Chronic exposure of industrial grade calcium carbide and ethylene glycol alter histological architecture of systemic organs by disrupting redox balance in rat
-
Markose Bini
Abstract
Objectives
The threat to human health or the surroundings by the use of artificial fruit ripening agents has become a global concern. Calcium carbide (CaC2) and ethylene glycol (EG) are the two widely using ripening agents. The present study evaluates the toxic effect of chronic exposures of CaC2 and EG in rats.
Methods
CaC2 and EG were administered to the rats for 180 days orally. The alterations in oxido-reduction status, haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters were analysed. Arsenic content in CaC2 and animal samples were detected by atomic absorption spectrometer and phosphorus by molybdate-UV method.
Results
At chronic doses, there were no significant alterations in haematological and biochemical parameters except in creatinine level especially by EG. However, histological details revealed microvesicular fatty change in liver, corpuscles degeneration in kidney and lymphocytes infiltration in various tissues. In intestine, the mucosal lesion scoring was found high (p<0.01). SOD and CAT activities and GSH level was reduced significantly by CaC2 administration (p<0.01). Arsenic and phosphorus detected is above the toxic level: 7.222 and 13.91 mg/dL in CaC2, 1.634 and 6.22 mg/dL in blood and 0.563 and 6.99 mg/dL in liver, respectively.
Conclusions
The study suggests that the industrial grade CaC2 and EG induce systemic toxicity to rats and the liver is the most susceptible organ. The CaC2 and EG toxicity is mediated through the upset of redox balance and subsequent inflammatory responses. This could be due to the presence of arsenic and phosphorus contents that detected above the normal level in the industrial grade CaC2.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Dr. Ramadasan Kuttan, Research Director, Amala Cancer Research Centre for his support in carrying out this experiment. We are also thankful to Dr. T. A. Ajith for his valuable guidance throughout the study. We are indebted to the Research Technicians namely, Mrs. Preetha C.G, Ms. Liji MJ and MLT Technician Mrs. Sindhu C D for their sincere help throughout the course of the study.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
-
Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (ACRC/IAEC/17(1)/P-03dt.22/12/2017) according to the rules and regulations of Committee For The Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) constituted by the Animal Welfare Division, Government of India.
References
1. Prasanna, V, Prabha, TN, Tharanathan, RN. Fruit ripening phenomena – an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007;47:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390600976841.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Islam, MN, Mursalat, M, Khan, MS. A review on the legislative aspect of artificial fruit ripening. Agric Food Secur 2016;5:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-016-0057-5.Search in Google Scholar
3. Siddiqui, MW, Dhua, RS. Eating artificially ripened fruits is harmful. Curr Sci 2010;99:1664–8.Search in Google Scholar
4. Ashraf Ur-Rahman, FRC, Alam, MB. Artificial ripening: what we are eating. J Med 2008;9:42–4.10.3329/jom.v9i1.1425Search in Google Scholar
5. Smith, NJS, Thompson, AK. The effects of temperature, concentration and exposure time to acetylene on initiation of banana ripening. J Sci Food Agric 1987;40:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740400107.Search in Google Scholar
6. Per, H, Kurtoğlu, S, Yağmur, F, Gümüş, H, Kumandaş, S, Poyrazoğlu, MH. Calcium carbide poisoning via food in childhood. J Emerg Med 2007;32:179–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.05.049.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Asif, M. Physico-chemical properties and toxic effect of fruit-ripening agent calcium carbide. Ann Trop Med Publ Health 2012;5:150–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/1755-6783.98602.Search in Google Scholar
8. Alexander, JB, editor. Effects of diluted ethylene glycol as a fruit-ripening agent; 2013.Search in Google Scholar
9. Song, CH, Bae, HJ, Ham, YR, Na, KR, Lee, KW, Choi, DE. A case of ethylene glycol intoxication with acute renal injury: successful recovery by fomepizole and renal replacement therapy. Electrolyte Blood Press 2017:15;47–51. https://doi.org/10.5049/ebp.2017.15.2.47.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Gardner, TB, Manning, HL, Beelen, AP, Cimis, RJ, Cates, JM, Lewis, LD. Ethylene glycol toxicity associated with ischemia, perforation, and colonic oxalate crystal deposition. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38:435–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200405000-00009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Reddy, NJ, Sudini, M, Lewis, LD. Delayed neurological sequelae from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and methanol poisonings. Clin Toxicol 2010;48:967–73. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2010.532803.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Cruzan, G, Corley, RA, Hard, GC, Mertens, JJ, McMartin, KE, Snellings, WM, et al.. Subchronic toxicity of ethylene glycol in Wistar and F-344 rats related to metabolism and clearance of metabolites. Toxicol Sci 2004;81:502–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh206.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Kaczmarski, M, Wójcicki, J, Samochowiec, L, Dutkiewicz, T, Sych, Z. The influence of exogenous antioxidants and physical exercise on some parameters associated with production and removal of free radicals. Pharmazie 1999;54:303–6.Search in Google Scholar
14. Del Maestro, RF. An approach to free radicals in medicine and biology. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1980;492:153–68.Search in Google Scholar
15. McCord, JM, Fridovich, I. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 1969;244:6049–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63504-5.Search in Google Scholar
