Analysis of distribution of wood extractives in Gmelina arborea by gas chromatography and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
-
Bill Mangindaan
, Dan Aoki
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the extractives of Gmelina arborea stem from the sapwood (sW) to heartwood (hW) including the transition zone (tZ) between them by means of quantitative GC-MS, while the spatial distribution of four typical compounds was analysed by TOF-SIMS. The focus was on gmelinol, paulownin, 7′-O-ethyl arboreol, and β-sitosterol, which were isolated and purified from hW. The four compounds revealed a characteristic distribution pattern corresponding to their key role in biosynthesis and depending on their susceptibility to secondary reactions in the hW.
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (25252032) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan and Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP), Ministry of Finance, Indonesia. The authors would also like to thank Mr. Takeshi Arizono and Mr. Noriaki Kamiya for their support to provide us G. arborea sample.
References
Anjaneyulu, A.S.R., Jaganmohan, R.K., Kameswara, R.V., Ramachandra, R., Subrahmanyam, C. (1975) The structures of lignans from Gmelina arborea Linn. Tetrahedron 31:1277–1285.10.1016/0040-4020(75)80169-4Search in Google Scholar
Aoki, D., Saito, K., Matsushita, Y., Fukushima, K. (2016) Distribution of cell wall components by TOF-SIMS. In: Secondary Xylem Biology. Eds. Kim, Y.S., Funada, R., Singh, A.P. Academic Press, London. pp. 363–376.10.1016/B978-0-12-802185-9.00017-6Search in Google Scholar
Bergström, B. (2003) Chemical and structural changes during heartwood formation in Pinus sylvestris. Forestry 76:45–53.10.1093/forestry/76.1.45Search in Google Scholar
Bertaud, F., Holmbom, B. (2004) Chemical composition of earlywood and latewood in Norway spruce heartwood, sapwood and transition zone wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 38:245–256.10.1007/s00226-004-0241-9Search in Google Scholar
Boddy, L. (1992) Microenvironmental aspects of xylem defenses to wood decay fungi. In: Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants against Fungi. Eds. Blanchette, R.A., Biggs, A.R. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. pp. 96–127.10.1007/978-3-662-01642-8_6Search in Google Scholar
Falah, S., Katayama, T., Suzuki, T. (2008) Chemical constituents from Gmelina arborea bark and their antioxidant activity. J. Wood Sci. 54:483–489.10.1007/s10086-008-0983-3Search in Google Scholar
Grunwald, C. (1980) Steroids. In: Encyclopedia of plant physiology 8. Secondary Plant Products. Eds. Bell, E.A., Charlwood, B.V. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. pp. 221–256.10.1007/978-3-642-67360-3_10Search in Google Scholar
Hartmann, M.A. (1998) Plant sterols and the membrane environment. Trends Plant Sci. 3:170–175.10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01233-3Search in Google Scholar
Hillis, W.E. (1972) Distribution, properties, and formation of some wood extractives. Wood Sci. Technol. 5:272–289.10.1007/BF00365060Search in Google Scholar
Hillis, W.E. (1987) Heartwood and tree exudates. Eds. Timell T.E. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 76–119.10.1007/978-3-642-72534-0_5Search in Google Scholar
Imai, T., Kinuko, T., Kato, T., Fukushima, K. (2005a) Localization of ferruginol, a diterpene phenol, in Cryptomeria japonica heartwood by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Planta 221:549–556.10.1007/s00425-004-1476-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Imai, T., Sato, M., Takaku, N., Kawai, S., Ohashi, H., Nomura, M., Kushi, M. (2005b) Characterization of physiological functions of sapwood IV: formation and accumulation of lignans in sapwood of Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don after felling. Holzforschung 59:418–421.10.1515/HF.2005.068Search in Google Scholar
Kampe, A., Magel, E. (2013) New insights into heartwood and heartwood formation. In: Cellular Aspects of Wood Formation. Eds. Fromm, J. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 71–95.10.1007/978-3-642-36491-4_3Search in Google Scholar
