Biological activities of African medicinal plants in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a mechanistic perspective

References

1. McVary, KT. Erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2472–81. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp067261.Search in Google Scholar

2. Shamloul, R, Ghanem, H. Erectile dysfunction. Lancet 2013;381:153–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60520-0.Search in Google Scholar

3. Virag, R, Zwang, G, Dermange, H, Legman, M. Vasculogenic impotence: a review of 92 cases with 54 surgical operations. Vasc Surg 1981;15:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/153857448101500102.Search in Google Scholar

4. Sooriyamoorthy, T, Leslie, SW. Erectile dysfunction. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021.Search in Google Scholar

5. Beressa, BT, Clement, OA, Emanuel, LP, Hedmon, O, Patrick, E, O, et al.. Pharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicity profiles of Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér: a scoping review. Infect Dis Res Treat 2020;13:1–7.10.1177/1178633720943509Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

6. Maud, K-M, Hannington, O-O. Traditional herbal remedies used in the management of sexual impotence and erectile dysfunction in western Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2005;5:40–9.Search in Google Scholar

7. Bryant, AT. Zulu medicine and medicine-men. Cape Town: Centaur Struik; 1966.Search in Google Scholar

8. Hutchings, A, Scott, AH, Lewis, G, Cunningham, A. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press; 1996:145–6 pp.Search in Google Scholar

9. Kamwendo, WY, Chiotha, SS, Msonthi, JD. Screening of plants used traditionally to control shistosomiasis in Malawi. Fitoterapia 1985;56:229–32.Search in Google Scholar

10. Costa, C, Bertazzo, A, Curcuruto, O, Traloli, P, Traldi, P. Indole alkaloids from the roots of an African plant, Securidaca longependunculata. Isolation by column chromatography and preliminary structural characterization bymass spectrometry. J Heterocycl Chem 1992;29:1641–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570290647.Search in Google Scholar

11. Oketch-Rabah, HA. Mondia whitei, a medicinal plant from Africa with aphrodisiac and antidepressant properties. A Review. J Diet Suppl 2012;9:272–84. https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2012.726704.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Quasie, O, Martey, ON, Nyarko, AK, Gbewonyo, WS, Okine, LK. Modulation of penile erection in rabbits by Mondia whitei: possible mechanism of action. Afr J Tradit, Complementary Altern Med 2010;7:241–52. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v7i3.54783.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Yakubu, MT, Afolayan, AJ. Effect of aqueous extract of Bulbine natalensis Baker stem on the sexual behaviour of male rats. Int J Androl 2009;32:629–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00910.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Nwafor, PA, Oniyide, VK. Aphrodisiac effects of methanol extract of Smilax kraussiana root in experimental rats. Afr J Biomed Res 2017;20:65–73.Search in Google Scholar

15. Nwafor, PA, Ngozi, N, Ime, EU, Jackson, SO. Contraceptive and sexual behavioural effects of methanol extract of Smilax kraussiana root in rodents. Afr J Pharmacol Therap 2013;2.Search in Google Scholar

16. Gauthaman, K, Ganesan, AP. The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction—an evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat. Phytomedicine 2008;15:44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Matsui, H, Sopko, NA, Hannan, JL, Bivalacqua, TJ. Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. Curr Drug Targets 2015;16:411–9. https://doi.org/10.2174/138945011605150504114041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Kouidrat, Y, Pizzol, D, Cosco, T, Thompson, T, Carnaghi, M, Bertoldo, A, et al.. High prevalence of erectile dysfunction in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 145 studies. Diabet Med 2017;34:1185–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13403.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Feldman, HA, Goldstein, I, Hatzichristou, DG, Krane, RJ, McKinlay, JB. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 1994;151:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)34871-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Yafi, FA, Jenkins, L, Albersen, M, Corona, G, Isidori, AM, Goldfarb, S, et al.. Erectile dysfunction. Nat Rev Dis Prim 2016;2:16003. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

