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Influence of length on acoustic time-of-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber

  • Francisco Arriaga ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Joaquín Montón ORCID logo , Ignacio Bobadilla ORCID logo and Daniel F. Llana ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: October 17, 2018
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Holzforschung
From the journal Holzforschung Volume 73 Issue 4

Abstract

Time-of-flight (ToF) measurements were conducted on twelve 76×226-mm2 in cross-section, 4.52-m long specimens of Norway spruce timber pieces from a dismantled 19th-century building in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Two commercially available acoustic devices were used: the USLab ultrasound device with conical 22 and 45 kHz sensors and the MicroSecond Timer (MST) stress wave device with spike sensors. ToF were obtained for the full-length (4.52 m) specimens in an end-to-end arrangement and for lengths of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 m on the same surface and on opposite surfaces. The differences between the velocities obtained from end-to-end and semi-direct measurements were less than 4.5%. Apparent velocity dependence on length was observed in short-distance measurements. This could be corrected by determining a time lag (tL) from a linear regression between the ToF and the distance. Estimation of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) from the dynamic MOE (MOEdyn) is acceptable (r2=0.45–0.69) depending on the measurement procedure, and the best results for in situ timber are obtained in edge surface velocity. Although modulus of rupture (MOR) estimation from MOEdyn improves slightly when knottiness is included, it has low predictive capacity.

Keywords: existing structures; non-destructive testing (NDT); sensors positioning; stress-wave; time lag (tL); time-of-flight (ToF); ultrasound wave

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Mr. Pere Linares from House Habitat, Olesa de Montserrat, Spain, for freely supplying the material, Mrs. María Alejandra García Coll and Mr. Tomás Bobadilla Fonollá for their helpful technical assistance in the Materials Laboratory of the UPC, Barcelona, Spain, and Mr. Carlos Osuna Sequera for his help with species identification in the Forest Products Industries Laboratory of the UPM, Madrid, Spain.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Spain, Grant Number: Plan Nacional I+D 2013-2016. Proy.: BIA 2014-55089-P.

  3. Employment or leadership: None declared.

  4. Honorarium: None declared.

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Received: 2018-05-30
Accepted: 2018-09-19
Published Online: 2018-10-17
Published in Print: 2019-04-24

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Original Articles
  3. Rapid identification of wood species by near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy (NIR-SRS) based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI)
  4. Comparison of various multivariate models to estimate structural properties by means of non-destructive techniques (NDTs) in Pinus sylvestris L. timber
  5. Influence of length on acoustic time-of-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber
  6. Characterization of Pinus nigra var. laricio [Maire] bark extracts at the analytical and pilot scale
  7. Determination of the absolute molar mass of acetylated eucalyptus kraft lignin by two types of size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle laser light-scattering detectors
  8. Moisture-induced deformation in the neck of a classical guitar
  9. Prediction of physical and mechanical properties of thermally modified wood based on color change evaluated by means of “group method of data handling” (GMDH) neural network
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https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0122
Keywords for this article
existing structures; non-destructive testing (NDT); sensors positioning; stress-wave; time lag (tL); time-of-flight (ToF); ultrasound wave

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Original Articles
  3. Rapid identification of wood species by near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy (NIR-SRS) based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI)
  4. Comparison of various multivariate models to estimate structural properties by means of non-destructive techniques (NDTs) in Pinus sylvestris L. timber
  5. Influence of length on acoustic time-of-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber
  6. Characterization of Pinus nigra var. laricio [Maire] bark extracts at the analytical and pilot scale
  7. Determination of the absolute molar mass of acetylated eucalyptus kraft lignin by two types of size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle laser light-scattering detectors
  8. Moisture-induced deformation in the neck of a classical guitar
  9. Prediction of physical and mechanical properties of thermally modified wood based on color change evaluated by means of “group method of data handling” (GMDH) neural network
  10. A self-cleaning surface based on heat treatment of g-C3N4-coated wood prepared by a rapid and eco-friendly method
  11. Mechanical, thermo-mechanical and water uptake performance of wood flour filled polyurethane elastomer eco-composites: influence of surface treatment of wood flour
  12. Investigation of a new formaldehyde-free adhesive consisting of soybean flour and Kymene® 736 for interior plywood
  13. Negative oxygen ion (NOI) production by enhanced photocatalytic TiO2/GO composites anchored on wooden substrates
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