Kawamura, F., Ohara, S. (2005) Antifungal activity of iridoid glycosides from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea. Holzforschung 59:153–155.10.1515/HF.2005.023Search in Google Scholar
Kawamura, F., Ohara, S., Nishida, A. (2004) Antifungal activity of constituents from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea: part 1. Sensitive antifungal assay against Basidiomycetes. Holzforschung 58:189–192.10.1515/HF.2004.028Search in Google Scholar
Kirker, G.T., Blodgett, A.B., Arango, R.A., Lebow, P.K., Clausen, C.A. (2013) The role of extractives in naturally durable wood species. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 82:53–58.10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.03.007Search in Google Scholar
Kuroda, K., Imai, T., Saito, K., Kato, T., Fukushima, K. (2008) Application of TOF-SIMS to the study on heartwood formation in Cryptomeria japonica trees. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255:1143–1147.10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.05.035Search in Google Scholar
Kuroda, K., Fujiwara, T., Hashida, K., Imai, T., Kushi, M., Saito, K., Fukushima, K. (2014) The accumulation pattern of ferruginol in the heartwood-forming Cryptomeria japonica xylem as determined by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and quantity analysis. Ann. Bot. 113:1029–1036.10.1093/aob/mcu028Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Matsushita, Y., Jang, I., Imai, T., Takama, R., Saito, K., Masumi, T., Lee, S.-C., Fukushima, K. (2012) Distribution of extracts including 4,8-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-2-napthaldehyde in Diospyros kaki analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Holzforschung 66:705–709.10.1515/hf-2011-0214Search in Google Scholar
Morais, M.C., Pereira, H. (2012) Variation of extractives content in heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus globulus trees. Wood Sci. Technol. 46:709–719.10.1007/s00226-011-0438-7Search in Google Scholar
Nascimento, M.S., Santana, A.L.B.D., Maranhão, C.A., Oliveira, L.S., Bieber, L. (2013) Phenolic extractives and natural resistance of wood. In: Biodegradation – Life of Science. Eds. Chamy, R., Rosenkranz, F. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia. pp. 349–370.Search in Google Scholar
Pettersen, R.C. (1984) The chemical composition of wood. In: The Chemistry of Solid Wood. Eds. Rowell, R.M. The American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. pp. 57–126.10.1021/ba-1984-0207.ch002Search in Google Scholar
Rudman, P. (1966) Heartwood formation in trees. Nature 210:608–610.10.1038/210608a0Search in Google Scholar
Saito, K., Mitsutani, T., Imai, T., Matsushita, Y., Fukushima, K. (2008) Discriminating the indistinguishable sapwood from heartwood in discolored ancient wood by direct molecular mapping of specific extractives using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 80:1552–1557.10.1021/ac7021162Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Saranpää, P., Nyberg, H. (1987) Lipids and sterols of Pinus sylvetris L. sapwood and heartwood. Trees 1:82–87.10.1007/BF00203575Search in Google Scholar
Shebani, A.N., Reenena, A.J., Meinckenb, M. (2008) The effect of wood extractives on the thermal stability of different wood species. Thermochim Acta 471:43–50.10.1016/j.tca.2008.02.020Search in Google Scholar
Stewart, M.C. (1966) Excretion and heartwood formation in living trees. Science 153:1068–1074.10.1126/science.153.3740.1068Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Taylor, A.M., Gartner, L.B., Morrell, J.J. (2002) Heartwood formation and natural durability. Wood Fiber Sci. 34:587–611.Search in Google Scholar
Tokareva, E., Pranovich, A., Ek, P., Holmbom, B. (2010) Determination of anionic groups in wood by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Holzforschung 64:35–43.10.1515/hf.2010.002Search in Google Scholar
Tsao, N.W., Sun, Y.H., Chien, S.C., Chu, F.-H., Chang, S.-T., Kuo, Y.-H., Wang, S.-Y. (2016) Content and distribution of lignans in Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata. Holzforschung 70:511–518.10.1515/hf-2015-0154Search in Google Scholar
