Water Footprint of Food Quality Schemes
-
Antonio Bodini
, Sara Chiussi
, Michele Donati, Valentin Bellassen
, Áron Török
, Lisbeth Dries , Dubravka Sinčić Ćorić , Lisa Gauvrit , Efthimia Tsakiridou , Edward Majewski , Bojan Ristic , Zaklina Stojanovic , Jose Maria Gil Roig , Apichaya Lilavanichakul , Nguyễn Quỳnh An and Filippo Arfini
Abstract
Water Footprint (WF, henceforth) is an indicator of water consumption and has taken ground to assess the impact of agricultural production processes over freshwater. The focus of this study was contrasting non-conventional, certified products with identical products obtained through conventional production schemes (REF, henceforth) using WF as a measure of their pressure on water resources. The aim was to the show whether products that are certified as Food Quality Schemes (FQS, henceforth) could also incorporate the lower impact on water among their quality features. To perform this comparison, we analysed 23 products selected among Organic, PDO and PGI as FQS, and their conventional counterparts. By restricting the domain of analysis to the on-farm phase of the production chain, we obtained that that no significant differences emerged between the FQS and REF products. However, if the impact is measured per unit area rather than per unit product, FQS showed a significant reduction in water demand.
Funding source: European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 678024
List of the Food Quality Schemes and their Reference counterparts within Organic, PDO, PGI.
Organic
| Case studied (FQS) | Country | Reference product (REF) |
|---|---|---|
| Organic flour | France | National average |
| Camargue rice | France | Non-organic rice (mostly PGI) |
| Organic pork | Germany | National average |
| Organic yoghurt | Germany | National average |
| Organic tomato from Emilia Romagna Region | Italy | Conventional processed tomatoes in the same region (Emilia-Romagna) |
| Organic pasta | Poland | Simulated conventional farms with sample characteristics |
| Organic raspberries | Serbia | National average |
PDO
| Case studied | Country | Reference product |
|---|---|---|
| PDO olive oil | Croatia | National average |
| Comte cheese | France | National average (cow cheese) |
| Zagora apple | Greece | Kissavos apples (non-GI apples from another region) |
| Kalocsai paprika powder | Hungary | Imported Chinese pepper milled in Hungary |
| Parmigiano Reggiano cheese | Italy | Biraghi cheese (similar non-PDO cheese) |
| Opperdoezer Ronde potato | Netherlands | Regular potato in neighbouring IJsselmeerpolders region |
PGI
| Case studied | Country | Reference product |
|---|---|---|
| Dalmatian ham | Croatia | Local non-PGI firm |
| Kastoria apple | Greece | Kissavos apples (non-GI apples from another region) |
| Gyulai sausage | Hungary | Non-PGI Hungarian sausage |
| Kaszubska strawberries | Poland | National average |
| Sjenica cheese | Serbia | National average (cow cheese) |
| Sobrasada of mallorca | Spain | National average |
| Ternasco de Aragon | Spain | Non-PGI lamb in the same region (Aragon) |
| Thung Kula Rong-Hai (TKR) Hom Mali rice | Thailand | Non certified rice from the same region (90% of GI rice is organic as well) |
| Doi Chaang coffee | Thailand | Non-PGI coffee from the same province |
| Buon Ma Thuot coffee | Vietnam | Non-PGI coffee from Dak-Lak province in Vietnam |
Values for green, blue and grey WI for the 23 selected FQs products and their REF counterparts.
