ses enjeux aux débuts de la République Romaine (495–300 av. J.-C.). Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail.10.4000/books.pumi.17727Search in Google Scholar
Chantraine, Pierre. 1999. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des Mots. Avec un supplément. Paris: Klincksieck.Search in Google Scholar
Cheung, Johnny. 2002. Studies in the historical development of the Ossetic vocalism. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Search in Google Scholar
Cook, Arthur Bernard. 1904. Zeus, Jupiter and the oak (continued). The Classical Review 18(1). 75–89.Search in Google Scholar
Cowgill, Warren. 1969. A note on palatalization in Old Irish. In Christian Gellinek & Herwig Zauchenberger (eds.), Festschrift für Konstantin Reichardt, 30–37. Bern: Francke.Search in Google Scholar
Cowgill, Warren. 1970. Italic and Celtic superlatives and the dialects of Indo-European. In George Cardona, Henry M. Hoenigswald & Alfred Senn (eds.), Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, 113–153. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.10.9783/9781512801200-009Search in Google Scholar
Cser, András. 1999. Diphthongs in the syllable structure of Latin. Glotta 75. 172–193.Search in Google Scholar
Cser, András. 2012. Resyllabification and metre: The issue of s impurum revisited. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 52(4). 363–373.10.1556/AAnt.52.2012.4.4Search in Google Scholar
Davies, Percival Vaughan. 1969. The Saturnalia. New York & London: Columbia University Press.Search in Google Scholar
DeLisi, Jessica. 2015. Sonority sequencing violations and prosodic structure in Latin and other Indo-European languages. Indo-European Linguistics 3. 1–23.10.1163/22125892-00301007Search in Google Scholar
Dieu, Éric. 2009. Les formes de gradation vieil-anglaises sēlra ‘meilleur’, sēlest ‘le meilleur’ et le superlatif latin sōlistimus / sollistimus ‘très favorable’. Historische Sprachforschung 122. 31–38.10.13109/hisp.2009.122.1.31Search in Google Scholar
Dunkel, George E. 2014. Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme. Band 2. Lexikon. Heidelberg: Winter.Search in Google Scholar
Egetmeyer, Markus. 2010. Le dialecte grec ancien de Chypre. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110217520Search in Google Scholar
Eichner, Heiner. 1992. Indogermanisches Phonemsystem und lateinische Lautgeschichte. In Oswald Panagl & Thomas Krisch (eds.), Latein und Indogermanisch, 55–79. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Eichner, Heiner. 1993. 1919 oder 1991? Zur Entwicklung der oskisch-umbrischen Studien nebst einer neuen Interpretation des Textes von Fonte Romito (Vetter Nr. 147). In Helmut Rix (ed.), Oskisch-Umbrisch. Texte und Grammatik. Arbeitstagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft und der Società Italiana di Glottologia vom 25. bis 28. September 1991 in Freiburg, 46–95. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Search in Google Scholar
Ernout, Alfred & Antoine Meillet. 1959. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine. Histoire des mots, 4th edn. Paris: Klincksieck.Search in Google Scholar
Forssman, Bernhard. 2007. Lateinisch plaustrum ‘Transportwagen’. In Wolfgang Hock & Michael Meier-Brügger (eds.), Darъ slovesьny, Festschrift für Christoph Koch zum 65. Geburtstag, 75–84. München: Sagner.Search in Google Scholar
Fortson, Benjamin W. 1996. The double reflex of *ai in Avestan. Indo-Iranian Journal 39. 41–54.10.1163/000000096790085033Search in Google Scholar
Garnier, Romain. 2015–2016. Nouvelles réflexions sur les adjectifs en -idus du latin. Wékwos 2. 73–86.Search in Google Scholar
Ghorbanpour, Amir, Aliyeh K. Z. Kambuziya, Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam & Ferdows Agha-Golzadeh. 2019. Loanword syllable adaptation in Persian: An optimality-theoretic account. Journal of Universal Language 20(2). 95–127.10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.95Search in Google Scholar
