The Dardanians and the Origin of the So-Called “Macedonian Phalanx”
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Pierre O. Juhel
Abstract
The Macedonian phalanx, invented by Philip II, is considered to have been a pikeman-phalanx. However, a detailed analysis has shown that the full pikeman-phalanx must have been a later military innovation which was introduced at the beginning of Antigonus Dōsōn’s reign. Before this, the phalanx can only have been one of spearmen, although it is probable that the rear ranks were already armed with pikes. Following a deeper investigation, and taking into consideration forgotten archaeological material from Bosnia-Herzegovina, this article argues that this reform of the Macedonian heavy infantry’s armament occurred as a consequence of Demetrius II’s major military defeat in a pitched battle against the Dardanians in 229 BC.
Acknowledgments
My warm thanks are due: first of all to S. R. Gerrard (Honorary Research Fellow at The University of Manchester) for her indefatigable help with the many revisions of the manuscript, over the course of what has been a very long editorial adventure. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, to Ana Marić, Head of the Department of Archaeology of the Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine (National Museum of Bosnia-Herzegovine), and to Fr. Ivan Marić, superior of the Franjevački samostan i crkva Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije (Franciscan Friary of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary) at Široki Brijeg. In Great Britain, to S. D. Lambert (Emeritus Professor of Ancient History and Epigraphy, Cardiff University) for reading of one of the first drafts of this article. In Montenegro, to Goran Pajović of the Narodni Muzej Crne Gore (National Museum of Montenegro), and to Dragan Radović, kustos JU Muzeji i galerije Podgorice (curator of the Public Institution of the Museums and galleries of Podgorica). In Poland, to Nicholas V. Sekunda (dr hab. prof. UG [Gdańsk University]) for his (then) anonymous and positive review of this article which was previously submitted to another journal. In the Republic of Northern Macedonia, to Boban Husenovski, Director of the Народен Музеј (National Museum) of Gевгелија (Gevgelia). In Serbia, to D. Kuželj, co-director of the Library of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. And last but not least, to the anonymous reviewer of the Journal of Ancient History for providing an accurate reading and useful criticism.
Appendix: The Spearheads of the Necropolis of Vele Ledine at Gostilj
The first number (in Roman numerals) gives the number of the plate where the artefact is reproduced in Basler’s article, the second the number of the tomb, and the third after the slash the number of the artefact in the tomb. The length of the spearheads has always been given by Basler in mm. Other descriptions and quotes are also from Basler unless otherwise noted. Basler consistently used the words “blade” for “spearheads” and “shaft” for “socket”, which is inappropriate. I thank Professor N. V. Sekunda for his confirmation on this point of technical vocabulary.
Basler (1972), 8 summarises that “In 45 tombs 61 spears were found”. It is striking to note that of this number, more than a third (36) are at least 300 mm in length, 8 are exactly 380 mm, whilst 9 others exceed 400 mm, the longest (no. 5 of our catalogue) reaching the considerable length of 450 mm. Thus, these spearheads are generally very long. They are also reasonably wide, averaging more than 30 mm for those that are 380 mm in length, and up to 46 mm for no. 46 of our catalogue.
1) Pl. I, 2/4: “(...) original length 320 [mm], width of blade 35 [mm]”. Basler (1972), 29.
2) Pl. II, 9/6: “Preserved length 325 [mm], width of blade 37 [mm].” Basler (1972), 31.
3) Pl. III, 12/4: “Length 280 [mm], width of blade 38 [mm]” (on the basis of the facsimile in pl. III, preserved length only). Basler (1972), 32.
4) Pl. III, 12/5: “Length 120 [mm], width of blade 17 [mm]” (idem). Basler (1972), 32.
5) Pl. III, 14/3: “(...) original length approx. 450 [mm], width of blade 45 [mm], diam. of shaft 9,5—18 [mm].” Basler (1972), 32.
6) Pl. IV, 18/4: “Length 40 [mm] (of preserved part).” The blade has a particular shape: “quadrangular in cross-section.” See Basler (1972), 33. This tomb was of a “male in his forties” (Basler, ibid. 14).
7) Pl. IV, 19/4: “(...) approx. original length circa 430 [mm], width of blade 43 [mm].” Basler (1972), 34.
8) Pl. VI, 23/5: “(...) original length 250 [mm], width of blade 27 [mm].” Basler (1972), 36.
9) Pl. VI, 25/3: “(...) original length about 280 [mm], width of blade 38 [mm].” Basler (1972), 36.
10) Pl. VI, 26/3: “(...) original length approx. 360 [mm], width of blade 42 [mm].” Basler (1972), 36.
11) Pl. VI, 27/14: “Approx. length 270 [mm], widht [sic] of blade 32 [mm]” (on the basis of the facsimile in pl. VI, preserved length only). Basler (1972), 37.
12) Pl. VI, 27/15: “Length circa 340 [mm], width of blade 34 [mm]” (for the length of the spearhead, same remark as above). Basler (1972), 37.
13) Pl. VI, 27/16: “Length circa 380 [mm], width of blade 40 [mm]” (on the basis of the facsimile in pl. VI, the spearhead itself is almost totally preserved only). Basler (1972), 37.
