Abstract
In this paper, solar photodegradation of caffeine in aqueous solution was studied, this organic compound is the most consumed stimulant around the world. The degradation experiments were carried outdoors in a solar reactor and Evonik-Degussa P25 TiO2 was used as catalyst. The photochemical and photocatalytic effect were tested in aqueous solutions of caffeine. Experimental results indicate that the organic compound is easily degraded over a very short period of time using 0.5 g L-1 of catalyst. The kinetic analysis indicates that the initial reaction rate of caffeine is described by the LH-HW model. However, the original compound cannot be mineralized very fast, caffeine is converted to other organic compounds with a longer lifetime before the mineralization, converting caffeine CO2 and water.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the photocatalysis laboratory of Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi for the TOC equipment; To the students Ana María García Rodríguez and Sandra Monroy Maldonado for the technical support in the preliminary experiments of photocatalytic degradation.
References
Ahmad, S., S. Siong, and M.N. Mohamad. 2015. “Spectrophotometric Analysis of Caffeine.” International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2015: 1–7. Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Analytical Chemistry Volume 2015, Article ID 170239,7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/170239.10.1155/2015/170239Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Álvarez, P.M., J. Jaramillo, F. López-Piñero, and P.K. Plucinski. 2010. “Preparation and Characterization of Magnetic TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Utilization for the Degradation of Emerging Pollutants in Water.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 100:338–345.10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.08.010Search in Google Scholar
Arfanis, M.K., P. Adamou, N.G. Moustakas, T.M. Triantis, A.G. Kontos, and P. Falaras. 2017. “Photoctalytic Degradation of Salicylic Acid and Caffeine Emerging Contaminants Using Titania Nanotubes.” Chemical Engineering Journal 310:525–536.10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.098Search in Google Scholar
Basha, S., D. Keane, K. Nolan, M. Oelgemöller, J. Lawler, J.M. Tobin, and A. Morrissey. 2015. “UV-induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Aqueous Acetaminophen: The Role of Adsorption and Reaction Kinetics.” Environment Sciences Pollution Researcher 22 (3): 2219–2230.10.1007/s11356-014-3411-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bernabeu, A., R.F. Vercher, L. Santos-Juanes, P.J. Simón, C. Lardín, M.A. Martínez, J.A. Vicente, R. González, C. Llosá, A. Arques, and A.M. Amat. 2011. “Solar Photocatalysis as a Tertiary Treatment to Remove Emerging Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents.” Catalysis Today 161:235–240.10.1016/j.cattod.2010.09.025Search in Google Scholar
Bolong, N., A.F. Ismail, M.R. Salim, and T. Matsuura. 2009. “A Review of the Effects of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater and Options for Their Removal.” Desalination 239:229–246.10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.020Search in Google Scholar
Bruton, T., A. Alboloushi, B. De La Garza, Bi-O. Kim, and R.U. Halden. 2010. “Fate of Caffeine in the Environment and Ecotoxicological Considerations.” In Rolf U. Halden, (Ed.), Contaminants of emerging concern in the environment: Ecological and human health considerations. Vol. 1048, 257–273. Washington, DC.: American Chemical Soiety. DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1048Search in Google Scholar
Buerge, I.J., T. Poiger, M.D. Muller, and H. Buser. 2003. “Caffeine, an Anthropogenic Marker for Wastewater Contamination of Surface Waters.” Evironmental Science & Technology 37:691–700.10.1021/es020125zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Calle, A.S 2011. Determinación Analítica De La Cafeína En Diferentes Productos Comerciales. Vol. III. Barcelona, España: Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya (UPC).Search in Google Scholar
Carotenuto, M., G. Lofrano, A. Siciliano, F. Aliberti, and M. Guida. 2014. “TiO2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine and Ecotoxicological Assessment of Oxidation By-Products.” Global Nest Journal 20: 1–12. DOI: 10.1080/01919512.2015.1016572.Search in Google Scholar
