Parametric Mathematical Modelling of Cristal Violet Dye Electrochemical Oxidation Using a Flow Electrochemical Reactor with BDD and DSA Anodes in Sulfate Media
Abstract
An important issue in electrochemical oxidations of pollutant compounds, like organic dyes, is identifying a suitable correlation between operational conditions and electrochemical process performance. In such sense, this work deals with the parametric modelling of direct electrochemical incineration of crystal violet (CV) dye in a FM01-LC flow electrochemical reactor with a plastic spacer configuration using boron doped diamond (BDD) and dimensionally stable (IrO2 and IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5) anode plates. Mathematical model takes into account the fluid dynamics effects by the use of FM01-LC reactor considering mass transport rate of organic compound (R) from bulk solution to electrode surface, characterized by a dispersion coefficient and Pe number. The effect of strong oxidants produced in the electrode surface can be neglected since the characteristic time constant reaction of pollutants with such oxidants is lower than those describing the diffusion of organic compound to the electrode surface. Model parameters were estimated throughout a fitting method of the experimental data. The model proposed here predicted a 99.7 removal percentage of CV with boron doped diamond and IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 anodes obtained experimentally, meanwhile a 79 % removal with the IrO2 anode was reached at Re = 2204 during an electrolysis time of 7200 s for both cases. In the case of IrO2 anodes, complex interactions between hydroxyl-radical and electrode surface provokes an intermediate kinetic process, with an effectiveness factor of 0.59. When BDD and IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 anodes were used, the removal process mediated by hydroxyl-radicals absorbed in electrode surface was fully limited by mass transport.
References
Allen, T.L. 1951. “The Oxidation of Oxalate Ion by Peroxydisulfate.” Journal of American Chemical Society 73:3589–3593.10.1021/ja01152a012Search in Google Scholar
Bengoa, C., A. Montillet, P. Legentilhomme, and J. Legrand. 2000. “Characterization and Modeling of the Hydrodynamic Behavior in the Filter-Press-Type FM01-LC Electrochemical Cell by Direct Flow Visualization and Residence Time Distribution.” Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research 39:2199–2206.10.1021/ie9907730Search in Google Scholar
Cañizares, P., J. García-Gómez, J. Lobato, and M.A. Rodrigo. 2004. “Modeling of Wastewater Electro-Oxidation Processes Part I. General Description and Application to Inactive Electrodes.” Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research 43:1915–1922.10.1021/ie0341294Search in Google Scholar
Carberry, J. 2001. Chemical and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, 2nd ed. New York (NY): Mc Graw Hill.Search in Google Scholar
Comninellis, C. 1994. “Electrocatalysis in the Electrochemical Conversion/Combustion of Organic Pollutants for Waste Water Treatment.” Electrochimica Acta 39 (11-12):1857–1862.10.1016/0013-4686(94)85175-1Search in Google Scholar
Cruz-Díaz, M., F. Rivera, E. Rivero, and I. González. 2012. “The FM01-LC Reactor Modelling: Using Axial Dispersion Model with a Reaction Term Coupled with a Continuous Stirred Tank.” Electrochimica Acta 63:47–54.10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.038Search in Google Scholar
Cruz-Díaz, M., E. Rivero, F. Almazán-Ruiz, A. Torres-Mendoza, and I. González. 2014. “Design of a New FM01-LC Reactor in Parallel Plate Configuration Using Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation with Residence Time Distribution (RTD).” Chemical Engineering and Processing 85:145–154.10.1016/j.cep.2014.07.010Search in Google Scholar
Danckwerts, P. 1953. “Continuous Flow Systems.” Chemical Engineering Science 2:1–13.10.1016/0009-2509(53)80001-1Search in Google Scholar
Freitas, R., R. Oliveira, M. Santos, L. Bulhões, and E. Pereira. 2006. “Preparation of Pt Thin Film Electrodes Using the Pechini Method.” Material Letters 60:1906–1910.10.1016/j.matlet.2005.12.050Search in Google Scholar
Froment, G., and K. Bischoff. 1990. Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, 2nd ed. New York (NY): Wiley.Search in Google Scholar
Griffiths, M., C. Ponce De León, and F.C. Walsh. 2005. “Mass Transport in the Rectangular Channel of a Filter-Press Electrolyzer (The FM01-LC Reactor).” AIChE Journal 51:682–687.10.1002/aic.10311Search in Google Scholar
Hoogendoorn, C., and J. Lips. 1965. “Axial Mixing of Liquid in Gas-Liquid Flow through Packed Beds.” Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 43 (3):125–131.10.1002/cjce.5450430306Search in Google Scholar
House, D.A. 1962. “Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidations by Peroxydisulfate.” Chemical Reviews 62 (3):185–203.10.1021/cr60217a001Search in Google Scholar
Jaimes, R., J. Vazquez-Arenas, I. González, and M. Galván. 2017. “Theoretical Evidence of the Relationship Established between the HO Radicals and H2O Adsorptions and the Electroactivity of Typical Catalysts Used to Oxidize Organic Compounds.” Electrochimica Acta 229:345–351.10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.120Search in Google Scholar