Giura, Francesco. 2016a. Latin oboedio: Between phonological explanation and diastratic variation. Studi e Saggi Linguistici 54(2). 45–64.Search in Google Scholar
Giura, Francesco. 2016b. Auris, audio e ausculto. Revisione etimologica e histoire des mots. Archivio Glottologico Italiano 101(1). 66–87.Search in Google Scholar
Götze, Albrecht. 1923. Relative Chronologie von Lauterscheinungen im Italischen. Indogermanische Forschungen 41. 78–149.10.1515/if-1923-0105Search in Google Scholar
Goujard, Raoul. 1975. Caton. De l’Agriculture. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.Search in Google Scholar
Grammont, Maurice. 1963. Traité de phonétique, 7th edn. Paris: Delagrave.Search in Google Scholar
Grandazzi, Alexandre. 1998. Lieu d’où l’on vient? Lieu où l’on va? De la Porta Romanula en particulier et des portes de Rome en général. In Michel Humbert & Yan Thomas (eds.), Mélanges de droit romain et d’histoire ancienne. Hommage à la mémoire de André Magdelain, 175–195. Paris: Panthéon-Assas.Search in Google Scholar
Grienberger, Theodor von. 1900. Zur Duenosinschrift. Indogermanische Forschungen 11. 342–343.10.1515/9783110242539.342Search in Google Scholar
de Groot, Albert Willem. 1927. La syllabe: essai de synthèse. Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris 27. 1–42.Search in Google Scholar
Hackstein, Olav. 1997. Probleme der homerischen Formenlehre I: ἐνίψω β 137, ἐνίψει H 447, λ 148 und die Etymologie von gr. ἔννεπε, ἐνίσσω/ἐνίπτω und (alt)lat. insece, inquit. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 57. 19–46.Search in Google Scholar
Hackstein, Olav. 2011. Lateinisch nūntius. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 65. 105–121.Search in Google Scholar
Hale, William Gardner. 1896. Syllabification in Roman speech. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 7. 249–271.10.2307/310485Search in Google Scholar
Hermann, Eduard. 1923. Silbenbildung im Griechischen und in den andern indogermanischen Sprachen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Search in Google Scholar
Hermes, Anne, Doris Mücke & Martine Grice. 2013. Gestural coordination of Italian word-initial clusters: The case of ‘impure s’. Phonology 30. 1–25.10.1017/S095267571300002XSearch in Google Scholar
Hertz, Robert. 1909. La prééminence de la main droite: étude sur la polarité religieuse. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger 68. 553–580.Search in Google Scholar
Hill, Eugen. 2003. Untersuchungen zum inneren Sandhi des Indogermanischen. Der Zusammenstoß von Dentalplosiven im Indoiranischen, Germanischen, Italischen und Keltischen. Bremen: Hempen.Search in Google Scholar
Hoenigswald, Henry M. 1949. A note on Latin prosody: Initial s impure after short vowel. Transactions of the American Philological Association 80. 271–280.10.2307/283522Search in Google Scholar
Hooper, William Davis & Harrison Boyd Ash. 1934. Marcus Porcius Cato, On agriculture. Marcus Terentius Varro, On agriculture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press & London: Heinemann.Search in Google Scholar
Hübschmann, Heinrich. 1895. Armenische Grammatik. I. Theil. Armenische Etymologie. I. Abtheilung. Die persischen und arabischen Lehnwörter im Altarmenischen. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.Search in Google Scholar
Janda, Michael. 1998a. Die hohle und die geschlossene Hand im Urindogermanischen. Die Sprache 40. 1–25.Search in Google Scholar
Janda, Michael. 1998b. Die Geburt des göttlichen Kindes bei den Oskern. In Wolfgang Meid (ed.), Sprache und Kultur der Indogermanen, 601–617. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Jay. 2009. *-bhi, *-bhis, *-ōis: Following the trail of the PIE instrumental plural. In Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, Thomas Olander & Anders Richardt Jørgensen (eds.), Internal reconstruction in Indo-European. Methods, results and problems. Section papers from the XVI International Conference on Historical Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, 11th–15th August, 2003, 137–149. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press & University of Copenhagen.Search in Google Scholar