Dalmázio, I., L.S. Santos, R.P. Lopes, M.N. Eberlin, and R. Augusti. 2005. “Advanced Oxidation of Caffeine in Water: On-Line and Real-Time Monitoring by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry.” Environmental Science & Technology 39: 5982–5988.10.1021/es047985vSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Daughton, C.G., and T.A. Ternes. 1999. “Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change?” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (Suppl 6): 907–938. DOI: 10.2307/3434573.Search in Google Scholar
De Lasa, H., B. Serrano, and M. Salaices. 2005. Photocatalytic Reaction Engineering. New York, USA: Springer978-0-387-27591-8. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27591-6Search in Google Scholar
Delgado, S., 2011. Evaluación De Tecnologías Potenciales De Reducción De La Contaminación De Las Aguas De Canarias (Tecnoagua). Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España: Proyecto Universidad de La laguna.Search in Google Scholar
Escobedo, J.F., E.N. Gomes, A.P. Oliveira, and J. Soares. 2009. “Modeling Hourly and Daily Fractions of UV, PAR and NIR to Global Solar Radiation under Various Sky Conditions at Botucatu, Brasil.” Applied Energy 86:299–309.10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.04.013Search in Google Scholar
Félix–Cañedo, T.E., J.C. Durán–Álvarez, and B. Jiménez–Cisneros. 2013. “The Occurrence and Distribution of a Group of Organic Micropollutants in Mexico City’s Water Sources.” Science of the Total Environment 454-455:109–118.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.088Search in Google Scholar
Fernández-Ibáñez, P., J. Blanco, S. Malato, and F.J. De Las Nieves. 2003. “Aplication of Colloidal Stability of TiO2 Particles for Recovery and Reuse in a Solar Photocatalysis.” Water Research 37:3180–2188.10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00157-XSearch in Google Scholar
Fujishima, A., T.N. Rao, and D.A. Tryk. 2000. “Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 1:1–21.10.1016/S1389-5567(00)00002-2Search in Google Scholar
Fujishima, A., X. Zhang, and D.A. Tryk. 2008. “TiO2 Photocatalysis and Related Surface Phenomena.” Surface Science Reports 63:515–582.10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001Search in Google Scholar
Gardinali, P.R., and X. Zhao. 2002. “Trace Determination of Caffeine in Surface Water Samples by Liquid Chromatography–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization–Mass Spectrometry (LC–APCI–MS).” Environment International 28 (6): 521–528.10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00080-6Search in Google Scholar
Gaya, U.I., and A.H. Abdullah. 2008. “Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants over Titanium Dioxide: A Review of Fundamentals, Progress and Problems.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 9:1–12.10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2007.12.003Search in Google Scholar
Gil, M.J., A.M. Soto, J.I. Usma, and O.D. Gutiérrez. 2012. “Emerging Contaminants in Waters: Effects and Possible Treatments.” Producción + Limpia 7:52–73.Search in Google Scholar
Klamerth, N., S. Malato, M. I. Maldonado, A. Agüera, and A. R. Fernández-Alba. 2010a. “Application of Photo-Fenton as a Tertiary Treatment of Emerging Contaminants in Municipal Wastewater.” Environmental Science && Technology 44 (5): 1792–1798. DOI: 10.1021/es903455p.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Klamerth, N., L. Rizzo, S. Malato, Manuel I. Maldonado, A. Agüera, and A.R. Fernández-Alba. 2010b. “Degradation of Fifteen Emerging Contaminants at μgL−1 Initial Concentrations by Mild Solar Photo-Fenton in MWTP Effluents.” Water Research 44 (2): 545–554. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.059.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Klamerth, N., N. Miranda, S. Malato, A. Agüera, A.R. Fernández-Alba, M.I. Maldonado, and J.M. Coronado. 2009. “Degradation of emerging contaminants at low concentrations in MWTPs effluents with mild solar photo-Fenton and TiO2.” Catalysis Today 144 (1-2): 124–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.01.024.Search in Google Scholar