| WI | Organic | PDO | PGI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Org. rice | REF | Diff. REF-FQS | Olive oil | REF | Diff. REF-FQS | Buon Ma Tout | REF | Diff. REF-FQS | |
| WI green | 1300 | 1300 | 0 | 2872.24 | 2873.7 | 1.46 | 6546 | 6546 | 0 |
| WI blue | 6762.81 | 7128.95 | 366.14 | 139.81 | 146.77 | 6.96 | 1758.94 | 1984.55 | 225.61 |
| WI grey | 393.67 | 1181.01 | 787.34 | 689.08 | 837 | 147.92 | 2321.8 | 2582.32 | 260.52 |
| Org. pasta | REF | Kalocsai | REF | Doi Chaang | REF | ||||
| WI green | 1685.99 | 1688.61 | 2.62 | 2441 | 4837.5 | 2396.5 | 4417 | 4417 | 0 |
| WI blue | 2.69 | 10.48 | 7.79 | 1296.95 | 1290.83 | −6.12 | 566.91 | 433.575 | −133.335 |
| WI grey | 186.01 | 604.23 | 418.22 | 1130.62 | 3015 | 1884.38 | 2312.810015 | 1869.9315 | −442.87851 |
| Org. pork | REF | Parmigiano | REF | Horn Mali | REF | ||||
| WI green | 10194.986 | 15263.275 | 5068.289 | 6330.07 | 7819.45 | 1489.38 | 5388.2031 | 5390.6622 | 2.4591 |
| WI blue | 15.244 | 1118.581 | 1103.337 | 9464.02 | 15186.85 | 5722.83 | 0.1967 | 3.7884 | 3.5917 |
| WI grey | 3448.532 | 5169.779 | 1721.247 | 997.67 | 2245.1 | 1247.43 | 34.4225 | 253.9614 | 219.5389 |
| Org. yoghurt | REF | Comté | REF | Kastoria | REF | ||||
| WI green | 23294.37 | 23107.91 | −186.46 | 8261.43 | 16739.43 | 8478 | 5108.01 | 3405.01 | −1703 |
| WI blue | 44.19 | 1117.16 | 1072.97 | 342.22 | 523.58 | 181.36 | 81.96 | 129.22 | 47.26 |
| WI grey | 5788.86 | 7200.42 | 1411.56 | 2750.88 | 4284.49 | 1533.61 | 153.25 | 275.56 | 122.31 |
| Org. tomato | REF | Opperdoezer | REF | Dalmatian | REF | ||||
| WI green | 1963 | 1963 | 0 | 2156 | 1855.5 | −300.5 | 9957.87 | 11068.36 | 1110.49 |
| WI blue | 2410.77 | 2466.46 | 55.69 | 297.5 | 496.61 | 199.11 | 437.1 | 410.95 | −26.15 |
| WI grey | 1377.84 | 1574.68 | 196.84 | 1141.64 | 1965.55 | 823.91 | 2656.12 | 2174.29 | −481.83 |
| Org. flour | REF | Zagora | REF | Gyulai | REF | ||||
| WI green | 2146.97 | 2162 | 15.03 | 6166 | 6165.99 | −0.01 | 2.08 | 2.08 | 0 |
| WI blue | 38.65 | 275.14 | 236.49 | 77.9 | 152.71 | 74.81 | 11479.31 | 11481.39 | 2.08 |
| WI grey | 781.87 | 1266.04 | 484.17 | 91.33 | 275.56 | 184.23 | 16123.51 | 16123.51 | 0 |
| Org. raspberries | REF | Proc Negre | REF | ||||||
| WI green | 4314.87 | 4314.9 | 0.03 | 5598.729 | 7427.645 | 1828.916 | |||
| WI blue | 13.66 | 842.46 | 828.8 | 2191.965 | 3247.815 | 1055.85 | |||
| WI grey | 960.66 | 960.45 | −0.21 | 8676.434 | 3580.555 | −5095.879 | |||
| Ternasco | REF | ||||||||
| WI green | 12378.67 | 12378.67 | 0 | ||||||
| WI blue | 11622.54 | 11622.54 | 0 | ||||||
| WI grey | 3908.27 | 3908.27 | 0 | ||||||
| Sjenica | REF | ||||||||
| WI green | 8711.28 | 15807.98 | 7096.7 | ||||||
| WI blue | 2130.04 | 3376.37 | 1246.33 | ||||||
| WI grey | 2130.04 | 3354.8 | 1224.76 | ||||||
| Kaszubska | REF | ||||||||
| WI green | 3825 | 3852 | 27 | ||||||
| WI blue | 261.54 | 353.97 | 92.43 | ||||||
| WI grey | 639.32 | 651.92 | 12.6 | ||||||
Values for green, blue and grey WF for the 23 selected FQs products and their REF counterparts.