Kormann, C., D.W. Bahnemann, and M.R. Hoffmann. 1988. “Photocatalytic Production of H2O2 and Organic Peroxides in Aqueous Suspensions of TiO2, ZnO, and Desert Sand.” Environmental Science and Technology 22:798–806.10.1021/es00172a009Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Levenspiel, O. 1999. Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd ed. New York (NY): Jhon Wiley and Sons.Search in Google Scholar
López, O., I. González, and J. Nava. 2008. “Electrochemical Incineration of Indigo Textile Dye in Filter-Press Type FM01-LC Electrochemical Cell Using mesh-DSA Anode.” ECS Transactions 15:395–402.10.1149/1.3046655Search in Google Scholar
Martínez-Huitle, C., and E. Brillas. 2015. “Decontamination of Wastewaters Containing Synthetic Organic Dyes by Electrochemical Methods: An Updated Review.” Applied Catalysis B-Environmental 166-167:603–643.10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.016Search in Google Scholar
Martínez-Huitle, C., and S. Ferro. 2006. “Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Pollutants for the Wastewater Treatment: Direct and Indirect Processes.” Chemical Society Reviews 35:1324–1340.10.1039/B517632HSearch in Google Scholar
Martínez-Huitle, C., M.A. Rodrigo, I. Sires, and O. Scialdone. 2015. “Single and Coupled Electrochemical Processes and Reactors for the Abatement of Organic Water Pollutants: A Critical Review.” Chemical Reviews 115:13362−13407.10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00361Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Mascia, M., A. Vacca, and S. Palmas. 2012. “Fixed Bed Reactors with Three Dimensional Electrodes for Electrochemical Treatment of Waters for Disinfection.” Chemical Engineering Journal 211–212:479–487.10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.091Search in Google Scholar
Mascia, M., A. Vacca, A.M. Polcaro, S. Palmas, J. Rodriguez-Ruiz, and A. Da Pozzo. 2010. “Electrochemical Treatment of Phenolic Waters in Presence of Chloride with Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) Anodes: Experimental Study and Mathematical Model.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 174:314–322.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.053Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nava, J., E. Butrón, and I. González. 2008. “Importance of Hydrodynamic Conditions on the Electrochemical Incineration of Cresols, Indigo Textile and Vinasses Present in Industrial Wastewater Using a Filter-Press Type FM01-LC Reactor with BDD Electrodes.” Sustainable Environmental Research 18:221–230.Search in Google Scholar
Palma-Goyes, R., F. Guzmán-Duque, G. Peñuela, I. González, J. Nava, and R. Torres-Palma. 2010. “Electrochemical Degradation of Crystal Violet with BDD Electrodes: Effect of Electrochemical Parameters and Identification of Organic By-Products.” Chemosphere 81:26–32.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Panizza, M., A. Barbucci, R. Ricotti, and G. Cerisola. 2007. “Electrochemical Degradation of Methylene Blue.” Separation and Purification Technology 54:382–387.10.1016/j.seppur.2006.10.010Search in Google Scholar
Panizza, M., and G. Cerisola. 2005. “Application of Diamond Electrodes to Electrochemical Processes.” Electrochimica Acta 51:191–199.10.1016/j.electacta.2005.04.023Search in Google Scholar
Pechini, M., inventor; Sprague Electric Co., assignee. 1967 “Method of Preparing Lead and Alkaline Earth Titanates and Niobates and Coating Method Using the Same to Form a Capacitor”, United States patent US Patent 3,330,697.Search in Google Scholar
Pérez, T., I. León, and J. Nava. 2013. “Numerical Simulation of Current Distribution along the Boron-Doped Diamond Anode of a Filter-Press-Type FM01-LC Reactor during the Oxidation of Water.” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 707:1–6.10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.08.014Search in Google Scholar
Po, H.N., and T.L. Allen. 1968. “The Oxidation of Oxalate Ion by Peroxodisulfate. IV. The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Uncatalyzed Reaction.” Journal of American Chemical Society 90 (5):1127–1131.10.1021/ja01007a007Search in Google Scholar
Rajkumar, K., and M. Muthukumar. 2012. “Optimization of Electro-Oxidation Process for the Treatment of Reactive Orange 107 Using Response Surface Methodology.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19:148–160.10.1007/s11356-011-0532-2Search in Google Scholar
Rivera, F., M. Cruz-Díaz, E. Rivero, and I. González. 2010. “Analysis and Interpretation of Residence Time Distribution Experimental Curves in FM01LC Reactor Using Axial Dispersion and Plug Dispersion Exchange Models with Closed–Closed Boundary Conditions.” Electrochimica Acta 56:361–371.10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.069Search in Google Scholar
Rivera, F., C. Ponce De León, F.C. Walsh, and J.L. Nava. 2015a. “The Reaction Environment in a Filter-Press Laboratory Reactor: The FM01-LC Flow Cell.” Electrochimica Acta 161:436–452.10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.161Search in Google Scholar