Klavarioti, M., D. Mantzavinos, and D. Kassinos. 2009. “Removal of Residual Pharmaceuticals from Aqueous Systems by Advanced Oxidation Processes.” Environment International 35:402–417.10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lalia, Boor Singh, Corrado Garlisi, Giovanni Palmisano, and Raed Hashaikeh. 2016. “Photocatalytic Activity of an Electrophoretically Deposited Composite Titanium Dioxide Membrane Using Carbon Cloth as a Conducting Substrate.” RSC Advances 6 (69): 64219–64227. DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07390e.10.1039/C6RA07390ESearch in Google Scholar
Lapworth, D.J., N. Baran, N.E. Stuart, and R.S. Ward. 2012. “Emerging Organic Contaminants in Groundwater: A Review of Sources, Fate and Occurrence.” Environmental Pollution 163:287–303.10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.034Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Li Chin, C., C.H. Luo, S.W. Huang, Y.C. Wu, and Y.C. Huang. 2011. “Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism and Kinetics of Caffeine in Aqueous Suspension of Nano-TiO2.” Advanced Materials Research 214: 97–102.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.214.97Search in Google Scholar
Linley, Stuart, YingYing Liu, Carol J. Ptacek, David W. Blowes, and Frank X. Gu. 2014. “Recyclable Graphene Oxide-Supported Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts with Tunable Properties.” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6 (7): 4658–4668.10.1021/am4039272Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Marques, Rita R.N., Maria J. Sampaio, Pedro M. Carrapiço, Cláudia G. Silva, Sergio Morales-Torres, Goran Dražić, Joaquim L. Faria, and Adrián M.T. Silva. 2013. “Photocatalytic degradation of caffeine: Developing solutions for emerging pollutants.” Catalysis Today 209: 108–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.10.008.Search in Google Scholar
Martínez, M.J., M.J. Gómez, S. Herrera, M.D. Hernando, A. Agüera, and A.R. Fernández-Alba. 2012. “Occurrence and Persistence of Organic Emerging Contaminants and Priority Pollutants in Five Sewage Treatment Plants of Spain: Two Years Pilot Survey Monitoring.” Environmental Pollution 164:267–273.10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.038Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Moctezuma, E., E. Leyva, M. López, A. Pinedo, B. Zermeño, and B. Serrano. 2013. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Metoprolol Tartrate.” Topics in Catalysis 56 (18–20):1875–1882.10.1007/s11244-013-0119-xSearch in Google Scholar
Murray, K.E., S.M. Thomas, and A.A. Bodour. 2010. “Prioritizing Research for Trace Pollutants and Emerging Contaminants in the Freshwater Environment.” Environmental Pollution 158:3462–3471.10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.009Search in Google Scholar
Pal, A., K. Yew-Hoong Gin, A. Yu-Chen Lin, and M. Reinhard. 2010. “Impacts of Emerging Organic Contaminants on Freshwater Resources: Review of Recent Occurrences, Sources, Fate and Effects.” Science of the Total Environment 408:6062–6069.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.026Search in Google Scholar
Pardo, R., Y. Alvarez, D. Barr Al Tafalla, and M. Farré. 2007. “Cafeína: Un Nutriente, Un Fármaco, O Una Droga De Abuso.” Adicciones 19:225–238.10.20882/adicciones.303Search in Google Scholar
Phong, D.D., and J. Hur. 2015. “Insight into Photocatalytic Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter in UVA/TiO2 Systems Revealed by Fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC.” Water Research 87: 119–126.10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.019Search in Google Scholar
Pinedo, A., M. López, E. Leyva, B. Zermeño, B. Serrano, and E. Moctezuma. 2016. “Photocatalytic Decomposition of Metoprolol and Its Intermediate Organic Reaction Products: Kinetics and Degradation Pathway.” International Journal Chemical Reactions Engineering 14: 809–820.10.1515/ijcre-2015-0132Search in Google Scholar
Pollack, K., K. Balazs, and O. Ogunseitan. 2009. “Proteomic Assessment of Caffeine Effects on Coral Symbionts.” Environ. Sci. Technol 43:2085–2091.10.1021/es802617fSearch in Google Scholar
Prieto-Rodríguez, L., 2012. “Eliminación de microcontaminantes orgánicos presentes en aguas residuales urbanas mediante combinación de procesos de depuración biológica y oxidación química”. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Almería. España.Search in Google Scholar
