Flipping the script? Native-speaker linguists and colonial orthographies in nineteenth-century Senegal

References

Aneja, Geeta A. 2016. Rethinking nativeness: Toward a dynamic paradigm of (non)native speakering. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 13(4). 351–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2016.1185373.Search in Google Scholar

Anon. 1859. Vocabulaire d’environ 1.500 mots français les plus usuels avec leurs correspondants en Oulof de Saint-Louis à l’usage des Écoles indigènes. Saint-Louis: Imprimerie du Gouvernement.Search in Google Scholar

Boas, Franz. 1889. On alternating sounds. American Anthropologist 2(1). 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1889.2.1.02a00040.Search in Google Scholar

Boilat, David. 1853. Esquisses sénégalaises. Paris: P. Bertrand.Search in Google Scholar

Boilat, David. 1858. Grammaire de la langue woloffe. Paris: Imprimerie impériale.Search in Google Scholar

Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul. 2010. Mother tongues and nations: The invention of the native speaker. Richmond & Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9781934078266Search in Google Scholar

Bonvini, Emilio. 1996. Repères pour une histoire des connaissances linguistiques des langues africaines 1. Du XVIe siècle au XVIIIe siècle: Dans le sillage des explorations. Histoire Épistémologie Langage 18(2). 127–148. https://doi.org/10.3406/hel.1996.2465.Search in Google Scholar

Bonvini, Emilio. 2001. Les deux premières grammaires françaises du Wolof (Sénégal). Une systematisation contrastée. Histoire Épistémologie Langage 23(2). 101–116. https://doi.org/10.3406/hel.2001.2836.Search in Google Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary. 2003. Sociolinguistic nostalgia and the authentication of identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3). 398–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00232.Search in Google Scholar

Calhoun, Doyle. 2017. Reading paratexts in missionary linguistic works: An analysis of the preface to the Holy Ghost Father’s (1855) Dictionnaire français-wolof et wolof-français. Language & History 60(1). 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2017.1297097.Search in Google Scholar

Calhoun, Doyle. 2022. Au seuil de la grammaire : L’appareil préfaciel français dans la grammaticographie ‘missionnaire’ de langues africaines à l’époque coloniale, 1850–1930. In Tim Denecker, Piet Desmet, Lieve Jooken, Peter Lauwers, Toon Van Hal & Raf Van Rooy (eds.), The architecture of grammar: Studies in linguistic historiography in honour of Pierre Swiggers, 425–441. Leuven: Peeters–Orbis Supplementa.10.2307/j.ctv2tjdgm3.28Search in Google Scholar

Calvet, Maurice Jean. 1966. Étude phonétique des voyelles du wolof. Phonetica 14. 138–168. https://doi.org/10.1159/000258525.Search in Google Scholar

Camara, Sana. 1997. A’jami literature in Senegal: The example of Sëriñ Muusaa Ka, poet and biographer. Research in African Literatures 28(3). 163–182.Search in Google Scholar

Casali, Roderic. 2008. ATR harmony in African languages. Language and Linguistics Compass 2(3). 496–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00064.x.Search in Google Scholar

Cheng, Lauretta S. P., Danielle Burgess, Natasha Vernooij, Cecilia Solís-Barroso, Ashley McDermott & Savithry Namboodiripad. 2021. The problematic concept of native speaker in psycholinguistics: Replacing vague and harmful terminology with inclusive and accurate measures. Frontiers in Psychology 12. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715843.Search in Google Scholar

Cissé, Mamadou. 2005. Revisiter La Grammaire de la langue wolof d’A. Kobès (1869), ou étude critique d’un pan de l’histoire de la grammaire du wolof. Sudlangues 4. 68–81.Search in Google Scholar

Colombat, Bernard. 1999. La grammaire latine en France à la Renaissance et à l’Âge Classique: Théories et pédagogie. Grenoble: ELLUG.Search in Google Scholar

Crystal, David. 2008. Harmony. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 224–225. Malden: Blackwell.10.1002/9781444302776Search in Google Scholar

Dalby, David 1969. Further indigenous scripts of West Africa: Manding, Wolof and Fula alphabets and Yoruba ‘holy’ writing. African Language Studies 10. 161–181.Search in Google Scholar

Dard, Jean. 1825. Dictionnaire français-wolof et français-bambara, suivi du dictionnaire wolof-français. Paris: Imprimerie royale.Search in Google Scholar

Dard, Jean. 1826. Grammaire wolofe, ou méthode pour étudier la langue des noirs qui habitent les royaumes Bourba-Yolof. Paris: Imprimerie royale.Search in Google Scholar

Dème, Abdoulaye. 1996. Écriture dans une société à tradition orale. Le cas du wolof au Sénégal: le ‘wolofal. In Caroline Juillard & Louis-Jean Calvet (eds.), Les politiques linguistiques, mythes et réalités, 149–153. Beirut: Fiches du Monde Arabe.Search in Google Scholar

Descemet, Louis. 1864. Recueil d’environ 1.200 phrases françaises usuelles avec leur traduction en regard en ouolof de Saint-Louis. Saint-Louis: Imprimerie du Gouvernement.Search in Google Scholar