Jouanna, Jacques. 2003. Sur la dénomination et le nombre des sens d’Hippocrate à la médecine impériale: réflexions à partir de l’énumération des sens dans le traité hippocratique du Régime, c. 23. In Isabelle Boehm & Pascal Luccioni (eds.), Les cinq sens dans la médecine de l’époque impériale: sources et développements, Actes de la table ronde du 14 juin 2001, 9–20. Paris: de Boccard.Search in Google Scholar
Katz, Joshua T. 1998. Testimonia Ritus Italici: Male genitalia, solemn declarations, and a new Latin sound law. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 98. 183–217.10.2307/311342Search in Google Scholar
Kaye, Jonathan. 1992. Do you believe in magic? The story of s+C sequences. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 2. 293–313.Search in Google Scholar
Keydana, Götz. 2012. Evidence for non-linear phonological structure in Indo-European: The case of fricative clusters. In Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen & Jens Elmegård Rasmussen (eds.), The sound of Indo-European. Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, Copenhagen, 223–241. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kimball, Sara E. 1999. Hittite historical phonology. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Kiss, Sándor. 1971. Les transformations de la structure syllabique en latin tardif. Debrecen. Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem.Search in Google Scholar
Kłagisz, Mateusz. 2013. Hints on French loanwords in Modern New Persian. Romanica Cracoviensia 13. 38–51.Search in Google Scholar
Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2008. Etymological dictionary of the Hittite inherited lexicon. Leiden & Boston: Brill.Search in Google Scholar
Kropp, Amina. 2008. Defixiones. Ein aktuelles Corpus lateinischer Fluchtafeln. Speyer: Kartoffeldruck-Verlag Kai Brodersen.Search in Google Scholar
Kümmel, Martin J. 2016. Das dünkt mich dunkel. Germanische etymologische Probleme. In Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen, Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander & Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.), Etymology and the European lexicon. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen, 219–233. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Search in Google Scholar
Lamberterie, Charles de. 1990. Les adjectifs grecs en -υς. Sémantique et comparaison. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters.Search in Google Scholar
Lamberterie, Charles de. 2009. En hommage à Michel Lejeune: mycénien o-wo-we et le nom de l’‘oreille’ en grec. In Frédérique Biville & Isabelle Boehm (eds.), Autour de Michel Lejeune. Actes des journées d’étude organisées à l’Université Lumière-Lyon II, 2–3 février 2006, 79–116. Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée.Search in Google Scholar
Laufer, Berthold. 1919. Sino-Iranica: Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.Search in Google Scholar
Lazzarini, Maria Letizia & Paolo Poccetti. 2001. Il mondo enotrio tra VI e V secolo a.C. Atti dei seminari napoletani (1996–1998). L’iscrizione paleoitalica da Tortora. Napoli: Loffredo.Search in Google Scholar
Le Feuvre, Claire. 2020. Qui n’entend point n’y entend rien: νῆϊς, -ϊδος ‘ignorant’. In Claire Le Feuvre & Daniel Petit (eds.), Ὀνομάτων ἵστωρ. Mélanges offerts à Charles de Lamberterie, 323–340. Louvain: Peeters.Search in Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 2005. La structure de la syllabe latine. In Christian Touratier (ed.), Essais de phonologie latine. Actes de l’atelier d’Aix-en-Provence 12–13 avril 2002, 157–206. Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l’Université de Provence.Search in Google Scholar
Lejeune, Michel. 2018. Mediterranei orbis gentium linguae et scripturae. Recueil des écrits. Pisa & Roma: Fabrizio Serra.Search in Google Scholar
Leumann, Manu. 1921. Lateinische Etymologien und Bedeutungen. Glotta 11(3/4). 185–192.Search in Google Scholar
