Abstract
Field measurements were carried out to assess the feasibility of ultrasound velocity and damping for the non-invasive testing of standing trees. A total of 87 trees of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and 68 trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) were measured in the field, felled and assessed individually for the presence of red heartwood or butt rot. The field assessment of these internal structural defects at the stump level (SL) of the trees was compared with the ultrasound measurements recorded at two tree heights [(i.e. at the SL and 0.5 m above the stump level (ASL)] and in several directions, all perpendicular (PP) to the tree stem. Lower ultrasound velocity and higher damping were found in both species with the presence of internal defects in both the radial and tangential directions of the tree stem. The diameter at breast height (DBH) had a varying effect on both ultrasound velocity and damping. A binary logistic regression was used to test the potential of ultrasound velocity and damping to predict the presence of internal defects. Both the approaches offer similar levels of prediction accuracy (0.72 and 0.76 in beech, and 0.83 and 0.82 in spruce). Due to the significant reduction in measuring time when using ultrasound damping only, this principle is recommended for the detection of red heartwood in beech trees and butt rot in spruce trees.
Award Identifier / Grant number: P4-0015
Funding statement: The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Pahernik Foundation. This study’s research was co-financed by the Slovenian Research Agency of the Republic of Slovenia from the State budget (Funder Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004329, Research Program No. P4-0015).
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
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©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Evaluating timber quality in larger-diameter standing trees: rethinking the use of acoustic velocity
- The use of ultrasound velocity and damping for the detection of internal structural defects in standing trees of European beech and Norway spruce
- Three-dimensional grain angle measurement of softwood (Hinoki cypress) using near infrared spatially and spectrally resolved imaging (NIR-SSRI)
- Stress wave evaluation for predicting the properties of thermally modified wood using neuro-fuzzy and neural network modeling
- An innovative method for the chemical modification of Carpinus betulus wood: a methodology and approach study
- Effect of process variations of polycaprolactone modification on wood durability, dimensional stability and boron leaching
- Influence of Quercus petraea Liebl. wood structure on the permeation of oxygen through wine barrel staves
- Measurement of mechanical properties of multilayer waterborne coatings on wood by nanoindentation
- Effect of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils on the curing kinetics of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) resin
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Evaluating timber quality in larger-diameter standing trees: rethinking the use of acoustic velocity
- The use of ultrasound velocity and damping for the detection of internal structural defects in standing trees of European beech and Norway spruce
- Three-dimensional grain angle measurement of softwood (Hinoki cypress) using near infrared spatially and spectrally resolved imaging (NIR-SSRI)
- Stress wave evaluation for predicting the properties of thermally modified wood using neuro-fuzzy and neural network modeling
- An innovative method for the chemical modification of Carpinus betulus wood: a methodology and approach study
- Effect of process variations of polycaprolactone modification on wood durability, dimensional stability and boron leaching
- Influence of Quercus petraea Liebl. wood structure on the permeation of oxygen through wine barrel staves
- Measurement of mechanical properties of multilayer waterborne coatings on wood by nanoindentation
- Effect of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils on the curing kinetics of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) resin