Pore evolution and mechanical properties of carbon fiber laminates subjected to low-velocity impacts
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Zulu Tang
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Jialiang Chen
Abstract
In order to study the effect of impact loading on the porosity within carbon fiber laminates and the effect of porosity on performance under external loading, six different energy gradients (0 J, 6 J, 10 J, 15 J, 20 J, 25 J) were applied to impact the carbon fiber laminates, followed by tensile and compression experiments on the impacted laminates. Various characterization methods, including industrial CT, ultrasonic C-scan, metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mercury intrusion porosimetry, were used to investigate the changes in porosity and their effects on mechanical properties. The study found that impact loading leads to the formation of new porosity between layers, and these pores connect through cracks and coalesce to form larger pores, ultimately resulting in delamination. Under tensile loading, cracks form near the interlaminar and intralaminar porosity, and propagate along the thickness direction and interlaminar direction, respectively, leading to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the laminate. Using ultrasonic A-scan technology, sound attenuation and sound impedance data for the impacted regions of the laminates were obtained, and mathematical models for sound attenuation, sound impedance, and porosity were established. The average errors of the models were 6.6 % and 5.5 %, respectively. Additionally, finite element simulations of the laminate’s impact and tensile experiments were conducted, and tensile strength values for the 0 J, 10 J, and 20 J samples were output. The simulation results showed an accuracy rate of 95.4 %, 97.2 %, and 95.2 %, respectively.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study, or their legal guardians or wards.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. Zulu Tang, Jialiang Chen and Yixing Luo designed the experiment and carried it. Hua Xue, Chenglong Lu and Chengxiong Yi probided the experiment instruments and directed the experiment. Jun Ding, Zhenglong Liu, Chao Yu and Chengji Deng directed the writing and revision of this manuscript.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: This work was supported by the Open Fund for The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy (G202407), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2023BAB106); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52402034); the Science and Technology Innovation Team Foundation of Hubei Province (T2023001) and the Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan (2024040701010051).
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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