Abstract
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) is a broadly applied nitroaromatic compound with multiple applications, and its simple production has resulted in its extensive utilization in producing explosives, dyes, and rubber. This substance is hazardous and induces genetic mutations in humans, fish, and microorganisms. Thus, this research was done to assess the effectiveness of the three-dimensional electro-Fenton (3D/EF) process employing magnetic activated carbon particle electrodes (GAC/Fe3O4) in eliminating 2,4-dinitrotoluene from water-based solutions. In this experimental investigation, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were created using the chemical co-precipitation technique. The G/β-PbO2 anode was fabricated by electrochemically depositing PbO2 layers on graphite sheets. G/β-PbO2 and stainless steel were utilized as the anode and cathode, respectively. The structure, particle size, and properties of the GAC/Fe3O4 nanocomposite were analyzed using FESEM, XRD, and EDX. The morphology of the G/β-PbO2 electrode was also examined using SEM. The Taguchi experimental design method was employed to identify the optimal conditions. The outcomes demonstrated that higher reaction time and current density, as well as lower pH and pollutant concentration, resulted in improved 3D/EF efficiency. Accordingly, the optimum values of parmeters were identified to be a concentration of 2,4-DNT = 50 mg/L, pH = 3, electrolysis time = 100 min, and current density = 8 mA/cm2. With these parameters, the degradation efficiency of 2,4-DNT through the examined system was 98.42 %, alongside removal efficiencies of 84.69 % for COD and 79.67 % for TOC. Additionally, the results indicated an increase in the average oxidation state (AOS) (from 1.27 to 1.95) and carbon oxidation state (COS) (from 1.27 to 2.75) in the 3D/EF process, along with a decrease in the COD/TOC ratio (from 1.81 to 1.36), indicating the effectiveness of the 3D/EF system in enhancing the biodegradability of 2,4-DNT. Overall, the combined 3D/EF process with a G/β-PbO2 anode has relatively high efficiency in degrading solutions containing DNT and can be considered a viable treatment option for wastewater containing substances such as 2,4-DNT.
Funding source: Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Award Identifier / Grant number: IR.ARUMS.REC.1401.164
Acknowledgments
This study was extracted from the research project with IR.ARUMS.REC.1401.164 at the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. Thus, we acknowledge research and technology deputy of the University for the financial support.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: All authors have an equal share in conducting research and writing the paper.
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Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Research funding: Funding for this study was received from the Ardabil Univer[1]sity of Medical Sciences (IR.ARUMS.REC.1401.164).
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Data availability: The dataset analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding authors on realistic demand.
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© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- CLSVOF simulations of H2 bubble rising through liquid metal bath covered with a thick slag layer
- Effect of multi-component gas on removal of trace hydrogen sulfide activity from blast furnace gas using activated carbon adsorbent
- Bioremediation of p-nitrophenol using an indigenous algal strain Tetradesmus sp. NITD18: a sustainable approach
- DEM investigation on flow regime transition of cylindrical particle in a rotating drum
- Impact of carbonization reactor compartment size on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell biochar properties
- Enhancement of hydrogen-rich gas production by acetic acid steam reforming: characterization of Ni–Co modified biochar-based catalysts
- Degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene from aqueous solutions by three-dimensional electro-Fenton with magnetic activated carbon particle electrodes (GAC/Fe3O4)
- Phenolic compounds, chemical oxygen demand and total carbon organic removal from olive mill wastewater by activated persulfate oxidation using full factorial design
- Numerical investigation of corrosive gases absorption process by water injection in hydrogenation reaction effluent system
- Modeling & experimental studies on enhancement of H2S conversion using catalytic membrane reactor for hydrogen production
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- CLSVOF simulations of H2 bubble rising through liquid metal bath covered with a thick slag layer
- Effect of multi-component gas on removal of trace hydrogen sulfide activity from blast furnace gas using activated carbon adsorbent
- Bioremediation of p-nitrophenol using an indigenous algal strain Tetradesmus sp. NITD18: a sustainable approach
- DEM investigation on flow regime transition of cylindrical particle in a rotating drum
- Impact of carbonization reactor compartment size on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell biochar properties
- Enhancement of hydrogen-rich gas production by acetic acid steam reforming: characterization of Ni–Co modified biochar-based catalysts
- Degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene from aqueous solutions by three-dimensional electro-Fenton with magnetic activated carbon particle electrodes (GAC/Fe3O4)
- Phenolic compounds, chemical oxygen demand and total carbon organic removal from olive mill wastewater by activated persulfate oxidation using full factorial design
- Numerical investigation of corrosive gases absorption process by water injection in hydrogenation reaction effluent system
- Modeling & experimental studies on enhancement of H2S conversion using catalytic membrane reactor for hydrogen production