Recent estimates of crustal deformation and land subsidence in the Nile Delta, Egypt using GNSS-PPP datasets over 2012–2024
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Gomaa M. Dawod
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Essam M. Al-Krargy
Abstract
The Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique has been utilized to process the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) annual datasets at 24 stations in the Nile Delta region, Egypt from 2012 to 2024. The present study aims to present recent estimates of horizontal crustal deformation, vertical land movements, and the analysis of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) coordinate conversion between the two utilized ITRF frames in Egypt, namely ITRF2020 (epoch 2024) and ITRF2008 (epoch 2012). Based on the accomplished findings, it has been found that the land subsidence in the Nile Delta region ranges between −3.9 mm/year and 2.3 mm/year with an average of −1.5 ± 1.9 mm/year. Regarding the horizontal crustal movements, it is recognized that such crustal deformations vary between 25.8 mm/year to 27.6 mm/year with an average equals 27.0 ± 1.0 mm/year. In addition, the average direction of that deformation equals 38.6° ± 2.1°. Such results agree normally with those of other studies concerning the regional movements of the Nubia tectonic plate. The attained simple mathematical model describing the relationship between ITRF2024 and ITRF2008 frames shows that the average Cartesian displacement vector equals −0.312 m ± 0.026 m, 0.153 m ± 0.010 m, and 0.152 m ± 0.020 m in the X, Y, and Z directions respectively. Additionally, the velocities are −24 ± 2 mm/year, 12 ± 1 mm/year, and 12 ± 2 mm/year respectively.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: Gomaa Dawod has reviewed the first manuscript, review the findings, finalize the conclusions, and prepare the final version. Essam Al-Krargy has prepared the first draft, collect the required datasets and participate in preparing the final version.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: The authors declare that AI has not been utilized in any part of the current manuscript.
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Conflict of interest: The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.
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Research funding: The authors declare that no funds were allocated to the current study.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Research using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) products – a comprehensive literature review
- Original Research Articles
- Impact of baseline length on uncertainty in static relative GNSS positioning
- Advancing magnetometer calibration: a sequential tri-axis approach
- Application of GNSS-levelling for updating the base vertical network
- Spatiotemporal postseismic deformation due to the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake revealed the relative importance of viscoelastic relaxation and the afterslip distribution estimated from geodetic observations
- Evaluation of PPP software performance for TEC estimation using IRI-2020, CODE, COSMIC, and SWARM with GNSS data
- Evaluation of mobile mapping point clouds in the context of height difference estimation
- Automated gap and flush measurements between car parts assisted by a highly flexible and accurate robot system
- Comprehensive statistical analysis of scintillations on L-band signals from six GNSS constellations over low-latitude region
- Recent estimates of crustal deformation and land subsidence in the Nile Delta, Egypt using GNSS-PPP datasets over 2012–2024
- Influence of orbit and clock file diversity on GNSS ambiguity resolution
- The usefulness of the MAFA method for smartphone precise positioning
- Comparative analysis of pseudorange multipath mitigation performance using K-means and Fuzzy c-means clustering techniques
- Estimation of GPS-based ionospheric indices by GIX, SIDX, and ROTI during the St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm event in the Indian low latitude region
- Post-midnight impact of ionospheric irregularities on GPS based kinematic precise point positioning
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Research using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) products – a comprehensive literature review
- Original Research Articles
- Impact of baseline length on uncertainty in static relative GNSS positioning
- Advancing magnetometer calibration: a sequential tri-axis approach
- Application of GNSS-levelling for updating the base vertical network
- Spatiotemporal postseismic deformation due to the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake revealed the relative importance of viscoelastic relaxation and the afterslip distribution estimated from geodetic observations
- Evaluation of PPP software performance for TEC estimation using IRI-2020, CODE, COSMIC, and SWARM with GNSS data
- Evaluation of mobile mapping point clouds in the context of height difference estimation
- Automated gap and flush measurements between car parts assisted by a highly flexible and accurate robot system
- Comprehensive statistical analysis of scintillations on L-band signals from six GNSS constellations over low-latitude region
- Recent estimates of crustal deformation and land subsidence in the Nile Delta, Egypt using GNSS-PPP datasets over 2012–2024
- Influence of orbit and clock file diversity on GNSS ambiguity resolution
- The usefulness of the MAFA method for smartphone precise positioning
- Comparative analysis of pseudorange multipath mitigation performance using K-means and Fuzzy c-means clustering techniques
- Estimation of GPS-based ionospheric indices by GIX, SIDX, and ROTI during the St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm event in the Indian low latitude region
- Post-midnight impact of ionospheric irregularities on GPS based kinematic precise point positioning
