Abstract
Nano-titanium dioxide and nano-silver combined with polystyrene granules to form a nano-composite film. Migration assess were performed by using food simulants 3% acetic acid (indicative acidic food) and 95% ethanol (indicative fatty food) at 40°C on different times of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. It was found that nanoparticle migration rate in acidic food was higher than fatty food. Diffusion coefficients of nanoparticles into simulants were estimated by inverse simulation of the migration process using finite-element method and experimental data of varied concentration. Simulation revealed an acceptable consistency between experimental data and predicted values. The numerical results indicated that the greatest diffusion coefficient was obtained by nano-titanium (2.8E-10 to 4.1E-9 m2 s−1) in the 3% acetic acid. Results of concentration distribution confirmed a higher release rate and more uniformed distribution of nanoparticles for nano-titanium in the 3% acetic acid. It also found that in the migration process the diffusion coefficient is more important than the amount of nanoparticles concentration.
Nomenclature
- C
Concentration of nanoparticles, µg L−1
- C0
Initial concentration of nano-silver in nano-composite, µg L−1
- D
Diffusion coefficient of nanoparticles, m2 s−1
- L
Thickness of nano-composite, cm
- W
Width, cm
- N
Flow flux, (kg m2 s−1)
- δ
Relative error
Abbreviations
- 3 % AA
3 % acetic acid
- 95 % EOH
95 % ethanol
- Ag
Silver
- Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
GFAAS
- RMSE
Root mean square error
- PS
Polystyrene
- Ti
Titanium
Subscripts
- S
simulant
- Nc
nano-composite
- Ex
experimental
- Sim
simulated
Acknowledgment
The authors expresses her appreciation to polymer faculty of Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz. Especially Prof. F. Abbasi and Dr M.K. Razavi Aghjeh.
References:
[1] Chaudhry Q, Scotter M, Blackburn J, Ross B, Boxall A, Castle L, et al. Applications and implications of nanotechnologies for the food sector. Food Addit Contam. 2008;25(3):241–58.10.1080/02652030701744538Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[2] Panea B, Ripoll G, González J, Fernández-Cuello Á, Albertí P. Effect of nanocomposite packaging containing different proportions of ZnO and Ag on chicken breast meat quality. J Food Eng. 2014;123:104–12.10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.09.029Search in Google Scholar
[3] Huang JY, Chieng Y, Li X, Zhou W. Experimental and mathematical assessment of migration from multilayer food packaging containing a novel clay/polymer nanocomposite. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2015;8(2):382–93.10.1007/s11947-014-1408-5Search in Google Scholar
[4] Lin QB, Li H, Zhong HN, Zhao Q, Xiao DH, Wang ZW. Migration of Ti from nano-TiO2-polyethylene composite packaging into food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2014;31(7):1284–90.10.1080/19440049.2014.907505Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[5] Cui Y, Kundalwal S, Kumar S. Gas barrier performance of graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Carbon. 2016;98:313–33.10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.018Search in Google Scholar
[6] Jeon IY, Baek JB. Nanocomposites derived from polymers and inorganic nanoparticles. Materials. 2010;3(6):3654–74.10.3390/ma3063654Search in Google Scholar
[7] Corcione CE, Frigione M. Characterization of nanocomposites by thermal analysis. Materials. 2012;5(12):2960–80.10.3390/ma5122960Search in Google Scholar
[8] Calò E, Massaro C, Terzi R, Cancellara A, Pesce E, Re M, et al. Rotational molding of polyamide-6 nanocomposites with improved flame retardancy. Int Polymer Process. 2012;27(3):370–77.10.3139/217.2552Search in Google Scholar
[9] Greco A, Maffezzoli A, Calò E, Massaro C, Terzi R. An investigation into sintering of PA6 nanocomposite powders for rotational molding. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;109(3):1493–502.10.1007/s10973-011-1916-8Search in Google Scholar
[10] de Azeredo HM. Antimicrobial nanostructures in food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2013;30(1):56–69.10.1016/j.tifs.2012.11.006Search in Google Scholar
