An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry approach for the identification of geographical origin of wheat flour
-
Tong Chen
,
Xingpu Qi
and
Hui Chen
Abstract
In this work, a method was established for discriminating geographical origins of wheat flour based on energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) and chemometrics. 68 wheat flour samples from three different origins were collected and analyzed using ED-XRF technology. Firstly, the principal component analysis method was applied to analyze the feasibility of discrimination and reduce data dimensionality. Then, Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) was used to further extract feature variables, and 12 energy variables (corresponding to mineral elements) were identified and selected to characterize the geographical attributes of wheat flour samples. Finally, a non-linear model was constructed using principal component analysis and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). The CARS-PCA-QDA model showed that the accuracy of five-fold cross-validation was 84.25%. The results showed that the established method was able to select important energy channel variables effectively and wheat flour could be classified based on geographical origins with chemometrics, which could provide a theoretical basis for unveiling the relationship between mineral element composition and wheat origin.
Funding source: Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2021GXNSFBA075019
Funding source: Project of Improving the Basic Scientific Research Ability of Young and Middle-Aged College Teachers in Guangxi
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2021KY0352
Funding source: Taizhou 311 Project
Funding source: Doctoral Fund Project of Guangxi University of Science and Technology
Award Identifier / Grant number: 20Z34
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: This study was funded by the Doctoral Fund Project of Guangxi University of Science and Technology (20Z34), Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Project (2021GXNSFBA075019), the Project of Improving the Basic Scientific Research Ability of Young and Middle-aged College Teachers in Guangxi (2021KY0352) and the Taizhou 311 Project.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors all have declared no conflict of interest.
References
1. Bird, AR, Regina, A. High amylose wheat: a platform for delivering human health benefits. J Cereal Sci 2018;82:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.05.011.Search in Google Scholar
2. Pauly, A, Pareyt, B, Fierens, E, Delcour, JA. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum) kernel hardness: II. Implications for end‐product quality and role of puroindolines therein. Compr Rev Food Sci F 2013;12:427–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Birsin, MA, Adak, MS, Inal, A, Aksu, A, Gunes, A. Mineral element distribution and accumulation patterns within two barley cultivars. J Plant Nutr 2010;33:267–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160903435391.Search in Google Scholar
4. Chen, H, Deng, A, Zhang, W, Li, W, Qiao, Y, Yang, T, et al.. Long-term inorganic plus organic fertilization increases yield and yield stability of winter wheat. Crop J 2018;6:589–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2018.06.002.Search in Google Scholar
5. Zhao, H, Guo, B, Wei, Y, Zhang, B. Multi-element composition of wheat grain and provenance soil and their potentialities as fingerprints of geographical origin. J Cereal Sci 2013a;57:391–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2013.01.008.Search in Google Scholar
6. Zhao, H, Guo, B, Wei, Y, Zhang, B, Sun, S, Zhang, L, et al.. Determining the geographic origin of wheat using multielement analysis and multivariate statistics. J Agric Food Chem 2011;59:4397–402. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf200108d.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Feng, X, Zhang, H, Yu, P. X-ray fluorescence application in food, feed, and agricultural science: a critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020;6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1776677.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Rashmi, D, Shree, P, Singh, DK. Stable isotope ratio analysis in determining the geographical traceability of Indian wheat. Food Control 2017;79:169–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.025.Search in Google Scholar
9. Wadood, SA, Boli, G, Yimin, W. Geographical traceability of wheat and its products using multielement light stable isotopes coupled with chemometrics. J Mass Spectrom 2019;54:178–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.4312.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Liu, H, Wei, Y, Lu, H, Wei, S, Jiang, T, Zhang, Y, et al.. The determination and application of 87Sr/86Sr ratio in verifying geographical origin of wheat. J Mass Spectrom 2017;52:248–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.3930.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Liu, H, Wei, Y, Lu, H, Wei, S, Jiang, T, Zhang, Y, et al.. Combination of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio and light stable isotopic values (δ13C, δ15N and δD) for identifying the geographical origin of winter wheat in China. Food Chem 2016;212:367–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Jaillais, B, Bertrand, D, Abecassis, J. Identification of the histological origin of durum wheat milling products by multispectral imaging and chemometrics. J Cereal Sci 2012;55:210–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.11.011.Search in Google Scholar
