Home Effect of Sr concentration in SrK/CaO oyster shell derived catalysts for biodiesel production
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Effect of Sr concentration in SrK/CaO oyster shell derived catalysts for biodiesel production

  • Emanuel A. Ramírez-Paredes , Jose A. Rodriguez ORCID logo , Gerardo Chavez-Esquivel ORCID logo and Jesús Andrés Tavizón-Pozos ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 24, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering
From the journal International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering Volume 22 Issue 6

Abstract

This study examined the effect of the Sr concentration in SrK/CaO catalysts based on oyster shells for the transesterification of canola oil. The CaO support was obtained by mixing 800 °C calcined oyster shell and limestone. Then, K and Sr were impregnated simultaneously at three different Sr/(Sr + K) molar ratios, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4, and calcined at 800 °C. XRD, SEM, and Hammett indicators were used to characterize the catalysts. The reaction conditions were 60 °C, 1 h, met/oil = 12.5, and a catalyst loading of 7 wt%. The results showed that a Sr/(Sr + K) = 0.3 produces larger K2Sr(CO3)2 crystals that contribute synergistically to the catalytic activity. At Sr/(Sr + K) > 0.3, the K and Sr are segregated, decreasing the alkaline character and activity. Also, the optimization of WCO transesterification conditions was carried out by Box–Behnken response surface design with SrK/CaO-0.3 catalyst. The theoretical optimal conditions were 70 °C, 1.5 h, and a met/oil = 10, which achieved 79 % of biodiesel yield. Nonetheless, the produced WCO biodiesel did not present acceptable quality, and this reactive system increased the lixiviation of the active phases.

Keywords: biodiesel production; oyster shell; Sr; CaO; WCO
Corresponding author: Jesus Andres Tavizón-Pozos, Investigadoras e Investigadores por México del CONAHCYT, Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Colonia Carboneras, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, 42184, México, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

Authors thank CONAHCYT for project 216 of Investigadores por México-CONAHCYT program. Tavizón-Pozos thanks to Laura Aranda for her support and love.

  1. Research ethics: The authors declare that this is an original article.

  2. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. E.A. Ramírez-Paredes: experimental, writing. J.A. Rodriguez: Infraestructure. G. Chavez-Esquivel: experimental, interpretation. J.A. Tavizón-Pozos: experimental, interpretation, writing, conception.

  3. Competing interests: The authors state no competing interests.

  4. Research funding: None declared.

  5. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

[1] A. P. Ingle, A. K. Chandel, R. Philippini, S. E. Martiniano, and S. S. da Silva, “Advances in nanocatalysts mediated biodiesel production: a critical appraisal,” Symmetry, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 256, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020256.Search in Google Scholar

[2] M. C. Rulli, D. Bellomi, A. Cazzoli, G. De Carolis, and P. D’Odorico, “The water-land-food nexus of first-generation biofuels,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, no. 1, 2016, Art. no. 22521. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22521.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] H. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, et al.., “Environmental life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: a systematic review,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 161, 2022, Art. no. 112411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112411.Search in Google Scholar

[4] P. Sheelanere and S. Kulshreshtha, “Sustainable biofuel production: opportunities for rural development,” Int. J. Environ. Resour. Res., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

[5] R. Nayab, et al.., “Sustainable biodiesel production via catalytic and non-catalytic transesterification of feedstock materials – a review,” Fuel, vol. 328, 2022, Art. no. 125254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125254.Search in Google Scholar

[6] H. Yaqoob, et al., “Potential of waste cooking oil biodiesel as renewable fuel in combustion engines: a review,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 9, p. 2565, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092565.Search in Google Scholar

[7] A. A. Babadi, et al.., “Emerging technologies for biodiesel production: processes, challenges, and opportunities,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 163, 2022, Art. no. 106521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106521.Search in Google Scholar

[8] N. Ghosh and G. Halder, “Current progress and perspective of heterogeneous nanocatalytic transesterification towards biodiesel production from edible and inedible feedstock: a review,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 270, 2022, Art. no. 116292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116292.Search in Google Scholar

[9] K. Cholapandian, B. Gurunathan, and N. Rajendran, “Investigation of CaO nanocatalyst synthesized from acalypha indica leaves and its application in biodiesel production using waste cooking oil,” Fuel, vol. 312, 2022, Art. no. 122958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122958.Search in Google Scholar

[10] A. A. El-sherif, et al.., “Power of recycling waste cooking oil into biodiesel via green CaO-based eggshells/Ag heterogeneous nanocatalyst,” Renewable Energy, vol. 202, pp. 1412–1423, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.12.041.Search in Google Scholar