Lindsay, Wallace Martin. 1913. Sexti Pompei Festi De Verborum significatu quae supersunt cum Pauli Epitome. Leipzig: Teubner.Search in Google Scholar
Lindsay, Wallace Martin & Hans Nohl. 1897. Die lateinische Sprache. Ihre Laute, Stämme und Flexionen in sprachgeschichtlicher Darstellung. Leipzig: Hirzel.Search in Google Scholar
Lipp, Reiner. 2021. The medial syllable syncope in the South Picene inscriptions. In Matteo Tarsi (ed.), Studies in general and historical linguistics offered to Jón Axel Harðarson on the occasion of his 65th birthday, 269–328. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Lühr, Rosemarie. 2000. Die Gedichte des Skalden Egill. Dettelbach: Röll.Search in Google Scholar
Machajdíková, Barbora. 2013. Sollum Osce totum et solidum significat. Úloha Festových glos v poznaní latinskej a italickej lexiky a jeho prínos k problematike ‘Saussurovho efektu’. In Daniel Škoviera & Nicol Sipekiová (eds.), Sambucus IX. Práce z klasickej filológie, latinskej medievalistiky a neolatinistiky, 26–42. Trnava & Kraków: Filozofická fakulta Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave, Towarzystwo Słowaków w Polsce.Search in Google Scholar
Machajdíková, Barbora & Vincent Martzloff. 2016. Le pronom indéfini osque pitpit “quicquid” de Paul Diacre à Jacob Balde: morphosyntaxe comparée des paradigmes *kwi- kwi- du latin et du sabellique. Graeco-Latina Brunensia 21(1). 73–118.10.5817/GLB2016-1-5Search in Google Scholar
Marotta, Giovanna. 1999. The Latin syllable. In Harry van der Hulst & Nancy A. Ritter (eds.), The syllable. Views and facts, 285–310. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110806793.285Search in Google Scholar
Marotta, Giovanna. 2008. Lenition in Tuscan Italian. In Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho, Tobias Scheer & Philippe Ségéral (eds.), Lenition and fortition, 235–271. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110211443.2.235Search in Google Scholar
Martirosyan, Hrach. 2010. Etymological dictionary of the Armenian inherited lexicon. Leiden & Boston: Brill.10.1163/9789047426837Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2006. Les thèmes de présent en yod dans l’épigraphie italique et en latin archaïque. Lyon: University Lumière Lyon II thesis.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2014. Some remarks on the prehistory of omnis and other Latin pronouns and adjectives meaning ‘all’ or ‘whole’. Journal of Latin Linguistics 13(2). 211–241.10.1515/joll-2014-0009Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2015a. La plus ancienne composition poétique à Rome. L’inscription latine archaïque du duenos (CIL I2 4). Revue des Études Latines 93. 69–106.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2015b. Domuī, secuī, cubuī: sur les verbes latins en °Cāre formant un parfait en °Cuī. In Gerd V. M. Haverling (ed.), Latin linguistics in the early 21st century. Acts of the 16th International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics, Uppsala, June 6th–11th, 2011, 59–72. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2015–2016. La désignation des ‘captifs’ en albanais du Caucase (albanien), le verbe arménien gerem ‘emmener en captivité’ et le traitement phonétique de *dʰ intervocalique en arménien. Wékʷos 2. 109–177.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2019. La malédiction osque de Capoue à l’encontre de Pakis Kluvatiis (ST Cp 37, Vetter 6, Audollent 193). Considérations phraséologiques, morpho-syntaxiques et phonologiques. Wékwos 5. 263–340.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2020. Belles-mères arméniennes, beaux-pères alains, belles-familles ossètes: l’apport de Tzétzès. In Claire Le Feuvre & Daniel Petit (eds.), Ὀνομάτων ἵστωρ. Mélanges offerts à Charles de Lamberterie, 101–114. Louvain: Peeters.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2021. Quelques mots latins suffixés en -mnus, -mna, -minus, -mina. In Luis Unceta Gómez, Carmen González Vázquez, Rosario López Gregoris & Antonio María Martín Rodríguez (eds.), Amice benigneque honorem nostrum habes. Estudios lingüísticos en homenaje al Profesor Benjamín García-Hernández, 99–111. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent & Barbora Machajdíková. 2018. L’équivalence entre osque ueia et latin plaustrum chez Paul Diacre, les formes ueham, uellam (Varron) et uegeiia (mosaïque d’Althiburos). Graecolatina et Orientalia 39/40. 47–94.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent & Barbora Machajdíková. 2019. Syncopes de voyelles brèves devant /s/ suivi d’une occlusive en latin et dans les langues sabelliques. Paper presented at the 27th GESUS-Kongress. Research on language and languages, University of Warsaw Library, 30 May–1 June.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent & Barbora Machajdíková. 2020a. Consonant clusters in South Picene. Synchrony and diachrony. In Harald Bichlmeier, Ondřej Šefčík & Roman Sukač (eds.), Etymologus. Festschrift for Václav Blažek, 277–297. Hamburg: Baar.Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent & Barbora Machajdíková. 2020b. La deuxième ligne de l’inscription latine du duenos et l’interprétation du segment noisi. Graeco-Latina Brunensia 25(1). 113–137.10.5817/GLB2020-1-9Search in Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent & Barbora Machajdíková. 2021. La stèle sud-picénienne de Crecchio: poétique, lexique et phraséologie. Jazyk a kultúra 45/46. 32–41.Search in Google Scholar
Matasović, Ranko. 2009. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden & Boston: Brill.Search in Google Scholar
Mayer, Antonius. 1940. De Iapodibus populo Illyrico Celtis commixto. In Serta hoffilleriana, 189–199. Zagreb: Zaklada tiskare narodnih novina.Search in Google Scholar
Meier-Brügger, Michael. 1980. Lateinisch audīre / oboedīre: Etymologie und Lautgeschichte. In Manfred Mayrhofer, Martin Peters & Oskar E. Pfeiffer (eds.), Lautgeschichte und Etymologie, Akten der VI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 287–292. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Search in Google Scholar
Meiser, Gerhard. 1986. Lautgeschichte der umbrischen Sprache. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Meiser, Gerhard. 1998. Historische Laut- und Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Search in Google Scholar
Melchert, H. Craig. 1994. Anatolian historical phonology. Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi.10.1163/9789004657335Search in Google Scholar
de Melo, Wolfgang David Cirilo. 2011. Plautus. Casina, The Casket Comedy, Curculio, Epidicus, The Two Menaechmuses. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar
de Melo, Wolfgang David Cirilo. 2019. Varro: De lingua Latina. Introduction, text, translation, and commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/actrade/9780198829232.book.1Search in Google Scholar
Moralejo, José Luis. 2021. Los otros diptongos latinos. In Luis Unceta Gómez, Carmen González Vázquez, Rosario López Gregoris & Antonio María Martín Rodríguez (eds.), Amice benigneque honorem nostrum habes. Estudios lingüísticos en homenaje al Profesor Benjamín García-Hernández, 51–64. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.Search in Google Scholar
Moussy, Claude. 2011. La polysémie en latin. Paris: Presses de l’université Paris-Sorbonne.Search in Google Scholar
Nishimura, Kanehiro. 2011. Syncope in Latin: A historical restatement of its conditions. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction 8. 1–41.Search in Google Scholar
Nishimura, Kanehiro. 2012. Vowel reduction and deletion in Sabellic: A synchronic and diachronic interface. In Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen & Jens Elmegård Rasmussen (eds.), The sound of Indo-European. Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, 381–398. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Search in Google Scholar
Nishimura, Kanehiro. 2014. On accent in the Italic languages: Nature, position, and history. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 131. 161–192.Search in Google Scholar