[11] Bumbudsanpharoke N, Ko S. Nano‐food packaging: an overview of market, migration research, and safety regulations. J Food Sci. 2015;80(5):910–923.10.1111/1750-3841.12861Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] Katan LL. Migration from food contact materials. London:Blackie Academic & Professional, 1996.10.1007/978-1-4613-1225-3Search in Google Scholar
[13] Bott J, Störmer A, Franz R. A model study into the migration potential of nanoparticles from plastics nanocomposites for food contact. Food Packag Shelf Life. 2014;2(2):73–80.10.1016/j.fpsl.2014.08.001Search in Google Scholar
[14] Tada-Oikawa S, Ichihara G, Suzuki Y, Izuoka K, Wu W, Yamada Y, et al. Zn (II) released from zinc oxide nano/micro particles suppresses vasculogenesis in human endothelial colony-forming cells. Toxicol Rep. 2015;2:692–701.10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.04.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[15] Emamifar A, Kadivar M, Shahedi M, Soleimanian-Zad S. Evaluation of nanocomposite packaging containing Ag and ZnO on shelf life of fresh orange juice. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2010;11(4):742–48.10.1016/j.ifset.2010.06.003Search in Google Scholar
[16] Cushen M, Kerry J, Morris M, Cruz-Romero M, Cummins E. Evaluation and simulation of silver and copper nanoparticle migration from polyethylene nanocomposites to food and an associated exposure assessment. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(6):1403–11.10.1021/jf404038ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[17] Lian Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Nano-TiO2 particles and high hydrostatic pressure treatment for improving functionality of polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan composite films and nano-TiO2 migration from film matrix in food simulants. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2016;33:145–53.10.1016/j.ifset.2015.10.008Search in Google Scholar
[18] Echegoyen Y, Rodríguez S, Nerín C. Nanoclay migration from food packaging materials. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2016;33(3):530–39.10.1080/19440049.2015.1136844Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[19] Liu F, Hu CY, Zhao Q, Shi YJ, Zhong HN. Migration of copper from nanocopper/LDPE composite films. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2016;33(11):1741–49.10.1080/19440049.2016.1237779Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[20] Bott J, Störmer A, Franz R. Migration of nanoparticles from plastic packaging materials containing carbon black into foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2014;31(10):1769–82.10.1080/19440049.2014.952786Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[21] Huang Y, Chen S, Bing X, Gao C, Wang T, Yuan B. Nanosilver migrated into food‐simulating solutions from commercially available food fresh containers. Packaging Technol Sci. 2011;24(5):291–97.10.1002/pts.938Search in Google Scholar
[22] Cushen M, Kerry J, Morris M, Cruz-Romero M, Cummins E. Migration and exposure assessment of silver from a PVC nanocomposite. Food Chem. 2013;139(1):389–97.10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.045Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[23] Echegoyen Y, Nerín C. Nanoparticle release from nano-silver antimicrobial food containers. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;62:16–22.10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[24] Song H, Li B, Lin QB, Wu HJ, Chen Y. Migration of silver from nanosilver–polyethylene composite packaging into food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2011;28(12):1758–62.10.1080/19440049.2011.603705Search in Google Scholar
[25] von Goetz N, Fabricius L, Glaus R, Weitbrecht V, Günther D, Hungerbühler K. Migration of silver from commercial plastic food containers and implications for consumer exposure assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2013;30(3):612–20.10.1080/19440049.2012.762693Search in Google Scholar
[26] Azlin-Hasim S, Cruz-Romero MC, Morris MA, Cummins E, Kerry JP. Effects of a combination of antimicrobial silver low density polyethylene nanocomposite films and modified atmosphere packaging on the shelf life of chicken breast fillets. Food Packag Shelf Life. 2015;4:26–35.10.1016/j.fpsl.2015.03.003Search in Google Scholar
