Home Cyperus rotundus L. prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Cyperus rotundus L. prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress

  • Deepa Thomas , Sindhu Govindhan , Edathiruthykottuckkal Chandran Baiju , Ganesan Padmavathi , Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara EMAIL logo and Jose Padikkala EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 25, 2015
Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
From the journal Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology Volume 26 Issue 5

Abstract

Background: Since centuries, Cyperus rotundus L. has been used against gastric ailments in traditional Indian medicine, especially in Ayurveda and Siddha. Therefore, it is very obvious that this plant will have a greater potential to treat gastric ulcers. For this reason, in this study, we mainly focused on the ulcer-preventive role of C. rotundus in rats treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Methods: Seventy percent methanolic extract of the plant was prepared and fed to 36-h fasted rats. Ulcer was induced in these rats by single oral administration of aspirin (400 mg/kg) 1 h after the administration of the plant extract. After 4 h, the rats were sacrificed, ulcer index was calculated, and antioxidant activity of the extract in gastric mucosa was evaluated by determining the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and tissue lipid peroxidation.

Results: Oral administration of different doses of C. rotundus rhizome methanolic extract (CME; 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) significantly inhibited aspirin-induced gastric ulceration in animals in a dose-dependent manner (49.32% and 53.15%, respectively), which was also comparable with the standard gastric ulcer drug ranitidine. Administration of CME also significantly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, cellular glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, and inhibited the lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosa of ulcerated animals in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusions: Our results showed that C. rotundus extract has the capacity to significantly inhibit aspirin-induced gastric ulcers through an antioxidant defense mechanism. This study warrants further examination of this plant for its gastroprotective activities.

Keywords: aspirin; Cyperus rotundus; oxidative damage; ranitidine; ulcer
Corresponding authors: Dr. Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Room # 005, O-Block, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India, Phone: +91-361-258-2231 (office), +91-789-600-5326 (mobile), Fax: +91-361-258-2249 (office), E-mail: ; ; and Amala Cancer Research Center, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India; and Jose Padikkala, PhD, Professor and Head Department of Biotechnology, Associate Director, Amala Cancer Research Center, Amala Nagar, Kerala, India, Phone: +91-0487-2307968, Fax: +91-0487-2307968, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Sasidharan, taxonomist, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India, for identifying the plant material and Dr. Agnesamma, pathologist, for histopathological analysis of the stomach. Deepa Thomas was a Master of Science student and this work was done for the partial fulfilment of the Master of Science program in biotechnology of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

Research funding: This study was supported by the fund from Amala Cancer research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

Employment or leadership: None declared.

Honorarium: None declared.

Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.

References

1. Fiorucci S, Santucci L, Distrutti E. NSAIDs, coxibs, CINOD and H2S-releasing NSAIDs: what lies beyond the horizon. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:1043–51.10.1016/j.dld.2007.09.001Search in Google Scholar

2. Peterson K, McDonagh M, Thakurta S, Dana T, Roberts C, Chou R, et al. Drug class review: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Final Update 4 Report [Internet]. Portland, OR: Oregon Health and Science University. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53955/. Accessed November 2010.Search in Google Scholar

3. Graumlich JF. Preventing gastrointestinal complications of NSAIDs. Risk factors, recent advances, and latest strategies. Postgrad Med 2001;109:117–20.10.3810/pgm.2001.05.931Search in Google Scholar

4. Wolfe MM, Lichtenstein DR, Singh G. Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1888–99.10.1056/NEJM199906173402407Search in Google Scholar

5. Lazzaroni M, Battocchia A, Bianchi Porro G. COXIBs and non-selective NSAIDs in the gastroenterological setting: what should patients and physicians do. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:589–96.10.1016/j.dld.2007.04.002Search in Google Scholar

6. Singh G. Recent considerations in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy. Am J Med 1998;105:31S–8S.10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00072-2Search in Google Scholar

7. Thebtaranonth C, Thebtaranonth Y, Wanauppathamkul S, Yuthavong Y. Antimalarial sesquiterpenes from tubers of Cyperus rotundus: structure of 10,12-peroxycalamenene, a sesquiterpene endoperoxide. Phytochemistry 1995;40:125–8.10.1016/0031-9422(95)00260-ESearch in Google Scholar

8. Kilani S, Ben Sghaier M, Limem I, Bouhlel I, Boubaker J, Bhouri W, et al. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus. Bioresour Technol 2008;99:9004–8.10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.066Search in Google Scholar