Nishimura, Kanehiro. 2016. On syncope of u-vocalism in Sabellic. Indogermanische Forschungen 121(1). 199–211.10.1515/if-2016-0012Search in Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Alan J. 1997. The “Saussure effect” in Latin and Italic. In Alexander Lubotsky (ed.), Sound law and analogy. Papers in Honor of Robert S. P. Beekes on the occasion of his 60th birthday, 182–203. Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi.10.1163/9789004658844_023Search in Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Alan J. 1998. Severe problems. In Jay Jasanoff, H. Craig Melchert & Lisi Oliver (eds.), Mír Curad. Studies in honor of Calvert Watkins, 521–538. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft.Search in Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Alan J. 1999. *Jocidus: An account of the Latin adjectives in -idus. In Heiner Eichner & Hans Christian Luschützky (eds.), Compositiones Indogermanicae in memoriam Jochem Schindler, 377–419. Prague: Enigma Corporation Prague.Search in Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Alan J. 2016a. Replacing locus ‘place’ in Latin locuplēs. In Dieter Gunkel, Joshua T. Katz, Brent Vine & Michael Weiss (eds.), Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Stephanie W. Jamison, 276–295. Ann Arbor & New York: Beech Stave Press.Search in Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Alan J. 2016b. A note on Latin syllables and anaptyxis. In Andrew Miles Byrd, Jessica DeLisi & Mark Wenthe (eds.), Tavet Tat Satyam, studies in honor of Jared S. Klein on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, 214–227. Ann Arbor & New York: Beech Stave Press.Search in Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Alan J. n.d. Classical Latin iūdicāre and Corcolle iouosdica-: Can you get here from there? Unpublished document.Search in Google Scholar
OLD. 1968. Peter G. W. Glare (ed.), Oxford Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Search in Google Scholar
Onishi, Teigo. 2018. Latin hībernus and the development of *(-)mr- in Latin. In David M. Goldstein, Stephanie W. Jamison & Brent Vine (eds.), Proceedings of the 29th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, 203–221. Bremen: Hempen.Search in Google Scholar
Palmer, Leonard R. 1954. The Latin language. London: Faber and Faber.Search in Google Scholar
Parsons, Jed. 1999. A new approach to the Saturnian verse and its relation to Latin prosody. Transactions of the American Philological Association 129. 117–137.10.2307/284426Search in Google Scholar
Passino, Diana. 2012. The weight of empty structure: Raddoppiamento Sintattico blocking in Teraman Abruzzese. Studi e Saggi Linguistici 50(1). 105–133.Search in Google Scholar
Pastoureau, Michel. 1988. Tous les gauchers sont roux. Le Genre Humain 16/17. 343–354.10.3917/lgh.016.0343Search in Google Scholar
Petersmann, Hubert. 2002. Lingua und Religio. Ausgewählte Kleine Schriften zur antiken Religionsgeschichte auf sprachwissenschaftlicher Grundlage. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.10.13109/9783666252310Search in Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2018a. Cracking the nucleus of the Caland system. In Olav Hackstein, Andreas Opfermann, Harald Bichlmeier & Sabine Häusler (eds.), Priscis Libentius et Liberius Novis. Indogermanische und sprachwissenschaftliche Studien, Festschrift für Gerhard Meiser zum 65. Geburtstag, 313–335. Hamburg: Baar.Search in Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2018b. La linguistique historique et la tentation de l’indo-européen idéal. In Bernard Colombat, Bernard Combettes, Valérie Raby & Gilles Siouffi (eds.), Histoire des langues et histoire des représentations linguistiques, 23–54. Paris: Honoré Champion.Search in Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2018–2019. On the terminology of the Vedic ritual. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 72(2). 183–209.Search in Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2020. One century of heteroclitic inflection. In Ronald I. Kim, Jana Mynářová & Peter Pavúk (eds.), Hrozný and Hittite. The first hundred years. Proceedings of the International Conference held at Charles University, Prague, 11–14 November 2015, 295–316. Leiden & Boston: Brill.10.1163/9789004413122_016Search in Google Scholar