21. McKinlay, JB. The worldwide prevalence and epidemiology of erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2000;12:S6–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900567.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Ayta, IA, McKinlay, JB, Krane, RJ. The likely worldwide increase in erectile dysfunction between 1995 and 2025 and some possible policy consequences. BJU Int 1999;84;50–6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00142.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Bacon, CG, Mittleman, MA, Kawachi, I, Giovannucci, E, Glasser, DB, Rimm, EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:161–8. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-3-200308050-00005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Ayta, IA, McKinlay, JB, Krane, RJ. The likely worldwide increase in erectile dysfunction between 1995 and 2025 and some possible policy consequences. BJU Int 1999;84:50–6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00142.x.Search in Google Scholar

25. Ciocanel, O, Power, K, Eriksen, A. Interventions to treat erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation: an overview of systematic reviews. Sex Med 2019;7:251–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2019.06.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

26. Ganapathy, AA, Priya, VMH, Kumaran, A. Medicinal plants as a potential source of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;267:113536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113536.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Sin, VJ, Anand, GS, Koh, HL. Botanical medicine and natural products used for erectile dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.10.005 [Online Ahead of Print].Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Chung, E. A review of current and emerging therapeutic options for erectile dysfunction. Med Sci 2019;7:91. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7090091.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

29. Maroyi, A. Traditional use of medicinal plants in south-central Zimbabwe: review and perspectives. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2013;9:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-31.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

30. Iwalewa, EO, McGaw, LJ, Naidoo, Eloff, JN. Inflammation the foundation of diseases and disorders: a review of phytomedicine of South African origin used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions. Afr J Biotechnol 2007;6:2868–85. [Google Scholar]. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2007.000-2457.Search in Google Scholar

31. Street, RA, Stirk, WA, Van Staden, J. South African traditional medicinal plant trade— challenges in regulating quality, safety and efficacy. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;119:705–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.019 [PubMed][Google Scholar].Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M, Oryem-Origa, H. Traditional herbal remedies used in the management of sexual impotence and erectile dysfunction in western Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2005;5:40–9.Search in Google Scholar

33. Abdullahi, AR. Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa. Afr J Tradit Complem Altern Med 2011;8:115–23. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5s.5.Search in Google Scholar

34. Oguntibeju, OO. Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities from selected countries and regions of Africa. J Inflamm Res 2018;11:307–17. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S167789.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

35. Sarkar, S, Zaidi, S, Chaturvedi, AK, Srivastava, R, Dwivedi, PK, Shukla, R. Search for a herbal medicine: anti-asthmatic activity of methanolic extract of Curcuma longa. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2015;3:59–72.Search in Google Scholar

36. NIH Consensus Development Panel On Impotence. NIH consensus conference: impotence. JAMA 1993;270:83–90.10.1001/jama.270.1.83Search in Google Scholar

37. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013. DSM-5.10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Search in Google Scholar

38. ICD10data.com. International classification of diseases, 10th ed., Male erectile dysfunction, unspecified. http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/N00-N99/N40-N53/N52-/N52.9 (accessed Feb 2018).Search in Google Scholar

39. McCabe, MP, Sharlip, ID, Atalla, E, Balon, R, Fisher, AD, Laumann, E, et al.. Definitions of sexual dysfunctions in women and men: a consensus statement from the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015. J Sex Med 2016;13:135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.12.019.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Yafi, FA, Jenkins, L, Albersen, M. Erectile dysfunction. Nat Rev dis Prim 2(1):16003. Eerectile dysfunction supplements. J Sex Med 2016;16:843–52.10.1038/nrdp.2016.3Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