9. Uddin SJ, Mondal K, Shilpi JA, Rahman MT. Antidiarrhoeal activity of Cyperus rotundus. Fitoterapia 2006;77:134–6.10.1016/j.fitote.2004.11.011Search in Google Scholar

10. Seo WG, Pae HO, Oh GS, Chai KY, Kwon TO, Yun YG, et al. Inhibitory effects of methanol extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes on nitric oxide and superoxide productions by murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;76:59–64.10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00221-5Search in Google Scholar

11. Yazdanparast R, Ardestani A. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Cyperus rotundus. J Med Food 2007;10:667–74.10.1089/jmf.2006.090Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Kilani-Jaziri S, Neffati A, Limem I, Boubaker J, Skandrani I, Sghair MB, et al. Relationship correlation of antioxidant and antiproliferative capacity of Cyperus rotundus products towards K562 erythroleukemia cells. Chem Biol Interact 2009;181:85–94.10.1016/j.cbi.2009.04.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Raut NA, Gaikwad NJ. Antidiabetic activity of hydro-ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus in alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Fitoterapia 2006;77:585–8.10.1016/j.fitote.2006.09.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Ardestani A, Yazdanparast R. Cyperus rotundus suppresses AGE formation and protein oxidation in a model of fructose-mediated protein glycoxidation. Int J Biol Macromol 2007;41:572–8.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.07.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Lemaure B, Touché A, Zbinden I, Moulin J, Courtois D, Macé K, et al. Administration of Cyperus rotundus tubers extract prevents weight gain in obese Zucker rats. Phytother Res 2007;21:724–30.10.1002/ptr.2147Search in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Seo EJ, Lee DU, Kwak JH, Lee SM, Kim YS, Jung YS. Antiplatelet effects of Cyperus rotundus and its component (+)-nootkatone. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:48–54.10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.025Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Jin JH, Lee DU, Kim YS, Kim HP. Anti-allergic activity of sesquiterpenes from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. Arch Pharm Res 2011;34:223–8.10.1007/s12272-011-0207-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Dang GK, Parekar RR, Kamat SK, Scindia AM, Rege NN. Antiinflammatory activity of Phyllanthus emblica, Plumbago zeylanica and Cyperus rotundus in acute models of inflammation. Phytother Res 2011;25:904–8.10.1002/ptr.3345Search in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Yu HH, Lee DH, Seo SJ, You YO. Anticariogenic properties of the extract of Cyperus rotundus. Am J Chin Med 2007;35:497–505.10.1142/S0192415X07005016Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Lee CH, Hwang DS, Kim HG, Oh H, Park H, Cho JH, et al. Protective effect of Cyperi rhizoma against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal damage. J Med Food 2010;13:564–71.10.1089/jmf.2009.1252Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Sunil AG, Kesavanarayanan KS, Kalaivani P, Sathiya S, Ranju V, Priya RJ, et al. Total oligomeric flavonoids of Cyperus rotundus ameliorates neurological deficits, excitotoxicity and behavioral alterations induced by cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury in rats. Brain Res Bull 2011;84:394–405.10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.01.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Ajaikumar KB, Asheef M, Babu BH, Padikkala J. The inhibition of gastric mucosal injury by Punicagranatum L. (pomegranate) methanolic extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96:171–6.10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.007Search in Google Scholar

23. Main LH, Whittle BJ. Investigation of the vascodilator and antisecretory role of prostaglandin in the rat gastric mucosa by use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Pharmacol 1975;53:217–24.10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07351.xSearch in Google Scholar

24. McCord JM, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase, an enzymatic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 1969;244:6049–55.10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63504-5Search in Google Scholar

25. Aebi HE. Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HU, editor. Methods in enzymatic analysis. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 1974:673–84.10.1016/B978-0-12-091302-2.50032-3Search in Google Scholar

26. Hafeman DG, Sundae RA, Houestra WG. Effect of dietary selenium on erythrocyte and liver glutathione peroxidase in the rat. J Nutr 1974;104:580–7.10.1093/jn/104.5.580Search in Google Scholar

27. Moron MA, DePierre JW, Mannervick B. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase activities in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979;582:67–78.10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7Search in Google Scholar

28. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351–8.10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3Search in Google Scholar

29. Lowry OH, Rosenberg NJ, Fair AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265–75.10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6Search in Google Scholar

30. Lanas A. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase inhibition in the gastrointestinal tract: a trip from peptic ulcer to colon cancer. Am J Med Sci 2009;338:96–106.10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181ad8cd3Search in Google Scholar