Vickerman, J.C., Briggs, D. TOF-SIMS. Surface Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. IM Publications and SurfaceSpectra Limited, West Sussex, UK, 2001.Search in Google Scholar
Willför, S., Hemming, J., Reunanen, M., Eckerman, C., Holmbom, B. (2003) Lignans and lipophilic extractives in Norway spruce knots and stemwood. Holzforschung 57:27–36.10.1515/HF.2003.005Search in Google Scholar
Yamada, T. (2001) Defense mechanisms in the sapwood of living trees against microbial infection. J. For. Res. 6:127–137.10.1007/BF02767083Search in Google Scholar
Yanase, Y., Sakamoto, K., Imai, T. (2015) Isolation and structural elucidation of norlignan polymers from the heartwood of Cryptomeria japonica. Holzforschung 69:281–296.10.1515/hf-2013-0251Search in Google Scholar
Zheng, P., Aoki, D., Yoshida, M., Matsushita, Y., Imai, T., Fukushima, K. (2014) Lignification of ray parenchyma cells in the xylem of Pinus densiflora. Part I: microscopic investigation by POM, UV microscopy, and TOF-SIMS. Holzforschung 68:897–905.10.1515/hf-2013-0231Search in Google Scholar
Zheng, P., Aoki, D., Matsushita, Y., Yagami, S., Sano, Y., Yoshida, M., Fukushima, K. (2016) Lignification of ray parenchyma cells (RPCs) in the xylem of Phellodendron amurense Rupr.: quantitative and structural investigation by TOF-SIMS and thioacidolysis of laser microdissection cuts of RPCs. Holzforschung 70:641–652.10.1515/hf-2015-0120Search in Google Scholar
©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Carbon fibres from precursors produced by dry-jet wet-spinning of kraft lignin blended with kraft pulps
- Characterization of the precipitated lignin from Japanese beech as treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water
- Chemical effects of a mild torrefaction on the wood of eight Eucalyptus species
- Analysis of distribution of wood extractives in Gmelina arborea by gas chromatography and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Water sorption hysteresis in wood: I review and experimental patterns – geometric characteristics of scanning curves
- Water sorption hysteresis in wood: II mathematical modeling – functions beyond data fitting
- Relations of density, polyethylene glycol treatment and moisture content with stiffness properties of Vasa oak samples
- Facile surface hydrophobization of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) by silver deposition
- Calibration of SilviScan data of Cryptomeria japonica wood concerning density and microfibril angles with NIR hyperspectral imaging with high spatial resolution
- Thermal diffusivity measurement of Phyllostachys edulis (Moso bamboo) by the flash method
- The effects of brown-rot decay on select wood properties of poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) and its mechanism of action
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Carbon fibres from precursors produced by dry-jet wet-spinning of kraft lignin blended with kraft pulps
- Characterization of the precipitated lignin from Japanese beech as treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water
- Chemical effects of a mild torrefaction on the wood of eight Eucalyptus species
- Analysis of distribution of wood extractives in Gmelina arborea by gas chromatography and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Water sorption hysteresis in wood: I review and experimental patterns – geometric characteristics of scanning curves
- Water sorption hysteresis in wood: II mathematical modeling – functions beyond data fitting
- Relations of density, polyethylene glycol treatment and moisture content with stiffness properties of Vasa oak samples
- Facile surface hydrophobization of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) by silver deposition
- Calibration of SilviScan data of Cryptomeria japonica wood concerning density and microfibril angles with NIR hyperspectral imaging with high spatial resolution
- Thermal diffusivity measurement of Phyllostachys edulis (Moso bamboo) by the flash method
- The effects of brown-rot decay on select wood properties of poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) and its mechanism of action