Performance tests of geodetic receivers with tilt sensors in obstructed environments using the NRTK GNSS technique
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Puttipol Dumrongchai
Abstract
The Department of Lands (DOL), Thailand, has adopted the Network-based Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveying technique using a Virtual Reference Station (VRS) to support cadastral surveys since 2011. Determining accurate coordinates of parcel boundary markers at building corners or near fences and walls is difficult because a GNSS range pole cannot be leveled with a circular bubble. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the receivers equipped with tilt sensors for horizontal and vertical positioning. Two types of tilt sensors used for evaluation were a magnetometer and micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Conducting the NRTK GNSS surveying tests was based on the pole tilt angles of 0°, 15°, 25°, 35°, and 45° from a plumb line in controlled and obstructed environments. The IMU-based tilt sensor had more advantage of accurately positioning over the MEMS sensor. The results showed that using the IMU, better than 4 cm horizontal positioning accuracy was achievable when the pole was tilted by 15° or less under non-multipath and open-sky conditions. The vertical accuracy was of a few centimeter levels and least sensitive to tilt angles using either type of sensor. However, none of the sensors precisely compensated for pole tilt in strong-multipath and complex environments, causing increased horizontal errors in decimeter levels.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Department of Lands for providing all relevant data. We also appreciate the help of DOL surveyors in collecting GNSS field data.
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Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- 3D concept creation of permanent geodetic monitoring installations and the a priori assessment of systematic effects using Virtual Reality
- Modeling the gravitational effects of ocean tide loading at coastal stations in the China earthquake gravity network based on GOTL software
- Comparison of different global DTMs and GGMs over Sri Lanka
- Performance tests of geodetic receivers with tilt sensors in obstructed environments using the NRTK GNSS technique
- Fitting a triaxial ellipsoid to a set of quasi-selenoidal points
- A real-time algorithm for continuous navigation in intelligent transportation systems using LiDAR-Gyroscope-Odometer integration
- Ionospheric scintillation characteristics from GPS observations over Malaysian region after the 2011 Valentine’s day solar flare
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- 3D concept creation of permanent geodetic monitoring installations and the a priori assessment of systematic effects using Virtual Reality
- Modeling the gravitational effects of ocean tide loading at coastal stations in the China earthquake gravity network based on GOTL software
- Comparison of different global DTMs and GGMs over Sri Lanka
- Performance tests of geodetic receivers with tilt sensors in obstructed environments using the NRTK GNSS technique
- Fitting a triaxial ellipsoid to a set of quasi-selenoidal points
- A real-time algorithm for continuous navigation in intelligent transportation systems using LiDAR-Gyroscope-Odometer integration
- Ionospheric scintillation characteristics from GPS observations over Malaysian region after the 2011 Valentine’s day solar flare