[11] A. A. H. Al-Muhtaseb, et al.., “State-of-the-Art novel catalyst synthesised from waste glassware and eggshells for cleaner fuel production,” Fuel, vol. 330, 2022, Art. no. 125526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125526.Search in Google Scholar

[12] A. H. Abu-Ghazala, H. H. Abdelhady, A. A. Mazhar, and M. S. El-Deab, “Enhanced low-temperature production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: aluminum industrial waste as a precursor of efficient CaO/Al2O3 nano-catalyst,” Fuel, vol. 351, 2023, Art. no. 128897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128897.Search in Google Scholar

[13] J. A. Tavizón-Pozos, I. S. Ibarra, A. Guevara-Lara, and C. A. Galán-Vidal, “Application of design of experiments in biofuel production: a review,” in Design of Experiments for Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Food, and Industrial Applications, IGI Global, 2020, pp. 77–103.10.4018/978-1-7998-1518-1.ch004Search in Google Scholar

[14] A. I. Osman, et al.., “Optimizing biodiesel production from waste with computational chemistry, machine learning and policy insights: a review,” Environ. Chem. Lett., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1005–1071, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01700-y.Search in Google Scholar

[15] A. Schaafsma, I. Pakan, G. J. H. Hofstede, F. A. Muskiet, E. V. D. Veer, and P. J. F. De Vries, “Mineral, amino acid, and hormonal composition of chicken eggshell powder and the evaluation of its use in human nutrition,” Poult. Sci., vol. 79, no. 12, pp. 1833–1838, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.12.1833.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] N. Topić Popović, V. Lorencin, I. Strunjak-Perović, and R. Čož-Rakovac, “Shell waste management and utilization: mitigating organic pollution and enhancing sustainability,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 623, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010623.Search in Google Scholar

[17] H. K. Ooi, et al., “Progress on modified calcium oxide derived waste-shell catalysts for biodiesel production,” Catalysts, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 194, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020194.Search in Google Scholar

[18] R. Rezaei, M. Mohadesi, and G. R. Moradi, “Optimization of biodiesel production using waste mussel shell catalyst,” Fuel, vol. 109, pp. 534–541, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.004.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Y.-C. Lin, K. T. T. Amesho, C.-E. Chen, P.-C. Cheng, and F.-C. Chou, “A cleaner process for green biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil using recycled waste oyster shells as a sustainable base heterogeneous catalyst under the microwave heating system,” Sustainable Chem. Pharm., vol. 17, 2020, Art. no. 100310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100310.Search in Google Scholar

[20] R. Shobana, S. Vijayalakshmi, B. Deepanraj, and J. Ranjitha, “Biodiesel production from Capparis spinosa L seed oil using calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst derived from oyster shell,” Mater. Today: Proc., vol. 80, pp. 3216–3220, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.215.Search in Google Scholar

[21] S. Jairam, P. Kolar, R. Sharma-Shivappa, J. A. Osborne, and J. P. Davis, “KI-impregnated oyster shell as a solid catalyst for soybean oil transesterification,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 104, pp. 329–335, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.039.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] H. Jin, P. Kolar, S. Peretti, J. Osborne, and J. Cheng, “Kinetics and mechanism of NaOH-impregnated calcined oyster shell-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 11, p. 1920, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111920.Search in Google Scholar

[23] P. Mierczynski, et al.., “Biodiesel production on MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO oxides supported on (SrO)(Al2O3) mixed oxide,” Catal. Lett., vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 1196–1205, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-015-1503-x.Search in Google Scholar

[24] H. Jin, P. Kolar, S. Peretti, J. Osborne, and J. J. Cheng, “NaOH-impregnated oyster shell as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil,” Agric. Eng. Int.: CIGR J., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 194–202, 2021.Search in Google Scholar

[25] C. Komintarachat and S. Chuepeng, “Catalytic enhancement of calcium oxide from green mussel shell by potassium chloride impregnation for waste cooking oil-based biodiesel production,” Bioresour. Technol. Rep., vol. 12, 2020, Art. no. 100589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100589.Search in Google Scholar

[26] S. Palitsakun, K. Koonkuer, B. Topool, A. Seubsai, and K. Sudsakorn, “Transesterification of jatropha oil to biodiesel using SrO catalysts modified with CaO from waste eggshell,” Catal. Commun., vol. 149, 2021, Art. no. 106233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106233.Search in Google Scholar

[27] A. Burger and I. Lichtscheidl, “Strontium in the environment: review about reactions of plants towards stable and radioactive strontium isotopes,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 653, pp. 1458–1512, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.312.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] V. K. Yadav, et al., “The processing of calcium rich agricultural and industrial waste for recovery of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide and their application for environmental cleanup: a review,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 9, p. 4212, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094212.Search in Google Scholar

