Water multipath effect in Terrestrial Radar Interferometry (TRI) in open-pit mine monitoring
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Alberto Michelini
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Nicola Dal Santo
Abstract
Terrestrial Radar Interferometry (TRI) has established as the reference technology for slope monitoring in the open-pit mining sector. Along with the many benefits this technique provides, there remain some limitations that have not yet been fully resolved by current technology. One of the most curious disturbance factors, is signal interference caused by the reflection of the electromagnetic waves on a water surface. This phenomenon is well known in radio communications and is called multipath propagation. The presence of multipath effects in open-pit mining is not uncommon due to the presence of ponds at the bottom of the pit. In this context, a simulation algorithm has been developed for the evaluation of TRI water multipath, to be able to predict its presence and help monitoring campaign planning. In this work the general characteristics of TRI water multipath are described together with standard mitigation techniques. Furthermore, the simulation algorithm is presented and its application to some real case study is discussed.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Special Issue: Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring 2025
- Impact of mathematical correlations
- Employing variance component estimation for point cloud based geometric surface representation by B-splines
- Deterministic uncertainty for terrestrial laser scanning observations based on intervals
- Investigating the potential of stochastic relationships to model deformations
- Laser scanning based deformation analysis of a wooden dome under load
- Classifying surface displacements in mining regions using differential terrain models and InSAR coherence
- Water multipath effect in Terrestrial Radar Interferometry (TRI) in open-pit mine monitoring
- Multi-temporal GNSS, RTS, and InSAR for very slow-moving landslide displacement analysis
- Reviews
- Evaluation of the regional ionosphere using final, ultra-rapid, and rapid ionosphere products
- Experiences with techniques and sensors for smartphone positioning
- Original Research Articles
- Crustal deformation estimation using InSAR, West of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt
- Factors affecting the fitting of a global geopotential model to local geodetic datasets over local areas in Egypt using multiple linear regression approach
- Utilization of low-cost GNSS RTK receiver for accurate GIS mapping in urban environment
- Seasonal variations of permanent stations in close vicinity to tectonic plate boundaries
- Time-frequency and power-law noise analyzes of three GBAS solutions of a single GNSS station
- A 2D velocity field computation using multi-dimensional InSAR: a case study of the Abu-Dabbab area in Egypt
