Home The use of ultrasound velocity and damping for the detection of internal structural defects in standing trees of European beech and Norway spruce
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The use of ultrasound velocity and damping for the detection of internal structural defects in standing trees of European beech and Norway spruce

  • Luka Krajnc ORCID logo , Aleš Kadunc and Aleš Straže EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 15, 2019
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Field measurements were carried out to assess the feasibility of ultrasound velocity and damping for the non-invasive testing of standing trees. A total of 87 trees of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and 68 trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) were measured in the field, felled and assessed individually for the presence of red heartwood or butt rot. The field assessment of these internal structural defects at the stump level (SL) of the trees was compared with the ultrasound measurements recorded at two tree heights [(i.e. at the SL and 0.5 m above the stump level (ASL)] and in several directions, all perpendicular (PP) to the tree stem. Lower ultrasound velocity and higher damping were found in both species with the presence of internal defects in both the radial and tangential directions of the tree stem. The diameter at breast height (DBH) had a varying effect on both ultrasound velocity and damping. A binary logistic regression was used to test the potential of ultrasound velocity and damping to predict the presence of internal defects. Both the approaches offer similar levels of prediction accuracy (0.72 and 0.76 in beech, and 0.83 and 0.82 in spruce). Due to the significant reduction in measuring time when using ultrasound damping only, this principle is recommended for the detection of red heartwood in beech trees and butt rot in spruce trees.

Award Identifier / Grant number: P4-0015

Funding statement: The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Pahernik Foundation. This study’s research was co-financed by the Slovenian Research Agency of the Republic of Slovenia from the State budget (Funder Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004329, Research Program No. P4-0015).

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: None declared.

  3. Employment or leadership: None declared.

  4. Honorarium: None declared.

References

Axmon, J., Hansson, M., Sörnmo, L. (2002) Modal analysis of living spruce using a combined prony and DFT multichannel method for detection of internal decay. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 16:561–584.10.1006/mssp.2002.1491Search in Google Scholar

Axmon, J., Hansson, M., Sörmo, L. (2004) Experimental study on the possibility of detecting internal decay in standing Picea abies by blind impact response analysis. Forestry 77:179–192.10.1093/forestry/77.3.179Search in Google Scholar

Bauer, C., Kilbertus, G. (1991) Ultrasonic technique for determining the extent of fungus attack of beech and pine wood. Holzforschung 45:41–46.10.1515/hfsg.1991.45.1.41Search in Google Scholar

Boyce, J.S. Forest Pathology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.Search in Google Scholar

Brancheriau, L., Ghodrati, A., Gallet, P., Lasaygues, P. (2012a) Application of ultrasonic tomography to characterize the mechanical state of standing trees (Picea abies). J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 353:1–13.10.1088/1742-6596/353/1/012007Search in Google Scholar

Brancheriau, L., Saadatnia, M., Gallet, P., Lasaygues, P.,Pourtahmasi, K., Kaftandjan, V. (2012b) Ultrasonic Imaging of Reaction Wood in Standing Trees. In: Acoustical Imaging. Ed. Nowicki, A. Springer, Berlin. pp. 399–411.10.1007/978-94-007-2619-2_38Search in Google Scholar

Bucur, V., Chivers, R.C. (1991) Acoustic properties and anisotropy of some Australian wood species. Acustica 75:69–75.Search in Google Scholar

Carter, P., Wang, X., Ross, R.J. (2013) Field application of processor head acoustic technology in forest harvest operations. In 18th International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.Search in Google Scholar

Deflorio, G., Fink, S., Scwarze, F.W.M.R. (2008) Detection of incipient decay in tree stems with sonic tomography after wounding and fungal inoculation. Wood Sci. Technol. 42:117–132.10.1007/s00226-007-0159-0Search in Google Scholar

Diaconu, D., Wassenberg, M., Spiecker, H. (2016) Variability of European beech wood density as influenced by interactions between tree-ring growth and aspect. Forest Ecosystems 3:1–9.10.1186/s40663-016-0065-8Search in Google Scholar

Duncker, P., Spiecker, H. (2009) Detection and classification of Norway spruce compression wood in reflected light by means of hyperspectral image analysis. Iawa J. 30:59–70.10.1163/22941932-90000203Search in Google Scholar

Gao, S., Wang, X., Wang, L., Allison, R.B. (2012) Effect of temperature on acoustic evaluation of standing trees and logs: part 1 – laboratory investigation. Wood Fiber. Sci. 44:286–297.Search in Google Scholar