31. Ivey KJ. Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric damage. Actions of therapeutic agents. Am J Med 1988;86:449–58.10.1016/0002-9343(89)90344-6Search in Google Scholar

32. Langman MJ, Brooks P, Hawkey CJ, Silverstein F, Yeomans N. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug associated ulcer: epidemiology, causation and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991;6:442–9.10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb00885.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Rezaei B, Lotfi-Forushani H, Ensafi AA. Modified Au nanoparticles-imprinted sol-gel, multiwall carbon nanotubes pencil graphite electrode used as a sensor for ranitidine determination. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2014;37:113–9.10.1016/j.msec.2013.12.036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Wallace JL, Keenan CM, Granger DN. Gastric ulceration induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a neutrophil-dependent process. Am J Physiol 1990;259:G462–7.10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.3.G462Search in Google Scholar

35. Vaananen PM, Meddings JB, Wallace JL. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in indomethacin-induced gastric injury. Am J Physiol 1991;261:G470–5.10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.3.G470Search in Google Scholar

36. Jainu M, Devi CS. Antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum berries on aspirin induced gastric mucosal injury. Indian J Clin Biochem 2004;19:57–61.10.1007/BF02872391Search in Google Scholar

37. Ibrahim AY, Shaffie NM. Protective effect of Solanum indicum var. distichum extract on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rat. Global J Pharmacol 2013;7:325–32.Search in Google Scholar

38. Pohle T, Brzozowski T, Becker JC, Van der Voort IR, Markmann A, Konturek SJ, et al. Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in aspirin-induced gastric damage in humans: gastroprotection by vitamin C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:677–87.10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00975.xSearch in Google Scholar

39. Banerjee RK. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit gastric peroxidase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990;1034:275–80.10.1016/0304-4165(90)90050-7Search in Google Scholar

40. Pihan G, Regillo C, Szabo S. Free radicals and lipid peroxidation in ethanol- or aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Dig Dis Sci 1987;32:1395–401.10.1007/BF01296666Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T, Nakamura Y, Arai M, Matsuyama K, Iinuma S, et al. Role of neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions in gastric mucosal injury induced by aspirin. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995;21:S73–7.Search in Google Scholar

42. Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T, Nakamura Y, Arai M, Matsuyama K, Iinuma S, et al. Role of neutrophil-mediated inflammation in aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:2300–4.10.1007/BF02063228Search in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Yoshida N, Sugimoto N, Ochiai J, Nakamura Y, Ichikawa H, Naito Y, et al. Role of elastase and active oxygen species in gastric mucosal injury induced by aspirin administration in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:191–7.10.1046/j.1365-2036.16.s2.32.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Singh M, Rao ChV, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AK, et al. Antiulcer and antimicrobial activity of Anogeissus latifolia. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;106:57–61.10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Sugimoto N, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T, Nakamuara Y, Ichikawa H, Naito Y, et al. Effect of vitamin E on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2000;45:599–605.10.1023/A:1005417929009Search in Google Scholar

46. Isozaki Y, Yoshida N, Ichikawa H, Kuroda M, Kokura S, Naito Y, et al. A novel water-soluble vitamin E derivative protects against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Int J Mol Med 2005;16:1035–40.10.3892/ijmm.16.6.1035Search in Google Scholar

47. Suzuki T, Yoshida N, Nakabe N, Isozaki Y, Kajikawa H, Takagi T, et al. Prophylactic effect of rebamipide on aspirin-induced gastric lesions and disruption of tight junctional protein zonula occludens-1 distribution. J Pharmacol Sci 2008;106:469–77.10.1254/jphs.FP0071422Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Deoda RS, Kumar D, Bhujbal SS. Gastroprotective effect of Rubia cordifolia Linn. on aspirin plus pylorus-ligated ulcer. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:541624.10.1155/2011/541624Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