Doerr, Neriko Musha (ed.). 2009. The native speaker concept: Ethnographic investigations of native speaker effects. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110220957Search in Google Scholar

Doneux, Jean Léonce. 2003. Histoire de la linguistique africaine. Des préurseurs aux années 70. Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l’Université de Provence.10.4000/books.pup.1538Search in Google Scholar

Errington, Joseph. 2001. Colonial linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology 30. 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.19.Search in Google Scholar

Faez, Farahnaz. 2011a. Are you a native speaker of English? Moving beyond a simplistic dichotomy. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 8. 378–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2011.615708.Search in Google Scholar

Faez, Farahnaz. 2011b. Reconceptualizing the native/nonnative speaker dichotomy. Journal of Language, Identity and Education 10. 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2011.598127.Search in Google Scholar

Faidherbe, Louis. 1864. Vocabulaire d’environ 1.500 mots français avec leurs correspondants en Ouolof de Saint-Louis, en Poular (Toucouleur) du Fouta, en Soniké (Sarakhollé) de Bakel. Saint-Louis: Imprimerie du Gouvernement.Search in Google Scholar

Faidherbe, Louis. 1887. Langues sénégalaises: Wolof, arabe-hassania, soninké, sérère. Paris: E. Leroux.Search in Google Scholar

Fitzmaurice, Susan. 2017. When natives become Africans: A historical sociolinguistic study of semantic change in colonial discourse. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 3(1). 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2017-0001.Search in Google Scholar

Frost, Ram & Leonard Katz. 1992. The reading process is different for different orthographies: The orthographic depth hypothesis. In Ram Frost & Leonard Katz (eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning, 67–84. Amsterdam & New York: North-Holland.10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62789-2Search in Google Scholar

Gambarage, Joash J. 2017. Unmasking the Bantu orthographic vowels: The challenge for language documentation and description. In Jason Kandybowicz & Harold Torrence (eds.), Africa’s endangered languages, 449–484. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0019Search in Google Scholar

Gaucher, Joseph. 1968. Les débuts de l’enseignement en Afrique francophone: Jean Dard et l’École mutuelle de Saint-Louis du Sénégal. Paris: Le livre africain.Search in Google Scholar

Gouvernement du Sénégal. 1972. Décret nº 71–566 du 21 mai 1971 relatif à la transcription des langues nationales. Dakar: Imprimerie Nationale de Rufisque.Search in Google Scholar

Gouvernement du Sénégal. 1975a. Décret nº 71-1025. Dakar: Imprimerie Nationale de Rufisque.Search in Google Scholar

Gouvernement du Sénégal. 1975b. Décret nº 71-1026. Dakar: Imprimerie Nationale de Rufisque.Search in Google Scholar

Gouvernement du Sénégal. 1977. Loi nº 77-55. Dakar: Imprimerie Nationale de Rufisque.Search in Google Scholar

Greenblatt, Steven. 1991. Marvelous possessions: The wonder of the new world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226306575.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Irvine, Judith. 1993. Mastering African languages: The politics of linguistics in nineteenth-century Senegal. Social Analysis: International Journal of Anthropology 33. 27–46.Search in Google Scholar

Irvine, Judith. 2019. Minerva’s orthography: Early colonial projects for print literacy in African languages. Social Dynamics 45(1). 26–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2019.1589327.Search in Google Scholar

Jones, Hilary. 2003. Citizens and subjects: Métis society, identity and the struggle over colonial politics in Saint Louis, Senegal, 1870–1920. East Lansing: Michigan State University Dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Jones, Hilary. 2012. Rethinking politics in the colony: The métis of Senegal and urban politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Journal of African History 53(3). 325–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021853712000473.Search in Google Scholar

Jones, Hilary. 2013. The métis of Senegal: Urban life and politics in French West Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Julien, Eileen. 2006. The extroverted African novel. In Moretti Franco (ed.), The novel, volume I: History, geography, and culture, 667–700. Princeton & NJ: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9780691243757-032Search in Google Scholar

Ka, Omar. 1994. Wolof phonology and morphology. Lanham: University Press of America.Search in Google Scholar

Kaji, Shigeki. 1997. ATR and Wolof vowels. Gengo Kenkyu 112. 33–65.Search in Google Scholar

Kasuya, Keisuke. 2001. Discourses of linguistic dominance: A historical consideration of French language ideology. International Review of Education 47(3/4). 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1017993507936.10.1023/A:1017993507936Search in Google Scholar

Kilham, Hannah. 1820. Tare Waloof, tare boo jukà: First lessons in Jaloof. Tottenham: George Stockwell Coventry.Search in Google Scholar

Kobès, Aloïs. 1856. Principes de la langue wolofe. Saint-Joseph de Ngasobil: Imprimerie de la mission.Search in Google Scholar

Kobès, Aloïs. 1869. Grammaire de la langue volofe. Saint-Joseph de Ngasobil: Imprimerie de la mission.Search in Google Scholar