16. Moron, MS, Depierre, JW, Mannervik, B. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979;582:67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7.Search in Google Scholar
17. Aebi, M. Catalase estimation. Methods of enzymatic analysis. Berg Meyer HV, editor. New York: Verlag Chemie; 1974:673–84 pp.10.1016/B978-0-12-091302-2.50032-3Search in Google Scholar
18. Ohkawa, H, Ohishi, N, Yagi, K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3.Search in Google Scholar
19. Lowry, OH, Rosebrough, NJ, Farr, AL, Randall, RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6.Search in Google Scholar
20. Coresh, J, Astor, BC, McQuillan, G, Kusek, J, Greene, T, Van Lente, F, et al.. Calibration and random variation of the serum creatinine assay as critical elements of using equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:920–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.32765.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Sharma, RK. Morphological & morphometric studies on liver in rats subjected to repetitive heat stress. Indian J Med Res 1997;106:20–6.Search in Google Scholar
22. Andrew, GS, Simon, UT, John, AU, Godwin, OO, Alexander, NI, Ikagu, YM. Studies on changes in some haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in wistar rats fed on diets containing calcium carbide ripened mango fruits. Int J Food Sci Nutr Eng 2018;8:27–36.Search in Google Scholar
23. Adeneye, AA, Ajagbonna, OP, Adeleke, TI, Bello, SO. Preliminary toxicity and phytochemical studies of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musanga cecropioides in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105:374–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.027.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
24. Kruse, JA. Methanol and ethylene glycol intoxication. Crit Care Clin 2012;28:661–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
25. Froberg, K, Dorion, RP, McMartin, KE. The role of calcium oxalate crystal deposition in cerebral vessels during ethylene glycol poisoning. Clin Toxicol 2006;44:315–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650600588460.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
26. Celik, I, Suzek, H. Effects of subacute treatment of ethylene glycol on serum marker enzymes and erythrocyte and tissue antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2007;167:145–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2007.02.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- An insight on safety, efficacy, and molecular docking study reports of N-acetylcysteine and its compound formulations
- Public health approach of Unani medicine to cope and stay safe in hot environmental conditions
- Original Articles
- Kinetic characterization of rat brain acetylcholinesterase modulated by lead and cartap: the ameliorative effect of Citrus limon fruit juice
- Attenuation of potassium dichromate and sodium arsenite toxicities by methanol extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria in mice
- Chronic exposure of industrial grade calcium carbide and ethylene glycol alter histological architecture of systemic organs by disrupting redox balance in rat
- Biochemical and histopathological effects of low dose vanadium in the healing of acetic acid-induced colitis in male wistar rats
- Glycine and L-Arginine supplementation ameliorates gastro-duodenal toxicity in a rat model of NSAID (Diclofenac)-gastroenteropathy via inhibition of oxidative stress
- Cocos nucifera L. oil alleviates lead acetate-induced reproductive toxicity in sexually-matured male Wistar rats
- Intracellular signaling molecules of nerve tissue progenitors as pharmacological targets for treatment of ethanol-induced neurodegeneration
- Glatiramer acetate treatment inhibits inflammatory responses and improves survival in a mice model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
- Ciprofloxacin-induced cutaneous adverse drug events: a systematic review of descriptive studies
- Aqueous extract of Adansonia digitata prevents Cadmium Chloride-induced testicular damage in Wistar Rats
- Exposure to prolonged unpredictable light impairs spatial memory via induction of oxidative stress and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rats
- Tamarindus indica. Linn leaves ameliorates experimental induced heart failure in Wistar rats
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- An insight on safety, efficacy, and molecular docking study reports of N-acetylcysteine and its compound formulations
- Public health approach of Unani medicine to cope and stay safe in hot environmental conditions
- Original Articles
- Kinetic characterization of rat brain acetylcholinesterase modulated by lead and cartap: the ameliorative effect of Citrus limon fruit juice
- Attenuation of potassium dichromate and sodium arsenite toxicities by methanol extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria in mice
- Chronic exposure of industrial grade calcium carbide and ethylene glycol alter histological architecture of systemic organs by disrupting redox balance in rat
- Biochemical and histopathological effects of low dose vanadium in the healing of acetic acid-induced colitis in male wistar rats
- Glycine and L-Arginine supplementation ameliorates gastro-duodenal toxicity in a rat model of NSAID (Diclofenac)-gastroenteropathy via inhibition of oxidative stress
- Cocos nucifera L. oil alleviates lead acetate-induced reproductive toxicity in sexually-matured male Wistar rats
- Intracellular signaling molecules of nerve tissue progenitors as pharmacological targets for treatment of ethanol-induced neurodegeneration
- Glatiramer acetate treatment inhibits inflammatory responses and improves survival in a mice model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
- Ciprofloxacin-induced cutaneous adverse drug events: a systematic review of descriptive studies
- Aqueous extract of Adansonia digitata prevents Cadmium Chloride-induced testicular damage in Wistar Rats
- Exposure to prolonged unpredictable light impairs spatial memory via induction of oxidative stress and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rats
- Tamarindus indica. Linn leaves ameliorates experimental induced heart failure in Wistar rats