13. De Flaviis, R, Sacchetti, G, Mastrocola, D. Wheat classification according to its origin by an implemented volatile organic compounds analysis. Food Chem 2021;341:128–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128217.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Lamanna, R, Cattivelli, L, Miglietta, ML, Troccoli, A. Geographical origin of durum wheat studied by 1H‐NMR profiling. Magn Reson Chem 2011;49:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.2695.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Zhao, H, Guo, B, Wei, Y, Zhang, B. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for determination of the geographical origin of wheat. Food Chem 2013b;138:1902–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.037.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Choi, YH, Hong, CK, Park, GY, Kim, CK, Kim, JH, Jung, K, et al.. A nondestructive approach for discrimination of the origin of sesame seeds using ED-XRF and NIR spectrometry with chemometrics. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016;25:433–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0059-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
17. Lee, J-H, Kang, D-J, Jang, E-H, Hur, S-H, Shin, B-K, Han, G-T, et al.. Discrimination of geographical origin for soybeans using ED-XRF. Kor J Food Sci Technol 2020;52:125–9.Search in Google Scholar
18. Lia, F, Mangion, MZ, Farrugia, C. Application of elemental analysis via energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) for the authentication of Maltese extra virgin olive oil. Agriculture 2020;10:71–80. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030071.Search in Google Scholar
19. Navas, MJ, Asuero, AG, Jiménez, AM. A review of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) as an analytical tool in numismatic studies. Appl Spectrosc 2016;70:207–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702815616594.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Perring, L, Andrey, D. Multi-elemental ED-XRF determination in dehydrated bouillon and sauce base products. Food Anal Methods 2018;11:148–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0985-0.Search in Google Scholar
21. Perring, LC, Nicolas, M, Andrey, D, Fragnière Rime, C, Richoz-Payot, J, Dubascoux, S, et al.. Development and validation of an ED-XRF method for the fast quantification of mineral elements in dry pet food samples. Food Anal Methods 2017;10:1469–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0695-z.Search in Google Scholar
22. Lim, RS, Suhalim, JL, Miyazaki-Anzai, S, Miyazaki, M, Levi, M, Potma, EO, et al.. Identification of cholesterol crystals in plaques of atherosclerotic mice using hyperspectral CARS imaging. JLR (J Lipid Res) 2011;52:2177–86. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m018077.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Michele, G, Papoci, S, Dumitrascu, C, Zdiniakova, T, Fiamegos, Y, Gutiñas, MBC. XRF as screening tool to help customs laboratories in their fight against fraud. State-of-the-art. Talanta Open2021;3:100040.10.1016/j.talo.2021.100040Search in Google Scholar
24. Paltridge, NG, Milham, PJ, Ortiz-Monasterio, JI, Velu, G, Yasmin, Z, Palmer, LJ, et al.. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as a tool for zinc, iron and selenium analysis in whole grain wheat. Plant Soil 2012;361:261–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1423-0.Search in Google Scholar
25. Erice, G, Sanz-Sáez, Á, González-Torralba, J, Méndez-Espinoza, AM, Urretavizcaya, I, Nieto, MT, et al.. Impact of elevated CO2 and drought on yield and quality traits of a historical (Blanqueta) and a modern (Sula) durum wheat. J Cereal Sci 2019;87:194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.03.012.Search in Google Scholar
26. Qian, L, Zhang, C, Zuo, F, Zheng, L, Li, D, Zhang, A, et al.. Effects of fertilizers and pesticides on the mineral elements used for the geographical origin traceability of rice. J Food Compos Anal 2019;83:103276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103276.Search in Google Scholar
27. Suarez-Tapia, A, Kucheryavskiy, SV, Christensen, BT, Thomsen, IK, Rasmussen, J. Limitation of multi-elemental fingerprinting of wheat grains: effect of cultivar, sowing date, and nutrient management. J Cereal Sci 2017;76:76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2017.05.015.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Orange juice ultrafiltration: characterisation of deposit layers and membrane surfaces after fouling and cleaning
- Changes in volatile organic compounds and lipid oxidation in traditional Chinese bacon during cold smoking
- Drying of pineapple slices using combined low-pressure superheated steam and vacuum drying
- An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry approach for the identification of geographical origin of wheat flour
- Study on quality change mechanism of green turnip slices during low pressure superheated steam drying based on sensitivity analysis method
- Aqueous enzymatic extraction of peanut oil body and protein and evaluation of its physicochemical and functional properties
- Effect of microwave, infrared, and convection hot-air on drying kinetics and quality properties of okra pods
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Orange juice ultrafiltration: characterisation of deposit layers and membrane surfaces after fouling and cleaning
- Changes in volatile organic compounds and lipid oxidation in traditional Chinese bacon during cold smoking
- Drying of pineapple slices using combined low-pressure superheated steam and vacuum drying
- An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry approach for the identification of geographical origin of wheat flour
- Study on quality change mechanism of green turnip slices during low pressure superheated steam drying based on sensitivity analysis method
- Aqueous enzymatic extraction of peanut oil body and protein and evaluation of its physicochemical and functional properties
- Effect of microwave, infrared, and convection hot-air on drying kinetics and quality properties of okra pods