Gryc, V., Vavrčik, M., Rybníček, M., Přemyslovská, E. (2008) The relationship between the microscopic structure and the density of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). J. For. Sci. 54:170–175.10.17221/1/2008-JFSSearch in Google Scholar

Hasegava, M., Takata, M., Matsumura, J., Oda, K. (2011) Effect of wood properties on within-tree variation in ultrasonic wave velocity in softwood. Ultrasonics 51:296–302.10.1016/j.ultras.2010.10.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Hennon, P.E. (1995) Are heart rot fungi major factors of disturbance in gap-dynamic forests? Northwest Sci. 69:284–293.Search in Google Scholar

Hua, Y., Sarkar, T.K. (1990) Matrix pencil method for estimating parameters of exponentially damped undamped sinusoids in noise. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 38.10.1109/29.56027Search in Google Scholar

Kadunc, A. (2013) The incidence of rot in Norway spruce and its influence on the value of trees in Slovenia. Croat. J. For. Eng. 34:137–149.Search in Google Scholar

Kazemi-Najafi, S., Shalbafan, A., Ebrahimi, G. (2009) Internal decay assessment in standing beech trees using ultrasonic velocity measurement. Eur. J. For. Res. 128:345–350.10.1007/s10342-009-0269-3Search in Google Scholar

Lawday, G., Hodges, P.A. (2000) The analytical use of stress waves for the detection of decay in standing trees. Forestry 73:447–456.10.1093/forestry/73.5.447Search in Google Scholar

Lee, T., Lakes, R.S., Lal, A. (2000) Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of measurement of mechanical damping. Comparison with broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71:2855–2861.10.1063/1.1150703Search in Google Scholar

Leininger, T.D., Schmoldt, D.L., Tainter, F.H. (2001) Using ultrasound to detect defects in trees: current knowledge and future needs. In: The First International Precision Forestry Cooperative Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Seattle, WA.Search in Google Scholar

Longo, R., Delaunay, T., Laux, D., El Mouridi, M., Arnould, O. (2012) Wood elastic characterisation from a single sample by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Ultrasonics 52:971–974.10.1016/j.ultras.2012.08.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Maurer, H., Schubert, S., Bächle, F., Clauss, S., Gsell, D., Dual, J., Niemz, P. (2006) A simple anisotropy correction procedure for acoustic wood tomography. Holzforschung 60:567–573.10.1515/HF.2006.094Search in Google Scholar

Nečesany, V. (1960) Der Buchenker – Struktur, Entstehung und Entwicklung [The heart of beech – structure, origin and development]. Vydarvatelstvo Slovenskej, Akademie Vied Bratislava 206–222.Search in Google Scholar

Nečesany, V. (1969) Forstliche Aspekte bei der Enstehung des Falschkerns der Rotbuche [Forestry aspects of the formation of false heart of common beech]. Holz-Zentralblatt 95:563–564.Search in Google Scholar

Nicolotti, G., Socco, L., Martinis, R., Godio, A., Sambuelli, L. (2003) Application and comparison of three tomographic techniques for detection of decay in trees. J. Arboric. 29:66–78.10.48044/jauf.2003.009Search in Google Scholar

Nyström, J., Kline, D.E. (2000) Automatic classification of compression wood in green yellow pine. Wood Fiber Sci. 32:301–310.Search in Google Scholar

Oliva, J., Romeralo, C., Stenlid, J. (2011) Accuracy of the Rotfinder instrument in detecting decay on Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees. Forest Ecol. Manag. 262:1378–1386.10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.033Search in Google Scholar

R Core Team (2017) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.Search in Google Scholar

Rabe, C., Ferner, D., Fink, S., Schwarze, F.W.M.R. (2004) Detection of decay in trees with stress waves and interpretation of acoustic tomograms. Arboric J. 28:3–19.10.1080/03071375.2004.9747399Search in Google Scholar

Reinprecht, L., Hibký, M. (2011) The type and degree of decay in spruce wood analyzed by the ultrasonic method in three anatomical directions. BioResources 6:4953–4968.10.15376/biores.6.4.4953-4968Search in Google Scholar

Rinn, F. (1999) Device for investigation materials. US Patent US6813948, p. 12.Search in Google Scholar

Rinn, F. (2012) Basics of typical resistance-drilling profiles. Western Arborist 17:30–36.Search in Google Scholar