[29] C. Zörb, M. Senbayram, and E. Peiter, “Potassium in agriculture – status and perspectives,” J. Plant Physiol., vol. 171, no. 9, pp. 656–669, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2013.08.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] M. A. Hernández-Martínez, J. A. Rodriguez, G. Chavez-Esquivel, D. Ángeles-Beltrán, and J. A. Tavizón-Pozos, “Canola oil transesterification for biodiesel production using potassium and strontium supported on calcium oxide catalysts synthesized from oyster shell residues,” Next Mater., vol. 1, no. 4, 2023, Art. no. 100033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2023.100033.Search in Google Scholar

[31] S. H. Teo, Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, U. Rashid, and A. Islam, “Hydrothermal effect on synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of calcium methoxide for biodiesel production from crude jatropha curcas,” RSC Adv., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 4266–4276, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA11936C.Search in Google Scholar

[32] S. L. Lee, Y. C. Wong, Y. P. Tan, and S. Y. Yew, “Transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel by using waste obtuse horn shell-derived CaO catalyst,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 93, pp. 282–288, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.12.067.Search in Google Scholar

[33] V. D. Hogan and S. Gordon, “Thermoanalysis of binary systems. Potassium perchlorate-alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 572–578, 1961. https://doi.org/10.1021/je60011a028.Search in Google Scholar

[34] P. Lu, et al.., “One-step preparation of a novel SrCO3/g-C3N4 nano-composite and its application in selective adsorption of crystal violet,” RSC Adv., vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 6315–6325, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA11565B.Search in Google Scholar

[35] L. Chen, et al.., “Synthesis of barium and strontium carbonate crystals with unusual morphologies using an organic additive,” Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, vol. 87, no. 13, pp. 2239–2245, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024413130153.Search in Google Scholar

[36] A. B. Fadhil, E. T. B. Al-Tikrity, and M. K. Ahmed, “Transesterification of non-edible oils over potassium acetate impregnated CaO solid base catalyst,” Fuel, vol. 234, pp. 81–93, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.121.Search in Google Scholar

[37] M. Khatibi, F. Khorasheh, and A. Larimi, “Biodiesel production via transesterification of canola oil in the presence of Na–K doped CaO derived from calcined eggshell,” Renewable Energy, vol. 163, pp. 1626–1636, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.039.Search in Google Scholar

[38] N. Hindryawati, G. P. Maniam, Md. R. Karim, and K. F. Chong, “Transesterification of used cooking oil over alkali metal (Li, Na, K) supported rice husk silica as potential solid base catalyst,” Eng. Sci. Technol. Int J., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 95–103, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2014.04.002.Search in Google Scholar

[39] M. Kouzu and J.-S. Hidaka, “Transesterification of vegetable oil into biodiesel catalyzed by CaO: a review,” Fuel, vol. 93, pp. 1–12, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.09.015.Search in Google Scholar

[40] K. T. T. Amesho, Y.-C. Lin, C.-E. Chen, P.-C. Cheng, and S. Shangdiar, “Kinetics studies of sustainable biodiesel synthesis from jatropha curcas oil by exploiting bio-waste derived CaO-based heterogeneous catalyst via microwave heating system as a green chemistry technique,” Fuel, vol. 323, 2022, Art. no. 123876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123876.Search in Google Scholar

[41] P. A. Ozor, V. S. Aigbodion, and N. I. Sukdeo, “Modified calcium oxide nanoparticles derived from oyster shells for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,” Fuel Commun., vol. 14, 2023, Art. no. 100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2023.100085.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Y. S. Erchamo, T. T. Mamo, G. Adam Workneh, and Y. S. Mekonnen, “Improved biodiesel production from waste cooking oil with mixed methanol–ethanol using enhanced eggshell-derived CaO nano-catalyst,” Sci. Rep., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 6708, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86062-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[43] A. Prokaewa, S. M. Smith, A. Luengnaruemitchai, M. Kandiah, and S. Boonyuen, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a new heterogeneous catalyst SrO doped CaO nanoparticles,” J. Met., Mater. Miner., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 79–85, 2022. https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v32i1.1149.Search in Google Scholar

[44] H. Li, S. Niu, C. Lu, and J. Li, “Calcium oxide functionalized with strontium as heterogeneous transesterification catalyst for biodiesel production,” Fuel, vol. 176, pp. 63–71, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.02.067.Search in Google Scholar

[45] M. Bonnard, B. Boury, and I. Parrot, “Key insights, tools, and future prospects on oyster shell end-of-life: a critical analysis of sustainable solutions,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 26–38, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03736.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[46] M. Lee, W.-S. Tsai, and S.-T. Chen, “Reusing shell waste as a soil conditioner alternative? A comparative study of eggshell and oyster shell using a life cycle assessment approach,” J. Cleaner Prod., vol. 265, 2020, Art. no. 121845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121845.Search in Google Scholar