Poultney, James Wilson. 1959. The bronze tables of Iguvium. Baltimore: American Philological Association.Search in Google Scholar
Pustka, Elissa. 2019. Sibilant-stop onsets in Romance: Explaining phonotactic complexity. Folia Linguistica Historica 40(1). 61–84.10.1515/flih-2019-0004Search in Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård. 1999. Selected papers on Indo-European linguistics. With a section on comparative Eskimo linguistics. Part I. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Search in Google Scholar
Rau, Jeremy. 2010. The derivational history of PIE *di̯éu̯-/diu̯-ˊ ‘(god of the) day-lit sky; day’. In Ronald Kim, Norbert Oettinger, Elisabeth Rieken & Michael Weiss (eds.), Ex Anatolia Lux. Anatolian and Indo-European studies in honor of H. Craig Melchert on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday, 307–320. Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press.Search in Google Scholar
Reinheimer-Rîpeanu, Sanda. 1974. Les dérivés parasynthétiques dans les langues romanes, roumain, italien, français, espagnol. The Hague & Paris: Mouton.10.1515/9783111356785Search in Google Scholar
Remacle, Louis. 1948. Le problème de l’ancien wallon. Liège: Presses Universitaires de Liège.10.4000/books.pulg.338Search in Google Scholar
Risop, Alfred. 1930. Ein Beitrag zur ‘Superposition syllabique’ (Chevau-léger und Verwandtes). II. Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 158. 243–258.Search in Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut. 1966. Die lateinische Synkope als historisches und phonologisches Problem. Kratylos 11. 156–165.Search in Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut. 1967. Oskisch aisusis. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 22. 67–79.Search in Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut. 1981. Rapporti onomastici fra il panteon etrusco e quello romano. In Gli Etruschi e Roma. Incontro di studi in onore di Massimo Pallottino, 104–126. Roma: Bretschneider.Search in Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut. 1992. La lingua dei Volsci. Testi e parentela. Quaderni di Archeologia Etrusco-Italica 20. 37–49.Search in Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut. 1995. Griechisch ἐπίσταμαι. Morphologie und Etymologie. In Hettrich Heinrich (ed.), Verba et structurae. Festschrift für Klaus Strunk zum 65. Geburtstag, 237–247. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut. 2002. Sabellische Texte. Heidelberg: Winter.Search in Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut & Martin Kümmel. 2001. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd edn. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Search in Google Scholar
Sampson, Rodney. 2010. Vowel prosthesis in Romance. A diachronic study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541157.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Sandys, John. 1915. The Odes of Pindar including the principal fragments. London: Heinemann, New York: Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar
Schaffner, Stefan. 2005. Untersuchungen zu ausgewählten Problemen der nominalen Morphologie und der Etymologie der altindogermanischen Sprachen. Regensburg: Habilitationsschrift der Philosophischen Fakultät IV (Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften) der Universität Regensburg.Search in Google Scholar
Scheer, Tobias. 2004. A lateral theory of phonology. Volume 1: What is CVCV and why should it be? Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110908336Search in Google Scholar
Seldeslachts, Herman. 2001. Études de morphologie historique du verbe latin et indo-européen. Peeters: Louvain, Namur, Paris & Sterling.Search in Google Scholar
Skutsch, Otto. 1985. The Annals of Q. Ennius. Oxford: Clarendon Press.10.1093/actrade/9780198144489.book.1Search in Google Scholar