41. Feldman, HA, Goldstein, I, Hatzichristou, DG, Krane, RJ, McKinlay, JB. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 1994;151:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)34871-1 This seminal manuscript defines the prevalence of erectile dysfunction. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].Search in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Corona, G, Lee, DM, Forti, G, O’Connor, DB, Maggi, M, O’Neill, TW, et al.. Age-related changes in general and sexual health in middle-aged and older men: results from the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) J Sex Med. 2010;7:1362–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01601.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Kupelian, V, Link, CL, Rosen, RC, McKinlay, JB. Socioeconomic status, not race/ethnicity, contributes to variation in the prevalence of erectile dysfunction: results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey. J Sex Med 2008;5:1325–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00822.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. de Boer, BJ, Bots, ML, Lycklama a Nijeholt, AA, Moors, JP, Pieters, HM, Verheij, TJ. Erectile dysfunction in primary care: prevalence and patient characteristics. The ENIGMA study. Int J Impot Res 2004;16:358–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901155.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Korneyev, IA, Alexeeva, TA, Al-Shukri, SH, Bernikov, AN, Erkovich, AA, Kamalov, AA, et al.. Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms in Russian Federation men: analysis from a national population-based multicenter study. Int J Impot Res 2016;28:74–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2016.8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Mak, R, De Backer, G, Kornitzer, M, De Meyer, J. Prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction in a population-based study in Belgium. Eur Urol 2002;41:132–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0302-2838(01)00029-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Dunn, KM, Croft, PR, Hackett, GI. Sexual problems: a study of the prevalence and need for health care in the general population. Fam Pract 1998;16:519–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/15.6.519.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Quilter, M, Hodges, L, von Hurst, P, Borman, B, Coad, J. Male sexual function in New Zealand: a population-based cross-sectional survey of the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in men aged 40–70 years. J Sex Med 2017;14:928–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.05.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Chew, KK, Stuckey, B, Bremner, A, Earle, C, Jamrozik, K. Male erectile dysfunction: its prevalence in Western Australia and associated sociodemographic factors. J Sex Med 2008;5:60–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00548.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Zhang, X, Yang, B, Li, N, Li, H. Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in Chinese adult males. J Sex Med 2017;14:1201–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.08.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Mariappan, P, Chong, WL. Prevalence and correlations of lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction and incontinence in men from a multiethnic Asian population: results of a regional population-based survey and comparison with industrialized nations. BJU Int 2006;98:1264–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06525.x.Search in Google Scholar

52. Tan, JK, Hong, CY, Png, DJ, Liew, LC, Wong, ML. Erectile dysfunction in Singapore: prevalence and its associated factors–a population-based study. Singap Med J 2003;44:20–6.Search in Google Scholar

53. Wu, CJ, Hsieh, JT, Lin, JS, Hwang, TIS, Jiann, BP, Huang, ST, et al.. Comparison of prevalence between selfreported erectile dysfunction and erectile dysfunction as defined by fiveitem International Index of Erectile Function in Taiwanese men older than 40 years. J Urol 2007;69:743–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2006.12.019.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Rao, TSS, Darshan, MS, Tandon, A. An epidemiological study of sexual disorders in south Indian rural population. Indian J Psychiatr 2015;57:150–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.158143.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

55. Ng, EM, Cheng, JY. Prevalence and biopsychosocial correlates of erectile dysfunction in Hong Kong: a population-based study. J Urol 2007;70:131–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2007.03.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Oyelade, BO, Jemilohun, AC, Aderibigbe, SA. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction and possible risk factors among men of South-Western Nigeria: a population based study. Pan Afr Med J 2016;24:124. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.24.124.8660.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

57. Pallangyo, P, Nicholaus, P, Kisenge, P, Mayala, H, Swai, N, Janabi, MA. A community-based study on prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction among Kinondoni District residents, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Reprod Health 2016;13:140. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0249-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

58. Rosen, RC, Link, CL, O’Leary, MP, Giuliano, F, Aiyer, LP, Mollon, P. Lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual health: the role of gender, lifestyle and medical comorbidities. BJU Int 2009;103:42–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08370.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Inman, BA, Sauver, JL, Jacobson, DJ, McGree, ME, Nehra, A, Lieber, MM, et al.. A population-based, longitudinal study of erectile dysfunction and future coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:108–13. https://doi.org/10.4065/84.2.108.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Thompson, IM, Tangen, CM, Goodman, PJ, Probstfi eld, JL, Moinpour, CM, Coltman, CA. Erectile dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2005;294:2996–3002. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.23.2996.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Quek, KF, Sallam, AA, Ng, CH, Chua, CB. Prevalence of sexual problems and its association with social, psychological and physical factors among men in a Malaysian population: a cross-sectional study. J Sex Med 2008;5:70–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00423.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Clark, NG, Fox, KM, Grandy, S, for the SHIELD Study Group. Symptoms of diabetes and their association with the risk and presence of diabetes: findings from the Study to Help Improve Early evaluation and management of risk factors Leading to Diabetes (SHIELD). Diabetes Care 2007;30:2868–73. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0816.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

