Silane nanofilm formation by sol-gel processes for promoting adhesion of waterborne and solvent-borne coatings to wood surface
-
Hadi Gholamiyan
, Asghar Tarmian
Abstract
The objective of this study was to promote the adhesion of waterborne and solvent-borne coatings [polyurethane (PU) and alkyd] on wood surfaces by silane nanofilm formation by means of sol-gel processes. Tetraethoxysilane and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane served as sol-gel materials. The silane-based materials improved the adhesion strength. The positive effects can be explained by the changes in the wood surface chemistry induced by the sol-gel process. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed an increase in -C-H and -C-C bonds and a decrease in -C-O bond. Microscopic observation by fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy together with NIS-Elements analysis software showed that the silica component of nanosol covered the whole wood surface homogeneously, whereas alkyd and PU coatings were deposited preferentially in the surface depressions. The combined analysis of energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and XPS demonstrated that the surface was covered with silicon oxides (SiO2) attached to hydrocarbon chains.
Correction note:
Correction statement added after online publication on 29 January 2016: The Author name was changed from Abdolkhani to Abdulkhani.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Iranian National Science Foundation and the Institute of Wood Biology and Technology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen Germany.
References
Bauer, F., Mehnert, R. (2005) UV curable acrylate nanocomposites properties and applications. J. Polym. Res. 12:483–49.10.1007/s10965-005-4339-zSearch in Google Scholar
Bücker, M., Böcker, W., Reinsch, S., Unger, B. (2003) Wood modification by sol-gel derived precursors. In: Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Wood Modification, Ghent Belgium. pp. 255–259.Search in Google Scholar
Bullett, T.R., Prosser, J.L. (1972) The measurement of adhesion. Prog. Org. Coat. 1:45–71.10.1016/0300-9440(72)85003-3Search in Google Scholar
Chan, C.M., Cao, G.Z., Fong, H., Sarikaya, M. (2000) Nanoindentation and adhesion of sol-gel-derived hard coatings on polyester. J. Mater. Res. 15:148–154.10.1557/JMR.2000.0025Search in Google Scholar
Chou, T.P., Cao, G. (2003) Adhesion of sol-gel-derived organic-inorganic hybrid coatings on polyester. J. Sol Gel Sci. Technol. 27:31–41.10.1023/A:1022675809404Search in Google Scholar
Cireli, A., Mutlu, M., Kutlu, B., Onar, N., Kayatekin, I., Celik, E. Sol-gel coatings of plasma modified polypropylene fabric for gas defence. 3rd European Conference on Protective Clothing (ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 8 Protective Clothing-Towards Balanced Protection, 88, Gydnia, Poland, May 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Da Silva, M.N., Santilli, C.V., Pulcinelli, S.H. (2012) Wettability and photodegradation activity of sol-gel dip-coated zinc oxide films. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 63:230–234.10.1007/s10971-012-2721-ySearch in Google Scholar
Decker, C., Keller, L., Zahouily, K., Benfarhi, S. (2005) Synthesis of nanocomposite polymers by UV-radiation curing. Polymer 46:6640–6648.10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.018Search in Google Scholar
Donath, S., Militz, H., Mai, C. (2004) Wood modification with alkoxysilanes. Wood. Sci. Technol. 38:555–566.10.1007/s00226-004-0257-1Search in Google Scholar
Donath, S., Militz, H., Mai, C. (2006) Creating water-repellent effects on wood by treatment with silanes. Holzforschung 60:40–46.10.1515/HF.2006.008Search in Google Scholar
Jamali, A., Evans, P.D. In: Coatability of thermal-oil-treated post-MPB. FPInnovations-Forintek Division, Canada, 2008:48–58.Search in Google Scholar
Lu, Y., Xiao, S., Gao, R., Li, J., Sun, Q. (2014) Improved weathering performance and wettability of wood protected by CeO2 coating deposited onto the surface. Holzforschung 68:345–351.10.1515/hf-2013-0119Search in Google Scholar
Mahltig, B., Swaboda, C., Roessler, A., Böttcher, H. (2008) Functionalising wood by nanosol application. J. Mater. Chem. 18:3180–3192.10.1039/b718903fSearch in Google Scholar
Mahltig, B., Arnold, M., Löthman, P. (2010) Surface properties of sol-gel treated thermally modified wood. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 55:221–227.10.1007/s10971-010-2236-3Search in Google Scholar
Meijer, M. A Review of Interfacial Aspects in Wood Coatings: Wetting, Pecina Surface Energy. Substrate Penetration and Adhesion. COST E18 Final Seminar, 2004:16.Search in Google Scholar
Meijer, M.D, Militz, H. (1998) Wet adhesion measurements of wood coatings. Holz Roh- Werkst. 56:306–311.10.1007/s001070050324Search in Google Scholar
Montarsolo, A., Periolatto, M., Zerbola, M., Mossotti, R., Ferrero, F. (2013) Hydrophobic sol-gel finishing for textiles: improvement by plasma pre-treatment. Text. Res. J. 83:1190–1200.10.1177/0040517512468823Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, G.L. Adhesion, Chapter 44, Paint and Coating Testing Manual. ASTM Special Technical Publication, Philadelphia, 1995:513–524.Search in Google Scholar
O’Leary, P.W. (2006) Effect of a coupling agent on the adhesion of paint to timber. Surf. Coat. Int. Pt. B Coat. Trans. 89:321–326.10.1007/BF02765584Search in Google Scholar
Pecina, H., Paprzycki, O. Lack auf Holz, Vincentz Verlag, Hannover, 1995. p. 175.Search in Google Scholar
Pizzi, A., Mittal, K.L. Handbook of Adhesive Technology. Dekker, New York, 1994.Search in Google Scholar