[47] P. Janulis, “Reduction of energy consumption in biodiesel fuel life cycle,” Renewable Energy, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 861–871, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2003.10.004.Search in Google Scholar

[48] J. L. Holechek, H. M. E. Geli, M. N. Sawalhah, and R. Valdez, “A global assessment: can renewable energy replace fossil fuels by 2050?,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 8, p. 4792, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084792.Search in Google Scholar

[49] J. C. Abanades, et al.., “Emerging CO2 capture systems,” Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 40, pp. 126–166, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.04.018.Search in Google Scholar

[50] M. U. H. Suzihaque, H. Alwi, U. K. Ibrahim, S. Abdullah, and N. Haron, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: a brief review,” Mater. Today: Proc., vol. 63, pp. S490–S495, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.527.Search in Google Scholar

[51] L. Rocha-Meneses, et al.., “Recent advances on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO): a review of reactors, catalysts, and optimization techniques impacting the production,” Fuel, vol. 348, 2023, Art. no. 128514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128514.Search in Google Scholar

[52] T. Németh, Z. Kiss, T. Kismányoky, and É. Lehoczky, “Effect of long‐term fertilization on the strontium content of soil,” Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., vol. 37, nos. 15–20, pp. 2751–2758, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620600831979.Search in Google Scholar

[53] M. Gaonkar and A. P. Chakraborty, “Application of eggshell as fertilizer and calcium supplement tablet,” Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 3520–3525, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

[54] H. N. Ruslan, K. Muthusamy, S. M. S. Mohsin, R. Jose, and R. Omar, “Oyster shell waste as a concrete ingredient: a review,” Mater. Today: Proc., vol. 48, pp. 713–719, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.208.Search in Google Scholar

[55] Y.-Q. Geng, Y.-X. Guo, B. Fan, F.-Q. Cheng, and H.-G. Cheng, “Research progress of calcium-based adsorbents for CO2 capture and anti-sintering modification,” J. Fuel Chem. Technol., vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 998–1013, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(21)60040-3.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-01-26
Accepted: 2024-05-30
Published Online: 2024-06-24

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Professor M. Mozahar Hossain joins IJCRE as co-chief editor
  4. Articles
  5. Segregation and mixing of binary mixtures of spherical particles in a bubbling fluidized bed
  6. Thermodynamic and kinetic study on the catalysis of tributyl aconitate by Amberlyst-15 in a cyclic fixed-bed reactor
  7. Design, characterization and performance evaluation of a laboratory-scale continuous reactor for sono-Fenton treatment of simulated wastewater
  8. Airlift bioreactors for bioremediation of water contaminated with hydrocarbons in agricultural regions
  9. R dot approach for kinetic modelling of WGS over noble metals
  10. Ethyl acetate production by Fischer esterification: use of excess of acetic acid and complete separation sequence
  11. VOCs (toluene) removal from iron ore sintering flue gas via LaBO3 (B = Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co) perovskite catalysts: experiment and mechanism
  12. Effect of Sr concentration in SrK/CaO oyster shell derived catalysts for biodiesel production
  13. CFD-PBM simulation of power law fluid in a bubble column reactor
  14. Retraction
  15. Retraction of: Computational fluid dynamic simulations to improve heat transfer in shell tube heat exchangers
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0021
Keywords for this article
biodiesel production; oyster shell; Sr; CaO; WCO

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Professor M. Mozahar Hossain joins IJCRE as co-chief editor
  4. Articles
  5. Segregation and mixing of binary mixtures of spherical particles in a bubbling fluidized bed
  6. Thermodynamic and kinetic study on the catalysis of tributyl aconitate by Amberlyst-15 in a cyclic fixed-bed reactor
  7. Design, characterization and performance evaluation of a laboratory-scale continuous reactor for sono-Fenton treatment of simulated wastewater
  8. Airlift bioreactors for bioremediation of water contaminated with hydrocarbons in agricultural regions
  9. R dot approach for kinetic modelling of WGS over noble metals
  10. Ethyl acetate production by Fischer esterification: use of excess of acetic acid and complete separation sequence
  11. VOCs (toluene) removal from iron ore sintering flue gas via LaBO3 (B = Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co) perovskite catalysts: experiment and mechanism
  12. Effect of Sr concentration in SrK/CaO oyster shell derived catalysts for biodiesel production
  13. CFD-PBM simulation of power law fluid in a bubble column reactor
  14. Retraction
  15. Retraction of: Computational fluid dynamic simulations to improve heat transfer in shell tube heat exchangers
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 16.11.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0021/html
Scroll to top button