63. Ponholzer, A, Gutjahr, G, Temml, C, Madersbacher, S. Is erectile dysfunction a predictor of cardiovascular events or stroke? A prospective study using a validated questionnaire. Int J Impot Res 2010;22:25–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2009.40.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

64. Chung, SD, Chen, YK, Lin, HC, Lin, HC. Increased risk of stroke among men with erectile dysfunction: a nationwide population-based study. J Sex Med 2011;8:240–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01973.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Dong, JY, Zhang, YH, Qin, LQ. Erectile dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1378–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Cheng, JY, Ng, EM. Body mass index, physical activity and erectile dysfunction: an U-shaped relationship from population-based study. Int J Obes 2007;31:1571–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803639.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

67. Rosen, RC, Wing, R, Schneider, S, Gendrano, N3rd. Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: the role of medical comorbidities and lifestyle factors. Urol Clin 2005;32:403–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2005.08.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

68. Johannes, CB, Araujo, AB, Feldman, HA, Derby, CA, Kleinman, KP, McKinlay, JB. Incidence of erectile dysfunction in men 40 to 69 years old: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Urol 2000;163:460–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67900-1.Search in Google Scholar

69. Araujo, AB, Durante, R, Feldman, HA, Goldstein, I, McKinlay, JB. The relationship between depressive symptoms and male erectile dysfunction: cross-sectional results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Psychosom Med 1998;60:458–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199807000-00011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

70. Aizenberg, D, Zemishlany, Z, Dorfman-Etrog, P, Weizman, A. Sexual dysfunction in male schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:137–41.Search in Google Scholar

71. Traish, AM, Munarriz, R, O’Connell, L, Choi, S, Kim, SW, Kim, NN, et al.. Effects of medical or surgical castration on erectile function in an animal model. J Androl 2003;24:381–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02686.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

72. Corona, G, Rastrelli, G, Monami, M, Guay, A, Buvat, J, Sforza, A, et al.. Hypogonadism as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in men: a meta-analytic study. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;165:687–701. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-11-0447.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Jackson, G. The importance of risk factor reduction in erectile dysfunction. Curr Urol Rep 2007;8:463–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-007-0049-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Virag, R, Bouilly, P, Frydman, D. Is impotence an arterial disorder? A study of arterial risk factors in 440 impotent men. Lancet 1985;1:181–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92023-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

75. Hsieh, J-T, Lue, TF, Muller, SC, Aboseif, SR, Orvis, BR, Tanagho, EA. The influence of blood flow and blood pressure on penile erection. Int J Impot Res 1989;1:35–42.Search in Google Scholar

76. Rajfer, J, Rosciszewski, A, Mehringer, M. Prevalence of corporeal venous leakage in impotent men. J Urol 1988;140:69–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41489-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Juenemann, K-P, Lue, TF, Luo, JA, Benowitz, NL, Abozeid, M, Tanagho, EA. The effect of cigarette smoking on penile erection. J Urol 1987;138:438–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43181-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

78. Miller, NS, Gold, MS. The human sexual response and alcohol and drugs. J Subst Abuse Treat 1988;5:171–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(88)90006-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

79. Wolfe, MM. Impotence on cimetidine treatment. N Engl J Med 1979;300:94. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197901113000219.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

80. Lewis, RW, Fugl-Meyer, KS, Corona, G, Hayes, RD, Laumann, EO, Moreira, ED, et al.. Definitions/epidemiology/risk factors for sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2010;7:1598–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01778.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