14) Pl. VI, 27/17: “Insignificant remnants of iron spear. (...) original length of the shaft 380 [mm], width of blade 38.” Basler (1972), 37.
15) Pl. VI, 27/18: “(...) original length of 380 [mm], width of blade 31 [mm]”. Basler (1972), 37.
16) Pl. VI, 27/19: “A rather well-preserved example. Unlike the majority of spears, in this example the blade passes over under an angle into the shaft (...) original length circa 430 [mm], width of blade 42.” Basler (1972), 37. See Fig. 4.
Characteristic spearheads of the Labatean necropolis of Vele Ledine, all of them (6) having been found into the same tomb no. 27, which was exceptional for this cemetery. From Basler (1972), pl. VI © By courtesy of the Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine.
17) Pl. VII, 28/7: “(...) apparent original length 260 [mm], width [of blade] 36 [mm].” Basler (1972), 38.
18) Pl. VII, 28/8 : “(...) original length 200 [mm], width of blade 28 [mm].” Basler (1972), 38.
19) Pl. VIII, 34/6: “(...) original length approx. 230 [mm], width of blade 33 [mm].” Basler (1972), 40.
20) Pl. IX, 35/6: “(...) original length approx. 350 [mm], width of blade 35 [mm].” Basler (1972), 41.
21) Pl. IX, 36/4: “Length of original part surmised 215 [mm], width of blade 40 [mm]”. Basler (1972), 41.
22) Pl. IX, 38/4: “(...) original approx. length 330 [mm], width of blade 37 [mm].” Basler (1972), 42.
23) Pl. X, 41/2: “(...) original approx. length 190 [mm], width of blade 30 [mm].” Basler (1972), 43.
24) Pl. X, 42/1: “(...) original length 245 [mm], width of blade 34 [mm].” Basler (1972), 43.
25) Pl. XI, 44/1: “Length 375 [mm], width of blade 33 [mm], diam. of shaft in upper part 12,3.” Basler (1972), 43.
26) Pl. XI, 46/3: “(...) approx. original length 440 [mm], width of blade 48 [mm].” Basler (1972), 43.
27) Pl. XI, 48/2: “(...) approx. original length 420 [mm], width [of blade] 44 [mm].” Basler (1972), 44.
28) Pl. XII, 53/4: “(...) preserved length 205 [mm], width of blade 33 [mm].” Basler (1972), 45.
29) Pl. XII, 53/5: “(...) preserved length 350 [mm], width of blade 34 [mm].” Basler (1972), 45.
30) Pl. XII, 55/2: “(...) preserved height [sic] 365 [mm], width of blade 35 [mm].” Basler (1972), 45.
31) Pl. XII, 56/3: “(...) original length circa 300 [mm], width of blade 32 [mm].” Basler (1972), 45.
32) Pl. XIII, 59/7: “(...) original [length] 380 [mm], width of blade 33 [mm].” Basler (1972), 46.
33) Pl. XIV, 66/6: “Iron spear with hole and horizontal incision on shaft. (...) Length 440 [mm], width of blade 42 [mm], diam. of shaft 19—10.” Basler (1972), 47. One of the finest artefacts preserved.
34) Pl. XV, 67/4: “Length 320 [mm], width of blade 36 [mm].” Basler (1972), 47.
35) Pl. XV, 68/1: Basler notes that this iron tip has a specific shape: “The blade is square in cross section, the shaft is round shaped. Measurements: Preserved length 160 [mm], length of cross section side 7.5 [mm], diam. of shaft 13 [mm].” Basler (1972), 47. From the facsimile (pl. XV), the head, almost totally preserved, must have been just under 180 mm in length.
As explained above, since the tomb did not contain any other iron fittings (see Basler 1972, 47 for the description of the artefacts of this tomb), this quadrangular piece should most likely be identified as a spearhead, rather than a σαυρωτήρ (see n. 65), unless it was a σαυρωτήρ that was re-used as a spearhead[76] (which is a possibility if the σαυρωτήρ was made of iron. See n. 66.
36) Pl. XV, 69/4: “(...) original length 380 [mm], width of blade 39 [mm].” Basler (1972), 48.
37) Pl. XV, 70/3: “Preserved length 95 [mm].” Basler (1972), 48. The facsimile shows that the iron is almost entirely preserved, but it is difficult to judge the original length of the socket.
38) Pl. XVI, 71/3: “Preserved part 210, originally about 370 [mm], width of blade 30 [mm].” Basler (1972), 48.
39) Pl. XVI, 72/3: “(...) original length approx. 370—380 [mm].” Basler (1972), 48.
40) Pl. XVII, 79/3: “(...) original length 340 [mm], width of blade 33 [mm].” Basler (1972), 50.
41) Pl. XVII, 84/2: “(...) original length circa 235 [mm], width of blade 29 [mm].” Basler (1972), 50.
42) Pl. XVII, 85/2: “(...) original length circa 310 [mm], width of blade 37 [mm]”. Basler (1972), 51.
43) Pl. XVIII, 89/3: “Preserved length 350 [mm].” Basler (1972), 51. The spearhead itself is almost totally preserved.