Kobès, Aloïs. 1875. Dictionnaire volof-français, précédé d’un abrégé de grammaire volofe. Saint-Joseph de Ngasobil: Imprimerie de la mission.Search in Google Scholar

Lepsius, Carl Richard. 1855. Standard alphabet for reducing unwritten languages and foreign graphic systems to a uniform orthography in European letters. London: Seeley.Search in Google Scholar

Lepsius, Carl Richard & Jabez Alan Kemp (eds.). 1981 [1863]. Standard alphabet for reducing unwritten languages and foreign graphic systems to a uniform orthography in European letters, 2nd rev. edn Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.10.1075/acil.5Search in Google Scholar

Lexander, Kristin Vold. 2009. La communication médiatisée par les technologies de l’information et de la communication: La porte d’accès au domaine de l’écrit pour les langues africaines? In Birgit Brock-Utne & Ingse Skattum (eds.), Languages and education in Africa: A comparative and transdisciplinary analysis, 289–299. Oxford: Symposium.Search in Google Scholar

McLaughlin, Fiona. 2008a. On the origins of urban Wolof: Evidence from Louis Descemet’s 1864 phrase book. Language in Society 37(5). 713–375. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404508081001.Search in Google Scholar

McLaughlin, Fiona. 2008b. Senegal: The emergence of a national lingua franca. In Andrew Simpson (ed.), Language and national identity in Africa, 79–98. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199286744.003.0005Search in Google Scholar

McLaughlin, Fiona. 2018. Ajami writing practices in Atlantic-speaking Africa. In Friederike Lüpke (ed.), The Oxford guide to the Atlantic languages, n.p. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Ministère de l’instruction publique. 1856. Revue des Sociétés Savantes de la France et de l’étranger, vol. 1. Paris: Imprimerie National.Search in Google Scholar

Ngom, Fallou. 2010. Ajami scripts in the Senegalese speech community. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 10. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5617/jais.4599.Search in Google Scholar

Ngom, Fallou. 2013. Sóóbu ci gééjug Wolofal: Njàng mu njëkk ci Wolofal [Diving into the ocean of Wolofal: first textbook in Wolofal]. Boston: African Language Program at Boston University.Search in Google Scholar

Ngom, Fallou. 2016. Muslims beyond the Arab world: The odyssey of ajami and the muridiyya. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190279868.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Paikeday, Thomas & Noam Chomsky. 1985. The native speaker is dead! An informal discussion of a linguistic myth with Noam Chomsky and other linguists, philosophers, psychologists, and lexicographers. Toronto & New York: Paikeday Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Panet, Léopold. 1968 [1850]. Première exploration du Sahara occidental: Relation d’un voyage du Sénégal au Maroc, 6 janvier–25 mai 1850. Paris: Le livre africain.Search in Google Scholar

Pulleyblank, Douglas. 1996. Neutral vowels in optimality theory: A comparison of Yoruba and Wolof. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 41(4). 295–347. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100016601.Search in Google Scholar

Roger, Jacques-François. 1828. Fables sénégalaises, recueillies de l’Oulof, et mises en vers français. Paris: Nepveu.Search in Google Scholar

Roger, Jacques-François. 1829. Recherches philosophiques sur la langue ouolofe, suivies d’un vocabulaire abrégé français-ouolof. Paris: Dondey-Dupré père et fils.Search in Google Scholar

Saada, Emmanuelle. 2007. Les enfants de la colonie: Les métis de l’Empire français entre sujéton et citoyenneté. Paris: La Découverte.10.3917/dec.saada.2007.01Search in Google Scholar

Sall, Moussa. 2018. Écritures et alphabetisation en Afrique noire. Anadiss 26. 349–354.Search in Google Scholar

Sambou, Pierre Marie. 1984. La voyelle à du wolof: Incidences d’une interpretation. Annales de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Dakar 14. 327–342.Search in Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1990. Domination and the arts of resistance: Hidden transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Slavkov, Nikolay, Sílvia Melo-Pfeifer & Nadja Kerschofer-Puhalo (eds.). 2022. The changing face of the “native speaker”: Perspectives from multilingualism and globalization. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9781501512353Search in Google Scholar

Sy, Mariame I. 2006. Vowel harmony in Wolof loanwords. Studies In African Linguistics 35. 203–230. https://doi.org/10.32473/sal.v35i0.107326.Search in Google Scholar

Van Den Avenne, Cécile. 2015. Reducing languages to writing: The politics of transcription in early colonial French Bamanan handbooks. In Klaus Zimmermann & Birte Kellermeie-Rehbein (eds.), Colonialism and missionary linguistics, 155–174. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110403169.155Search in Google Scholar

Van Den Avenne, Cécile. 2017. De la bouche même des indigènes: Échanges linguistiques en Afrique colonial. Paris: Vendémiaire.Search in Google Scholar

Vial, Guillaume. 2018. Femmes d’influence: Les signares de Saint-Louis du Sénégal et de Gorée, XVIIIe–XIXe siècle: Étude critique d’une identité métisse. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose.Search in Google Scholar