81. Gatti, A, Mandosi, E, Fallarino, M, Radicioni, A, Morini, E, Maiani, F, et al.. Metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction among obese non-diabetic subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2009;32:542–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03346504.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

82. Demir, O, Akgul, K, Akar, Z, Cakmak, O, Ozdemir, I, Bolukbasi, A, et al.. Association between severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction and metabolic syndrome. Aging Male 2009;12:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685530902777425.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

83. Hirshkowitz, M, Karacan, I, Arcasoy, MO, Acik, G, Narter, EM, Williams, RL. Prevalence of sleep apnea in men with erectile dysfunction. Urology 1990;36:232–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(90)80262-l.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

84. Holden, CA, McLachlan, RI, Pitts, M, Cumming, R, Wittert, G, Ehsani, JP, et al.. Determinants of male reproductive health disorders: the Men in Australia Telephone Survey (MATeS). BMC Publ Health 2010;10:96. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-96.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

85. Lin, CS, Lin, G, Lue, TF. Cyclic nucleotide signaling in cavernous smooth muscle. J Sex Med 2005;2:478–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00080.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

86. Billups, KL, Bank, AJ, Padma-Nathan, H, Katz, S, Williams, R. Erectile dysfunction is a marker for cardiovascular disease: results of the minority health institute expert advisory panel. J Sex Med 2005;2:40–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.20104_1.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

87. Burnett, AL. Role of nitric oxide in the physiology of erection. Biol Reprod 1995;52:485. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod52.3.485.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

88. Hellstrom, W, Gittelman, M, Karlin, G, Segerson, T, Thibonnier, M, Taylor, T, et al.. Vardenafil for treatment of men with erectile dysfunction: efficacy and safety in a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. J Androl 2002;23:763–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02332.x.Search in Google Scholar

89. Brock, G, McMahon, CG, Chen, KK, Costigan, T, Shen, W, Watkins, V, et al.. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of an integrated analysis. J Urol 2002;168:1332–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64442-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

90. Yafi, FA, Sharlip, ID, Becher, EF. Update on the safety of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:242–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.08.001 [PubMed].Search in Google Scholar PubMed

91. Dhaliwal, A, Gupta, M. (2021). PDE5 inhibitors. [Updated 2022 Apr 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.Search in Google Scholar

92. Gill, LS. Ethnomedical uses of plants in Nigeria. Benin, Nigeria: Uniben Press; 1992:2–236 pp.Search in Google Scholar

93. Ruxandra, ST, Amelia, T-V, Ancuta, N, Elena, A, Camil, EV. A comprehensive review of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of Tribulus terrestris L. Biomolecules 2020;10:752. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10050752.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

94. Milasius, K, Dadeliene, R, Skernevicius, J. The influence of the Tribulus terrestris extract on the parameters of the functional preparedness and athletes’ organism homeostasis. Fiziol Zh 2009;55:89–96.Search in Google Scholar

95. Adimoelja, A, Ganeshan, AP. Protodioscin from herbal plant Tribulus terrestris L improves the male sexual functions, probably via DHEA. Int J Impot Res 1997;9:S1–70.Search in Google Scholar

96. Gauthaman, K, Ganesan, AP, Prasad, RNV. Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model. J Alternative Compl Med 2003;9:257–65. https://doi.org/10.1089/10755530360623374.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

97. Dyner, TS, Lang, W, Geaga, J, Golub, A, Stites, D, Winger, E, et al.. An open-label dose-escalation trial of oral dehydroepiandrosterone tolerance and pharmacokinetics in patients with HIV disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:459–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126334-199305000-00005.Search in Google Scholar

98. Gaby, AR. “DHEA: the hormone that” does it all. Holist Med 1993;1:19–24.Search in Google Scholar

99. Seo, SI, Kim, SW, Paick, JS. The effects of androgen on penile reflex, erectile response to electrical stimulation and penile NOS activity in the rat. Asian J Androl 1999;1:169–74.Search in Google Scholar