49. Tuluce Y, Ozkol H, Koyuncu I, Ine H. Gastroprotective effect of small centaury (Centaurium erythraea L) on aspirin-induced gastric damage in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011;27:760–8.10.1177/0748233710397421Search in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Kilani S, Ledauphin J, Bouhlel I, Ben Sghaier M, Boubaker J, Skandrani I, et al. Comparative study of Cyperus rotundus essential oil by a modified GC/MS analysis method. Evaluation of its antioxidant, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effects. Chem Biodivers 2008;5:729–42.10.1002/cbdv.200890069Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Jeong SJ, Miyamoto T, Inagaki M, Kim YC, Higuchi R. Rotundines A-C, three novel sesquiterpene alkaloids from Cyperus rotundus. J Nat Prod 2000;63:673–5.10.1021/np990588rSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Xu Y, Zhang HW, Yu CY, Lu Y, Chang Y, Zou ZM. Norcyperone, a novel skeleton norsesquiterpene from Cyperus rotundus L. Molecules 2008;13:2474–81.10.3390/molecules13102474Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. Xu Y, Zhang HW, Wan XC, Zou ZM. Complete assignments of (1)H and (13)C NMR data for two new sesquiterpenes from Cyperus rotundus L. Magn Reson Chem 2009;47:527–31.10.1002/mrc.2416Search in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Sayed HM, Mohamed MH, Farag SF, Mohamed GA, Omobuwajo OR, Proksch P. Fructose-amino acid conjugate and other constituents from Cyperus rotundus L. Nat Prod Res 2008;22:1487–97.10.1080/14786410802038556Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Lawal OA, Oyedeji AO. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cyperus rotundus L. from South Africa. Molecules 2009;14:2909–17.10.3390/molecules14082909Search in Google Scholar

56. Tsoyi K, Jang HJ, Lee YS, Kim YM, Kim HJ, Seo HG, et al. (+)-Nootkatone and (+)-valencene from rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus increase survival rates in septic mice due to heme oxygenase-1 induction. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:1311–7.10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.062Search in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Yang JL, Shi YP. Structurally diverse terpenoids from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. Planta Med 2012;78:59–64.10.1055/s-0031-1280216Search in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Varì R, Filesi C, Giovannini C. Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 2005;16:577–86.10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, Bar-Or A, Giovannoni G, Selmaj K, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1098–107.10.1056/NEJMoa1114287Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2014-8-9
Accepted: 2015-2-19
Published Online: 2015-4-25
Published in Print: 2015-9-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Implications of sodium hydrogen exchangers in various brain diseases
  4. Mini Review
  5. A perspective on role of calcium and vitamin D in cardiovascular outcomes and lipid profile
  6. Cardiovascular Function
  7. Space weather and human deaths distribution: 25 years’ observation (Lithuania, 1989–2013)
  8. Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Interactions
  9. Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of theophylline and doxofylline in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  10. Oxidative Stress
  11. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of stems of Smilax zeylanica in vitro
  12. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic extract of Daniella oliveri leaves in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  13. Inhibition of metalloproteinase and proteasome activities in colon cancer cells by citrus peel extracts
  14. Inflammation
  15. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Tectona grandis Linn. stem extract
  16. Cyperus rotundus L. prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress
  17. Evaluation of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, phytochemical and toxicological properties of the methanolic leaf extract of commercially processed Moringa oleifera in some laboratory animals
  18. Jobelyn® exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and membrane-stabilizing activities in experimental models
  19. Phytotherapy
  20. Effect of Saraca asoca (Asoka) on estradiol-induced keratinizing metaplasia in rat uterus
  21. Others
  22. The effect of nicotine and cotinine on human gingival fibroblasts attachment to root surfaces
  23. Congress Abstracts
  24. Israel Society for Auditory Research (ISAR) 2015 Annual Scientific Conference
https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0093
Keywords for this article
aspirin; Cyperus rotundus; oxidative damage; ranitidine; ulcer

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Implications of sodium hydrogen exchangers in various brain diseases
  4. Mini Review
  5. A perspective on role of calcium and vitamin D in cardiovascular outcomes and lipid profile
  6. Cardiovascular Function
  7. Space weather and human deaths distribution: 25 years’ observation (Lithuania, 1989–2013)
  8. Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Interactions
  9. Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of theophylline and doxofylline in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  10. Oxidative Stress
  11. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of stems of Smilax zeylanica in vitro
  12. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic extract of Daniella oliveri leaves in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  13. Inhibition of metalloproteinase and proteasome activities in colon cancer cells by citrus peel extracts
  14. Inflammation
  15. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Tectona grandis Linn. stem extract
  16. Cyperus rotundus L. prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress
  17. Evaluation of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, phytochemical and toxicological properties of the methanolic leaf extract of commercially processed Moringa oleifera in some laboratory animals
  18. Jobelyn® exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and membrane-stabilizing activities in experimental models
  19. Phytotherapy
  20. Effect of Saraca asoca (Asoka) on estradiol-induced keratinizing metaplasia in rat uterus
  21. Others
  22. The effect of nicotine and cotinine on human gingival fibroblasts attachment to root surfaces
  23. Congress Abstracts
  24. Israel Society for Auditory Research (ISAR) 2015 Annual Scientific Conference
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 7.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0093/pdf
Scroll to top button