Pries, M., Mai, C. (2013) Treatment of wood with silica sols against attack by wood-decaying fungi and blue stain. Holzforschung 67:697–705.10.1515/hf-2012-0133Search in Google Scholar
Rasmussen, J.S., Barsberg, S., Felby, C. (2014) Complex between lignin and a Ti-based coupling agent. Holzforschung 68: 541–548.10.1515/hf-2013-0120Search in Google Scholar
Singh, A.P., Dawson, B.S.W. (2003) The mechanism of failure of clear coated wooden boards as revealed by microscopy. IAWA J. 24:1–11.10.1163/22941932-90000316Search in Google Scholar
Singh, A.P., Dawson, B., Rickard, C., Bond, J., Singh, A. (2008) Light, confocal and scanning electron microscopy of wood-adhesive interface. Microsc. Anal. 22:5–8.Search in Google Scholar
Sow, C., Riedl, B., Blanchet, P. (2011) UV-waterborne polyurethane-acrylate nanocomposite coatings containing alumina and silica nanoparticles for wood: mechanical, optical, and thermal properties assessment. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 8:211–221.10.1007/s11998-010-9298-6Search in Google Scholar
Tshabalala, M.A., Sung, L.P. (2007) Wood surface modification by in-situ sol-gel deposition of hybrid inorganic-organic thin films. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 4:483–490.10.1007/s11998-007-9033-0Search in Google Scholar
Tshabalala, M.A., Kingshott, P., Van Landingham, M.R., Plackett, D. (2003) Surface chemistry and moisture sorption properties of wood coated with multifunctional alkoxysilanes by sol-gel process. J. Appl. Surf. Sci. 88:2828–2841.10.1002/app.12142Search in Google Scholar
Tshabalala, M.A, Libert, R., Schaller, C.M. (2011) Photostability and moisture uptake properties of wood veneers coated with a combination of thin sol-gel films and light stabilizers. Holzforschung 65:215–220.10.1515/hf.2011.022Search in Google Scholar
Vinogradova, E., Estrada, M., Moreno, A. (2006) Colloidal aggregation phenomena: spatial structuring of TEOS-derived silica aerogels. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 298:209–212.10.1016/j.jcis.2005.11.064Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wang, H., Xue, Y., Ding, J., Feng, L., Wang, X., Lin, T. (2011) Durable, self-healing superhydrophobic and superoleophobic surfaces from fluorinated-decyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and hydrolyzed fluorinated alkyl silane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50:11433–11436.10.1002/anie.201105069Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wang, X., Chai, Y., Liu, J. (2013) Formation of highly hydrophobic wood surfaces using silica nanoparticles modified with long-chain alkylsilane. Holzforschung 67:667–672.10.1515/hf-2012-0153Search in Google Scholar
Xu, X., Tang, Z., Shao, J., Fan., Z. (2005) The study on the interface adhesion comparison of the MgF2, Al2O3, SiO2 and Ag thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 245:11–15.10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.10.018Search in Google Scholar
©2016 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Synthesis and enzymatic hydrolysis of a diaryl benzyl ester model of a lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC)
- Influence of chip presteaming conditions on kraft pulp composition and properties
- Isolating nanocellulose fibrills from bamboo parenchymal cells with high intensity ultrasonication
- Chemical improvement of surfaces. Part 4: Significantly enhanced hydrophobicity of wood by covalent modification with p-silyl-functionalized benzoates
- N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) – an efficient catalyst for acetylation of wood
- Silane nanofilm formation by sol-gel processes for promoting adhesion of waterborne and solvent-borne coatings to wood surface
- Mechanical properties of wood flour/poly (lactic acid) composites coupled with waterborne silane-polyacrylate copolymer emulsion
- Analysis of the open-hole compressive strength of spruce
- Characterisation of cubic oak specimens from the Vasa ship and recent wood by means of quasi-static loading and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS)
- Strength properties and dimensional stability of particleboards with different proportions of thermally treated recycled pine particles
- Chemical characterization of cork and phloem from Douglas fir outer bark
- Wood microfibril angle variation after drying
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Synthesis and enzymatic hydrolysis of a diaryl benzyl ester model of a lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC)
- Influence of chip presteaming conditions on kraft pulp composition and properties
- Isolating nanocellulose fibrills from bamboo parenchymal cells with high intensity ultrasonication
- Chemical improvement of surfaces. Part 4: Significantly enhanced hydrophobicity of wood by covalent modification with p-silyl-functionalized benzoates
- N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) – an efficient catalyst for acetylation of wood
- Silane nanofilm formation by sol-gel processes for promoting adhesion of waterborne and solvent-borne coatings to wood surface
- Mechanical properties of wood flour/poly (lactic acid) composites coupled with waterborne silane-polyacrylate copolymer emulsion
- Analysis of the open-hole compressive strength of spruce
- Characterisation of cubic oak specimens from the Vasa ship and recent wood by means of quasi-static loading and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS)
- Strength properties and dimensional stability of particleboards with different proportions of thermally treated recycled pine particles
- Chemical characterization of cork and phloem from Douglas fir outer bark
- Wood microfibril angle variation after drying