100. Meyer, JJ, Rakuambo, NC, Hussein, AA. Novel xanthones from Securidaca longepedunculata with activity against sexual dysfunction. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;119:599–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

101. Adebiyia, RA, Elsab, AT, Agaiec, BM, Etuka, EU. Antinociceptive and antidepressant like effects of Securidaca longepedunculata root extract in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;107:234–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

102. Rakuambo, NC, Meyer, JJM, Huyser, C, Mdlalose, SP, Raidani, TG. In vitro effect of medicinal plants used to treat erectile dysfunction on smooth muscle relaxation and human sperm. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105:84–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.10.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

103. Yusuf, HK. Aphrodisiac of Nigerian medicinal plant Securidaca longepedunculata (wild wisteria or uwar Magunguna), in an albino rat model Jorind. 2014;12(2):253–6.Search in Google Scholar

104. Maxwell, DLP, John, CA, Wannang, NN, Steven, GS, Naanlep, TM. The histopathological effects of Securidaca longedunculata on heart, liver, kidney and lungs of rats. Afr J Biotechnol 2007;6:591–5.Search in Google Scholar

105. Britto, IFC, Silva, AEDF, Unainian, MM, Dode, MAN, Barbos, RT, Kastelic, JP. Sexual development in early and late maturing Bos indicus and Bos indicus × Bos Taurus crossbred bulls in Brazil. Theriogenology 2004;62:1177–2177.10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.01.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

106. de Soya, P, Okediran, BS. Testicular parameters and Sperm Morphology of Chinchilla Rabbit fed with different planes of soymeal. Int J Morphol 2007;25:139–44. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022007000100021.Search in Google Scholar

107. Rahja, TA, Johnson, RK, Lunstra, DO. Sperm production in boar after nine generation of selection for increased weight of testis. J Anim Sci 1995;73:2177–85. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7382177x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

108. Daramola, JO, Adeloye, AA, Fatoba, TA, Soladaye, AO. Effect of exogenous, melatonin on spermiograms of west african dwarf bucks. In: Process of 32nd annual conference NSAP-Calabar, March 18–22; 2007:111–3 pp.Search in Google Scholar

109. Chibuogwu, IC, Mathew, L, Ubah, SA. Effect of Securidaca longepedunculata root-bark methanol extract on testicular morphometry of New Zealand rabbits. J Vet Med Animal Health 2017;9:361–7. https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2017.0586.Search in Google Scholar

110. Akah, PA, Nwambie, AI. Evaluation of Nigerian traditional medicines: 1. Plants used for rheumatic (inflammatory) disorders. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;42:179–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90083-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

111. Mongalo, NI. Peltophorum africanum Sond [Mosetlha]: a review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. J Med Plants Res 2013;7:3484–91.Search in Google Scholar

112. Mongalo, NI, Mafoko, BJ. Cassia abbreviate Oliv. A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology, phytochemistry, possible propagation techniques and pharmacology. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2013;7:2901–6.10.5897/AJPP12.1017Search in Google Scholar

113. Zongo, F, Ribout, C, Boumendjel, A, Guissou, I. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Waltheria indica L. (syn. Waltheria americana): a review. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;148:14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.080.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

114. Anthony, JA, Musa, TY. Erectile dysfunction management options in Nigeria. J Sex Med 2009;6:1090–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01064.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

115. Azibanasamesa, DCO, Emmanuel, IE, Ekarika, CJ, Uwemedimo, FU. Aphrodisiac agents used in traditional medicine and their mechanism of action – a Review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2021;10:126–53. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2021.v10.i3b.14085.Search in Google Scholar

116. Riley, AJ. Yohimbine in the treatment of erectile disorder. Br J Clin Pract 1994;48:133–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.1994.tb09783.x.Search in Google Scholar

117. Lee, M. Erectile dysfunctions. In: Dipiro, JT, Talbert, RL, Yee, CG, Matzke, GR, Wells, BG, Posey, LM, editors. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach, 6th ed. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Companies Inc; 2005:1515–33 pp.Search in Google Scholar