Rivera, F., C. Ponce De León, F.C. Walsh, and J.L. Nava. 2015b. “The Filter-Press FM01-LC Laboratory Flow Reactor and Its Applications.” Electrochimica Acta 163:338–354.10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.179Search in Google Scholar
Robinson, T., G. McMullan, R. Marchant, and P. Nigam. 2001. “Remediation of Dyes in Textile Effluent: A Critical Review on Current Treatment Technologies with A Proposed Alternative.” Bioresource Technology 77:247–255.10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00080-8Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez, F.A., M. Mateo, J. Aceves, E. Rivero, and I. González. 2013. “Electrochemical Oxidation of Bio-Refractory Dye in a Simulated Textile Industry Effluent Using DSA Electrodes in a Filter-Press Type FM01-LC Reactor.” Environmental Technology 34 (5):573–583.10.1080/09593330.2012.706645Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Scialdone, O. 2009. “Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Pollutants in Water at Metal Oxide Electrodes: A Simple Theoretical Model Including Direct and Indirect Oxidation Processes at the Anodic Surface.” Electrochimica Acta 54:6140–6147.10.1016/j.electacta.2009.05.066Search in Google Scholar
Sires, I., E. Brillas, M.A. Oturan, M.A. Rodrigo, and M. Panizza. 2014. “Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes: Today and Tomorrow. A Review.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21:8336–8367.10.1007/s11356-014-2783-1Search in Google Scholar
Trinidad, P., and F.C. Walsh. 1996. “Hydrodynamic Behaviour of the FM01-LC Reactor.” Electrochimica Acta 41:493–502.10.1016/0013-4686(95)00335-5Search in Google Scholar
Van Swaaij, W., J. Charpentier, and J. Villermaux. 1969. “Residence Time Distribution in the Liquid Phase of Trickle Flow in Packed Columns.” Chemical Engineering Science 24:1083–1095.10.1016/0009-2509(69)80080-1Search in Google Scholar
Wendt, H., and G. Kreysa. 1999. Electrochemical Engineering: Science and Technology in Chemical and Other Industries. New York (NY):Springer Science & Business Media.10.1007/978-3-662-03851-2Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Preface to the Special Issue Dedicated to the International Energy Conference, IEC 2017: Energy and its Development in the Twenty-First Century: A globalized vision
- Parametric Mathematical Modelling of Cristal Violet Dye Electrochemical Oxidation Using a Flow Electrochemical Reactor with BDD and DSA Anodes in Sulfate Media
- Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine in a Solar Reactor System
- Effect of Biomass Concentration on Oxygen Mass Transfer, Power Consumption, Interfacial Tension and Hydrodynamics in a Multiphase Partitioning Bioreactor
- Modeling and Hydraulic Characterization of a Filter-Press-Type Electrochemical Reactor by Using Residence Time Distribution Analysis and Hydraulic Indices
- Waste-to-energy: Coupling Waste Treatment to Highly Efficient CHP
- The Effect of Sn Content in a Pt/KIT-6 Catalyst Over its Performance in the Dehydrogenation of Propane
- Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene with Highly Stable Catalysts of Pt-Sn Supported Over Mesoporous Silica KIT-6
- Simultaneous Diesel and Oxygen Transfer Rate on the Production of an Oil-degrading Consortium in an Airlift Bioreactor: High-dispersed Phase Concentration
- Green Practices with Renewable Distributed Generation Technology in India
- Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon Pollution in Quintana Roo’s Sinkholes: Biotechnology for Remediation and Social Participation for Prevention
Articles in the same Issue
- Preface to the Special Issue Dedicated to the International Energy Conference, IEC 2017: Energy and its Development in the Twenty-First Century: A globalized vision
- Parametric Mathematical Modelling of Cristal Violet Dye Electrochemical Oxidation Using a Flow Electrochemical Reactor with BDD and DSA Anodes in Sulfate Media
- Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine in a Solar Reactor System
- Effect of Biomass Concentration on Oxygen Mass Transfer, Power Consumption, Interfacial Tension and Hydrodynamics in a Multiphase Partitioning Bioreactor
- Modeling and Hydraulic Characterization of a Filter-Press-Type Electrochemical Reactor by Using Residence Time Distribution Analysis and Hydraulic Indices
- Waste-to-energy: Coupling Waste Treatment to Highly Efficient CHP
- The Effect of Sn Content in a Pt/KIT-6 Catalyst Over its Performance in the Dehydrogenation of Propane
- Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene with Highly Stable Catalysts of Pt-Sn Supported Over Mesoporous Silica KIT-6
- Simultaneous Diesel and Oxygen Transfer Rate on the Production of an Oil-degrading Consortium in an Airlift Bioreactor: High-dispersed Phase Concentration
- Green Practices with Renewable Distributed Generation Technology in India
- Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon Pollution in Quintana Roo’s Sinkholes: Biotechnology for Remediation and Social Participation for Prevention