[27] Artiaga G, Ramos K, Ramos L, Cámara C, Gómez-Gómez M. Migration and characterisation of nanosilver from food containers by AF 4-ICP-MS. Food Chem. 2015;166:76–85.10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.139Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[28] Hannon JC, Kerry JP, Cruz-Romero M, Azlin-Hasim S, Morris M, Cummins E. Assessment of the migration potential of nanosilver from nanoparticle-coated low-density polyethylene food packaging into food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2016;33(1):167–78.10.1080/19440049.2015.1114184Search in Google Scholar
[29] Franz R. Migration modelling from food-contact plastics into foodstuffs as a new tool for consumer exposure estimation. Food Addit Contam. 2005;22(10):920–37.10.1080/02652030500157700Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[30] Crank J. The mathematics of diffusion. London:Clarendon Press. OXFORD, 1979.Search in Google Scholar
[31] Li B, Wang X, Yan M, Li L. Preparation and characterization of nano-TiO2 powder. Mater Chem Phys. 2003;78(1):184–88.10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00226-2Search in Google Scholar
[32] Beltrami D, Calestani D, Maffini M, Suman M, Melegari B, Zappettini A, et al. Development of a combined SEM and ICP-MS approach for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of metal microparticles and sub-microparticles in food products. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401(4):1401–09.10.1007/s00216-011-5149-2Search in Google Scholar
[33] Xing Y, Li X, Zhang L, Xu Q, Che Z, Li W, et al. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the antibacterial and physical properties of polyethylene-based film. Prog Org Coatings. 2012;73(2):219–24.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.11.005Search in Google Scholar
[34] Solomon DH, Hawthorne DG. Chemistry of pigments and fillers. New York: Wiley, 1983.Search in Google Scholar
[35] Fujishima A, Hashimoto K, Watanabe T. TiO2 photocatalysis: fundamentals and applications. Tokyo:BKC Incorporated, 1999.Search in Google Scholar
[36] Venkatachalam N, Palanichamy M, Murugesan V. Sol–gel preparation and characterization of nanosize TiO2: its photocatalytic performance. Mater Chem Phys. 2007;104(2):454–59.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.04.003Search in Google Scholar
[37] Zhang Q, Peng H, Zhang Z. Antibacteria and detoxification function of polystyrene/TiO2 nanocomposites. J Dispers Sci Technol. 2007;28(6):937–41.10.1080/01932690701463050Search in Google Scholar
[38] Sikong L, Kooptarnond K, Niyomwas S, Damchan J. Photoactivity and hydrophilic property of SiO2 and SnO2 co-doped TiO2 nano-composite thin films. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2010;32(4):413–418.Search in Google Scholar
[39] Luoma SN Silver nanotechnologies and the environment. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies Report. 2008:15.Search in Google Scholar
[40] An J, Zhang M, Wang S, Tang J. Physical, chemical and microbiological changes in stored green asparagus spears as affected by coating of silver nanoparticles-PVP. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2008;41(6):1100–07.10.1016/j.lwt.2007.06.019Search in Google Scholar
[41] Marambio-Jones C, Hoek EM. A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment. J Nanoparticle Res. 2010;12(5):1531–51.10.1007/s11051-010-9900-ySearch in Google Scholar
[42] Petersen JH, Trier XT, Fabech B. Mathematical modelling of migration: a suitable tool for the enforcement authorities? Food Addit Contam. 2005;22(10):938–44.10.1080/02652030500183458Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[43] Hamdani M, Feigenbaum A, Vergnaud J. Prediction of worst case migration from packaging to food using mathematical models. Food Addit Contam. 1997;14(5):499–506.10.1080/02652039709374557Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[44] Bichara A, Fugit JL, Taverdet JL. Modeling of mass transfers between food simulants and treated plasticized PVC. J Appl Polym Sci. 1999;72(1):49–58.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990404)72:1<49::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-TSearch in Google Scholar
[45] Djilani SE, Bouchami T, Krid F, Boudiaf N, Messadi D. Comparaison des simulations chimique et mathématique de la migration du DOP à partir de disques de PVC plastifié plongés dans des huiles comestibles. Eur Polym J. 2000;36(9):1981–87.10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00263-3Search in Google Scholar