118. Hozeifa, M, Taj Eldin, IE, Elhadi, M, Abd Elwahab, H, Nizar, S. The relaxant effect of methanolic extract of yohimbe bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) on rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscles. Health; 2012, 4:656–9 pp.10.4236/health.2012.49103Search in Google Scholar

119. Ojatula, AO, Idu, M, Timothy, O. Aphrodisiac potentials of Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) pierre ex beille methanol root extract in male wistar rats. J Integr Nephrol Androl 2020;7:47–55. https://doi.org/10.4103/jina.jina_7_20.Search in Google Scholar

120. Yakubu, MT, Akanji, MA. Effect of aqueous extract of Massularia acuminate stem on sexual behaviour of male wistar rats. Evid Based Complem Altern Med 2011;1:73–81.10.1155/2011/738103Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

121. Ogwo, EU, Osim, EE, Nwankwo, AA, Ijioma, SN. Semen quality in male albino rats fed with various concentrations of Pausinystalia yohimbe bark powder (burantashi). J Res Med Dent Sci 2016;3:16–24.Search in Google Scholar

122. Okonkwo, IL. Phytochemical analysis in preliminary investigation on effects of Burantashi extract on liver enzymes of albino male and female wistar rats; 2012:90 p.Search in Google Scholar

123. Ratnasooriya, WD, Dharmansiri, MG. Effects of Terminalia catappa seeds on sexual behaviour and fertility of male rats. Asian J Androl 2000;2:213–9.Search in Google Scholar

124. Adefegha, SA, Oboh, G, Oyeleye, SI, Ejakpovi, I. Erectogenic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti‐oxidative properties and phenolic compositions of Almond Fruit (Terminalia catappa L.) Parts (Hull and Drupe)–in vitro. J Food Biochem 2017;41:e12309. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12309.Search in Google Scholar

125. Manjolin, LC, Dos Reis, MBG, Maquiaveli, CD, Santos-Filho, OA, Da Silva, ER. Dietary flavonoids fisetin, luteolin and their derived compounds inhibit arginase, a central enzyme in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. Food Chem 2013;141:2253–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

126. Dos-Reis, MBG, Manjolin, LC, Maquiaveli, CDC, Santos-Filho, OA, Da-Silva, ER. Inhibition of Leishmania (Leishmania amazonensis) and rat arginase by green tea EGCG, (1)-Catechin and (2)-Epicatechin: a comparative structural analysis of Enzyme-Inhibitor interactions. PLoS One 2013;8:78387. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078387.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

127. Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M. The socio-cultural aspects in utilization of medicinal plants in reproductive health care in western Uganda. In: 8th International interdisciplinary congress on women. Gendered worlds: gains and challenges. Kampala, Uganda; 2002. www.makerere.ac.ug/womenstudies/full%20papers/MAUD.htm.Search in Google Scholar

128. Watcho, P, Donfack, MM, Zelefack, F, Nguelefack, TB, Wansi, SL, Ngoula, F, et al.. Effects of the hexane extract of Mondia whitei on the reproductive organs of male rat. Afr J Trad CAM 2005;2:302–11. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v2i3.31129.Search in Google Scholar

129. Watcho, P, Zelefack, F, Ngouela, S, Nguelefack, TB, Kamtchouing, P, Tsamo, E, et al.. Enhancement of erectile function of sexually naïve rats by β-sitosterol and α-β-amyrin acetate isolated from the hexane extract of Mondia whitei. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S1266–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60397-9.Search in Google Scholar

130. Martey, ONK, He, X. Possible mode of action of Mondia whitei: an aphrodisiac used in the management of erectile dysfunction. J Pharmacol Toxicol 2010;5:460–8. https://doi.org/10.3923/jpt.2010.460.468.Search in Google Scholar

131. Lampiao, F, Krom, D, Plessis, SSD. The in vitro effects of Mondia whitei on human sperm motility parameters. Phytother Res 2008;22:1272–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2469.Search in Google Scholar PubMed