44) Pl. XVIII, 89/4: “Preserved length 215 [mm].” Basler (1972), 51.
45) Pl. XVIII, 92/2: “Unlike the average shapes, in this example the blade is extraordinary wide, the shaft is short (...) original length 250 [mm], width of blade 35 [mm].” Basler (1972), 52.
46) Pl. XIX, 97/3: “(...) original length circa 380 [mm], width of blade 46 [mm].” Basler (1972), 53.
47) Pl. XX, 100/1: “(...) original length 213 [mm].” Basler (1972), 53.
48) Pl. XXI, 105/1: “Length 340 [mm], width of blade 32 [mm], diam. of shaft 17 [mm].” Basler (1972), 54. The spearhead and the socket are almost totally preserved.
49) Pl. XXI, 105/2: “(...) original length circa 410 [mm], width [of blade] 43 [mm], diam. of shaft 13,2—16 [mm].” Basler (1972), 54.
50) Pl. XXI, 109/2: “(...) original length approx. 380 [mm], width of vlade [sic] 40 [mm].” Basler (1972), 55.
51) Pl. XXII, 113/1: “(...) original length circa 240 [mm], width of blade 28 [mm].” Basler (1972), 55.
52) Pl. XXII, 114/2: “(...) original length 270 [mm], width of blade 30 [mm].” Basler (1972), 56.
53) Pl. XXIII, 119/3: “(...) approx. original length about 210 [mm], width of blade 27 [mm].” Basler (1972), 56.
54) Pl. XXIII, 119/4: “(...) probable original length 420 [mm], width of blade 37 [mm].” Basler (1972), 56.
55) Pl. XXV, 125/2: “(...) original length circa 300 [mm], width of blade 38 [mm].” Basler (1972), 59.
56) Pl. XXV, 126/5: “Iron spear point. The top part is of [sic] square cross section, the shaft is round (...) original length about 195.” Basler (1972), 60. But since this artefact is quadrangular, it is possible that, in origin, it was actually a σαυρωτήρ, as with no. 35 of my catalogue. See Fig. 5.
The material of tombs no. 125 and 126 of the Labatean necropolis of Vele Ledine at Gostilj. The bronze plaque representing a pikeman was found with a quadrangular spearhead, which could perhaps have been a pike rather than a spearhead – if not a σαυρωτήρ in origin (see no. 56 of my catalogue). From Basler (1972), pl. XXV. © By courtesy of the Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine.
57) Pl. XXVI, 129/3: “(...) original length about 440 [mm], width [of blade] 30 [mm].” Basler (1972), 60.
58) Pl. XXVI, 130/4: “(...) original length approx. 380 [mm], width [of blade] 70 [mm].” Basler (1972), 60. This size is exceptional, creating a massive spearhead with two wings, a characteristic which suggests a spear intended for hunting, rather than one designed for war.
59) Pl. XXVI, 130/5: “Iron spear with somewhat broader leaves than is usual in this necropolis [as the previous artefact] (...) original length circa 240 [mm], width of blade 50 [mm].” Basler (1972), 60–61. Upon examination of plate no. XXVI, the iron fitting seems to be the same width as no. 4 from tomb no. 130 (= our no. 58) – the width of the spearhead no. 5 seems a bit larger. Is this apparent contradiction because the facsimiles were not drawn on the same scale? Or is there some error here? I checked the information given in the original publication, and they are the same: see Basler (1969), 44.
60) Pl. XXVI, 131/3: “(...) original length 213 [mm], width of blade 34 [mm].” Basler (1972), 61.
Basler (1972), 8 summarises that “In 45 tombs 61 spears were found.” It is striking to note that of this number, more than a third (36) are at least 300 mm in length, 8 are exactly 380 mm, whilst 9 others exceed 400 mm, the longest (no. 5 of our catalogue) reaching the considerable length of 450 mm. Thus, these spearheads are generally very long. They are also reasonably wide, averaging more than 30 mm for those that are 380 mm in length, and up to 46 mm for no. 46 of our catalogue.
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© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Xenophon’s Memorabilia and Greek historiography. A comparative approach
- The Dardanians and the Origin of the So-Called “Macedonian Phalanx”
- Cato as Disruptor: Republican ideology and the frustrated imperatores of the 60 s and 50 s BCE
- Augustus, Aediles and Censors in the Troubled Year of 22 BCE
- Novae erogationis ordinatio: Frontinus, Domitian, Nerva, and the Aqua Traiana
- Aspar and Apollonius–religion and politics in choosing the eastern consul for 460 CE
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Xenophon’s Memorabilia and Greek historiography. A comparative approach
- The Dardanians and the Origin of the So-Called “Macedonian Phalanx”
- Cato as Disruptor: Republican ideology and the frustrated imperatores of the 60 s and 50 s BCE
- Augustus, Aediles and Censors in the Troubled Year of 22 BCE
- Novae erogationis ordinatio: Frontinus, Domitian, Nerva, and the Aqua Traiana
- Aspar and Apollonius–religion and politics in choosing the eastern consul for 460 CE