Servicio Meteriológico Nacional, accessed June 2017: http://smn.cna.gob.mx/es/informacion-climatologica-ver-estado?estado=verSearch in Google Scholar
Shu, Z., J.R. Bolton, M. Belosevic, and M.G. El Din. 2013. “Photodegradation of Emerging Micropollutants Using the Medium-Pressure UV/H2O2 Advanced Oxidation Process.” Water Research 47:2881–2889.10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.045Search in Google Scholar
Souza, Fernanda Siqueira, and Liliana Amaral Féris. 2015. “Degradation of Caffeine by Advanced Oxidative Processes: O3 and O3/UV.” Ozone: Science & Engineering 37 (4): 379–384. DOI: 10.1080/01919512.2015.1016572.Search in Google Scholar
Tavares, C., and R.S. Kimiko. 2012. “Cafeína Para El Tratamiendo Del Dolor.” Revista Brasileña Anestesiol 63 (3):387–401.10.1016/S0034-7094(12)70139-3Search in Google Scholar
Telo, João P., and Abel J. S. C. Vieira. 1997. “Mechanism of Free Radical Oxidation of Caffeine in Aqueous Solution.” Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 (9): 1755–1758. DOI: 10.1039/a700944e.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, J., L.P. Wang, W. Guo, X.D. Peng, M. Li, and Z.B. Yuan. 2011. “Sensitive Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry of Caffeine in Medicines and Cola Using a Sensor Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Nafion.” International Journal of Electrochemical Science 6:997–1006.Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Preface to the Special Issue Dedicated to the International Energy Conference, IEC 2017: Energy and its Development in the Twenty-First Century: A globalized vision
- Parametric Mathematical Modelling of Cristal Violet Dye Electrochemical Oxidation Using a Flow Electrochemical Reactor with BDD and DSA Anodes in Sulfate Media
- Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine in a Solar Reactor System
- Effect of Biomass Concentration on Oxygen Mass Transfer, Power Consumption, Interfacial Tension and Hydrodynamics in a Multiphase Partitioning Bioreactor
- Modeling and Hydraulic Characterization of a Filter-Press-Type Electrochemical Reactor by Using Residence Time Distribution Analysis and Hydraulic Indices
- Waste-to-energy: Coupling Waste Treatment to Highly Efficient CHP
- The Effect of Sn Content in a Pt/KIT-6 Catalyst Over its Performance in the Dehydrogenation of Propane
- Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene with Highly Stable Catalysts of Pt-Sn Supported Over Mesoporous Silica KIT-6
- Simultaneous Diesel and Oxygen Transfer Rate on the Production of an Oil-degrading Consortium in an Airlift Bioreactor: High-dispersed Phase Concentration
- Green Practices with Renewable Distributed Generation Technology in India
- Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon Pollution in Quintana Roo’s Sinkholes: Biotechnology for Remediation and Social Participation for Prevention
Articles in the same Issue
- Preface to the Special Issue Dedicated to the International Energy Conference, IEC 2017: Energy and its Development in the Twenty-First Century: A globalized vision
- Parametric Mathematical Modelling of Cristal Violet Dye Electrochemical Oxidation Using a Flow Electrochemical Reactor with BDD and DSA Anodes in Sulfate Media
- Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine in a Solar Reactor System
- Effect of Biomass Concentration on Oxygen Mass Transfer, Power Consumption, Interfacial Tension and Hydrodynamics in a Multiphase Partitioning Bioreactor
- Modeling and Hydraulic Characterization of a Filter-Press-Type Electrochemical Reactor by Using Residence Time Distribution Analysis and Hydraulic Indices
- Waste-to-energy: Coupling Waste Treatment to Highly Efficient CHP
- The Effect of Sn Content in a Pt/KIT-6 Catalyst Over its Performance in the Dehydrogenation of Propane
- Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene with Highly Stable Catalysts of Pt-Sn Supported Over Mesoporous Silica KIT-6
- Simultaneous Diesel and Oxygen Transfer Rate on the Production of an Oil-degrading Consortium in an Airlift Bioreactor: High-dispersed Phase Concentration
- Green Practices with Renewable Distributed Generation Technology in India
- Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon Pollution in Quintana Roo’s Sinkholes: Biotechnology for Remediation and Social Participation for Prevention