[46] Brandsch J, Mercea P, Rüter M, Tosa V, Piringer O. Migration modelling as a tool for quality assurance of food packaging. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19(S1):29–41.10.1080/02652030110058197Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[47] Stoffers N, Brandsch R, Bradley E, Cooper I, Dekker M, Störmer A, et al. Feasibility study for the development of certified reference materials for specific migration testing. Part 2: estimation of diffusion parameters and comparison of experimental and predicted data. Food Addit Contam. 2005;22(2):173–84.10.1080/02652030400028076Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[48] Silva AS, Cruz J, Garcı RS, Franz R, Losada PP. Kinetic migration studies from packaging films into meat products. Meat Sci. 2007;77(2):238–45.10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.03.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[49] Franz R, Welle F. Migration measurement and modelling from poly (ethylene terephthalate)(PET) into soft drinks and fruit juices in comparison with food simulants. Food Addit Contam. 2008;25(8):1033–46.10.1080/02652030701837381Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[50] Torres A, Guarda A, Moraga N, Romero J, Galotto M. Experimental and theoretical study of thermodynamics and transport properties of multilayer polymeric food packaging. Eur Food Res Technol. 2012;234(4):713–22.10.1007/s00217-012-1683-1Search in Google Scholar
[51] Piringer OG, Baner AL. Plastic packaging: interactions with food and pharmaceuticals: John Wiley & Sons; 2008. nanocomposites. J Dispers Sci Technol. 2007;28(6):937–41.10.1002/9783527621422Search in Google Scholar
[52] European Commission. 2011. Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Eur Commun. 1–15.Search in Google Scholar
[53] Reynier A, Dole P, Feigenbaum A. Integrated approach of migration prediction using numerical modelling associated to experimental determination of key parameters. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19(S1):42–55.10.1080/02652030110071318Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Articles
- Recovery of Phenolic Compounds and Carbohydrates from Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Zizyphus lotus Fruit using Ultrafiltration Process
- Inactivation of Lipoxygenase in Soymilk by Pulsed Light
- Effect of Glycosylation Degree of Quercetin on Its In Vitro Bioaccessibility in Food Grade Organogels
- Effect of Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Edible Coatings on Quality of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) During Drying
- Comparative Numerical Study of Titanium and Silver Nano-particles Migration from Nano-composite of Polystyrene into Simulants on Experimental Data Basis
- Drying Damage on Physiological Properties of Rice Seed Associated with Ultrastructure Changes
- Dielectric Properties of Blackberries as Related to Microwave Drying Control
- Description of Osmotic Dehydration of Melon Cubes using a Three-dimensional Diffusion Model: An Algorithm to Determine the Effective Diffusivity
- Physical and Viscoelastic Properties of Different Moisture Content Highland Barley Kernels
- Comparative Effects of Span 20 and Span 40 on Liposomes Release Properties
Articles in the same Issue
- Articles
- Recovery of Phenolic Compounds and Carbohydrates from Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Zizyphus lotus Fruit using Ultrafiltration Process
- Inactivation of Lipoxygenase in Soymilk by Pulsed Light
- Effect of Glycosylation Degree of Quercetin on Its In Vitro Bioaccessibility in Food Grade Organogels
- Effect of Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Edible Coatings on Quality of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) During Drying
- Comparative Numerical Study of Titanium and Silver Nano-particles Migration from Nano-composite of Polystyrene into Simulants on Experimental Data Basis
- Drying Damage on Physiological Properties of Rice Seed Associated with Ultrastructure Changes
- Dielectric Properties of Blackberries as Related to Microwave Drying Control
- Description of Osmotic Dehydration of Melon Cubes using a Three-dimensional Diffusion Model: An Algorithm to Determine the Effective Diffusivity
- Physical and Viscoelastic Properties of Different Moisture Content Highland Barley Kernels
- Comparative Effects of Span 20 and Span 40 on Liposomes Release Properties