Rinn, F. (2014) Central basics of sonic tree tomography. Western Arborist 19:8–10.Search in Google Scholar

Rinn, F. (2015) Central defects in sonic tree tomography. Western Arborist 20:38–41.Search in Google Scholar

Ross, R. Nondestructive Evaluation of wood. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, 2015.10.2737/FPL-GTR-238Search in Google Scholar

Rötzer, T., Häberle, K.H., Kallenbach, C., Matyssek, R., Schütze, G., Pretzsch, H. (2017) Tree species and size drive water consumption of beech/spruce forests – a simulation study highlighting growth under water imitation. Plant Soil 418:1–20.10.1007/s11104-017-3306-xSearch in Google Scholar

Saadat-Nia, M.A., Brancheriau, L., Gallet, P., Enayati, A.A., Pourtahmasi, K., Honarvar, F. (2011) Ultrasonic Wave parameter changes during propagation through poplar and spruce reaction wood. BioResources 6:1172–1185.10.15376/biores.6.2.1172-1185Search in Google Scholar

Sachsse, H. (1991) Kertypen der Rotbuche [Heartwood types of common beech]. Forstarchiv 62:238–242.Search in Google Scholar

Schubert, S. (2007) Acousto-ultrasound assessment of inner wood-decay in standing trees: possibilities and limitations. In: Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich: Zürich. p. 124.Search in Google Scholar

Schubert, S., Gsell, D., Dual, J., Motavalli, M., Niemz, P. (2006) Rolling shear modulus and damping factor of spruce and decayed spruce estimated by modal analysis. Holzforschung 60:78–84.10.1515/HF.2006.014Search in Google Scholar

Schubert, S., Gsell, D., Dual, J., Motavalli, M., Niemz, P. (2009) Acoustic wood tomography on trees and the challenge of wood heterogeneity. Holzforschung 63:107–112.10.1515/HF.2009.028Search in Google Scholar

Seeling, U. (1998) Kerntypen im Holz – Konsequenzen für die Verwendung am Beispiel der Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.): heartwood types – Consequences for timber utilisation in the case of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen 149:991–1004.Search in Google Scholar

Socco, L., Sambuelli, L., Martinis, R., Comino, E., Nicolotti, G. (2004) Feasibility of ultrasonic tomography for nondestructive testing of decay on living trees. Res. Nondestruct. Eval. 15:31–54.10.1080/09349840490432678Search in Google Scholar

Swedjemark, G., Karlsson, B. (2004) Genotypic variation in susceptibility following artificial Heterobasidion annosum inoculation of Picea abies clones in a 17-year-old field test. Scand. J. For. Res. 19:103–111.10.1080/02827580310018032Search in Google Scholar

Tarmian, A., Remond, R., Dashti, H., Perre, P. (2012) Moisture diffusion coefficient of reaction woods: compression wood of Picea abies L. and tension wood of Fagus sylvatica L. Wood Sci. Technol. 46:405–417.10.1007/s00226-011-0413-3Search in Google Scholar

Torelli, N. (1984) The ecology of discoloured wood as illustrated by beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). IAWA Bull. 5:121–127.10.1163/22941932-90000875Search in Google Scholar

Trenčiansky, M., Lieskovský, M., Merganič, J., Šulek, R. (2016) Analysis and evaluation of the impact of stand age on the occurrence and metamorphosis of red heartwood. iForest 10:605–610.10.3832/ifor2116-010Search in Google Scholar

Wagener, W.W., Davidson, R.W. (1954) Heart rots in living trees. Bot. Rev. 20:61–134.10.1007/BF02872367Search in Google Scholar

Wang, X., Carter, P., Ross, R.J., Brashaw, B.K. (2007) Acoustic assessment of wood quality of raw materials – a path to increased profitability. Forest Prod. J. 57:6–14.Search in Google Scholar

Wilcox, W.W. (1978) Review of literature on the effects of early stages of decay on wood strength. Wood Fiber Sci. 9:252–257.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, M., Zapp, H.R., Ho, B., Whalon, M.E., Johnson, J.W. (1994) Ultrasonic detection of borer damage in cherry trees. Trans. ASAE 37:1655–1661.10.13031/2013.28253Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2018-10-15
Accepted: 2019-02-27
Published Online: 2019-04-15
Published in Print: 2019-08-27

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 10.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2018-0245/html
Scroll to top button