| WF | Organic | PDO | PGI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Org. rice | REF | Diff. REF-FQS | Olive oil | REF | Diff. REF-FQS | Buon Ma Tout | REF | Diff. REF-FQS | |
| WF green | 0.48 | 0.39 | −0.09 | 8.92 | 19.64 | 10.72 | 3.40 | 3.38 | −0.02 |
| WF blue | 2.50 | 2.12 | −0.38 | 0.43 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 0.96 | 1.10 | 0.14 |
| WF grey | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 2.14 | 5.72 | 3.58 | 1.21 | 1.33 | 0.12 |
| Org. pasta | REF | Kalocsai | REF | Doi Chaang | REF | ||||
| WF green | 1.58 | 0.76 | −0.82 | 0.93 | 1.51 | 0.58 | 18.04 | 13.80 | −4.24 |
| WF blue | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.40 | −0.10 | 2.32 | 1.35 | −0.96 |
| WF grey | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.94 | 0.51 | 9.45 | 5.84 | −3.60 |
| Org. pork | REF | Parmigiano | REF | Horn Mali | REF | ||||
| WF green | 19.56 | 11.25 | −8.31 | 4.33 | 2.98 | −1.35 | 4.26 | 5.56 | 1.30 |
| WF blue | 0.07 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 7.34 | 5.84 | −1.50 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| WF grey | 6.22 | 2.86 | −3.36 | 0.51 | 0.77 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.26 |
| Org. yoghurt | REF | Comté cheese | REF | Kastoria | REF | ||||
| WF green | 1.00 | 0.62 | −0.38 | 6.97 | 7.23 | 0.26 | 1.19 | 0.97 | −0.22 |
| WF blue | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| WF grey | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 1.32 | 1.29 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
| Org. tomato | REF | Opperdoezer | REF | Dalmatian | REF | ||||
| WF green | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 74.23 | 68.57 | −5.67 |
| WF blue | 2.57 | 6.72 | 4.15 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 2.89 | 2.74 | −0.16 |
| WF grey | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 14.43 | 12.97 | −1.46 |
| Org. flour | REF | Zagora | REF | Gyulai | REF | ||||
| WF green | 0.63 | 0.34 | −0.30 | 4.57 | 1.76 | −2.81 | 55.21 | 48.75 | −6.47 |
| WF blue | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 1.48 | 1.31 | −0.17 |
| WF grey | 0.23 | 0.20 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 7.35 | 6.49 | −0.86 |
| Org. raspberries | REF | Proc Negre | REF | ||||||
| WF green | 1.60 | 0.76 | −0.84 | 4.17 | 5.43 | 1.26 | |||
| WF blue | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 1.61 | 2.65 | 1.04 | |||
| WF grey | 0.36 | 0.17 | −0.19 | 1.78 | 2.82 | 1.04 | |||
| Ternasco | |||||||||
| WF green | 47.51 | 41.57 | −5.94 | ||||||
| WF blue | 32.04 | 28.04 | −4.00 | ||||||
| WF grey | 11.75 | 10.28 | −1.47 | ||||||
| Sjenica | REF | ||||||||
| WF green | 2.01 | 4.25 | 2.24 | ||||||
| WF blue | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.18 | ||||||
| WF grey | 0.12 | 0.55 | 0.43 | ||||||
| Kaszubska | |||||||||
| WF green | 0.43 | 0.35 | −0.08 | ||||||
| WF blue | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | ||||||
| WF grey | 0.07 | 0.06 | −0.01 | ||||||
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© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Introduction and Overview of the Special Issue: Challenges to Assessing the Sustainability Performance of Food Quality Schemes
- Do Food Quality Schemes and Net Price Premiums Go Together?
- Economic Spill-Over of Food Quality Schemes on Their Territory
- The Carbon and Land Footprint of Certified Food Products
- Foodmiles: The Logistics of Food Chains Applied to Food Quality Schemes
- Water Footprint of Food Quality Schemes
- Organic and Geographical Indication Certifications’ Contributions to Employment and Education
- Are Certified Supply Chains More Socially Sustainable? A Bargaining Power Analysis
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Introduction and Overview of the Special Issue: Challenges to Assessing the Sustainability Performance of Food Quality Schemes
- Do Food Quality Schemes and Net Price Premiums Go Together?
- Economic Spill-Over of Food Quality Schemes on Their Territory
- The Carbon and Land Footprint of Certified Food Products
- Foodmiles: The Logistics of Food Chains Applied to Food Quality Schemes
- Water Footprint of Food Quality Schemes
- Organic and Geographical Indication Certifications’ Contributions to Employment and Education
- Are Certified Supply Chains More Socially Sustainable? A Bargaining Power Analysis