Steingass, Francis Joseph. 1892. A comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Search in Google Scholar
Szemerényi, Oswald. 1960. Etyma Latina. Glotta 38. 216–251.Search in Google Scholar
Thurneysen, Rudolf. 1883–1885. Zur irischen Accent- und Verslehre. Revue celtique 6. 309–347.Search in Google Scholar
Untermann, Jürgen. 2000. Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen. Heidelberg: Winter.Search in Google Scholar
de Vaan, Michiel. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden & Boston: Brill.Search in Google Scholar
Vine, Brent. 1993. Studies in Archaic Latin Inscriptions. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Vine, Brent. 2004. New thoughts on an old curse (Tab. Ig. VIb 60/VIIa 49). In Adam Hyllested, Anders Richardt Jørgensen, Jenny Helena Larsson & Thomas Olander (eds.), Per Aspera ad Asteriscos. Studia Indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMIV, 615–626. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Vine, Brent. 2008. On the etymology of Latin tranquillus ‘calm’. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction 5. 1–24.Search in Google Scholar
Vine, Brent. 2012. Forschungsbericht. Lateinische Etymologie. Kratylos 57. 1–40.10.29091/KRATYLOS/2012/1/1Search in Google Scholar
Watkins, Calvert. 1975. Latin iouiste et le vocabulaire religieux indo-européen. In Mohammad Djafar Moïnfar (ed.), Mélanges linguistiques offerts à É. Benveniste, 527–534. Paris: Société de Linguistique de Paris.Search in Google Scholar
Weiss, Michael. 1994. Life everlasting: Latin iūgis ‘everflowing’, Greek ὑγιής ‘healthy’, Gothic ajukdūþs ‘eternity’ and Avestan yauuaēǰī- ‘living forever’. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 55. 131–156.Search in Google Scholar
Weiss, Michael. 1996. Greek μυρίος ‘countless’, Hittite mūri- ‘bunch (of fruit)’. Historische Sprachforschung 109. 199–214.Search in Google Scholar
Weiss, Michael. 2009. Outline of the historical and comparative grammar of Latin. Ann Arbor & New York: Beech Stave Press.Search in Google Scholar
Weiss, Michael. 2010. Language and ritual in Sabellic Italy. Leiden & Boston: Brill.10.1163/9789047440253Search in Google Scholar
Weiss, Michael. 2020. The inner revolution: Old but not that old. In Matilde Serangeli & Thomas Olander (eds.), Dispersals and diversification. Linguistic and archaeological perspectives on the early stages of Indo-European, 263–286. Leiden & Boston: Brill.10.1163/9789004416192_015Search in Google Scholar
Zamboni, Alberto. 1986. Tra latino e neolatino: l’evoluzione delle medie aspirate indoeuropee e le successive ristrutturazioni del consonantismo. Indogermanische Forschungen 91. 205–235.Search in Google Scholar
Zirin, Ronald Andrew. 1970. The phonological basis of Latin prosody. The Hague & Paris: Mouton.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- The complementary distribution between nē and nōn revisited: a semantic approach to wish and result clauses
- Semantic analysis and frequency effects of conceptual metaphors of emotions in Latin. From a corpus-based approach to a dictionary of Latin metaphors
- Vowel deletion before sibilant-stop clusters in Latin: issues of syllabification, lexicon and diachrony
- The lexicographical approach to remittere in the Thesaurus linguae Latinae (compared with dimittere and mittere)
- Word-final -s in Ennius’ Annales: a sociolinguistic approach
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- The complementary distribution between nē and nōn revisited: a semantic approach to wish and result clauses
- Semantic analysis and frequency effects of conceptual metaphors of emotions in Latin. From a corpus-based approach to a dictionary of Latin metaphors
- Vowel deletion before sibilant-stop clusters in Latin: issues of syllabification, lexicon and diachrony
- The lexicographical approach to remittere in the Thesaurus linguae Latinae (compared with dimittere and mittere)
- Word-final -s in Ennius’ Annales: a sociolinguistic approach