Wood-based activated carbons for supercapacitors with organic electrolyte
-
Galina Dobele
,
Aleksandrs Volperts
Abstract
The thermocatalytical synthesis conditions required for the activation of wood charcoal with NaOH in terms of the formation of pores in its structure were investigated. The present study was conducted to explore the potential application of activated carbons as electrodes in supercapacitors with organic electrolyte. The total pore volume and micro- and mesopore ratio were controlled by the activation temperature and alkali addition rate. The working characteristics of carbon electrodes (e.g., specific capacity and ohmic losses) in supercapacitors are strongly influenced by the properties of the pores in their structures. Herein, the optimal ratio of raw material to activator and activation temperature are established: an increase in the ratio of NaOH to carbonizate rate by a factor of 2 and setting the synthesis temperature at 700°C positively influence the electrochemical characteristics of supercapacitors and provide them with specific capacities of up to 160 F g-1.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by ERAF 2014/0045/2DP/2.1.1.1.0/14/APIA/VIAA/50 and Latvian Science Council Grant No 666/2014.
References
Bansal, R., Goyal, M. Activated Carbon Adsorption. CRP Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2005.10.1201/9781420028812Search in Google Scholar
Celzard, A., Fierro, V. (2005) Preparing a suitable material designed for methane storage: a comprehensive report. Energ. Fuel 19:573–583.10.1021/ef040045bSearch in Google Scholar
Conway, B.E. Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications. Springer, New York, 1999.Search in Google Scholar
Diaz-Teran, J., Nevskaia, D.M., Fierro, J.L.G., Lopez-Pienado, A.J., Jerez, A. (2003) Study of chemical activation process of a lignocellulosic material with KOH by XPS and XRD. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 60:173–181.10.1016/S1387-1811(03)00338-XSearch in Google Scholar
Dobele, G., Dizhbite, T., Gil, M.V., Volperts, A., Centeno, T.A. (2012) Production of nanoporous carbons from wood processing wastes and their use in supercapacitors and CO2 capture. Biomass Bioenerg. 46:145–154.10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.010Search in Google Scholar
Frackowiak, E. (2006) Supercapacitors based on carbon materials and ionic liquids. J. Brazil. Chem. Soc. 17:1074–1082.10.1590/S0103-50532006000600003Search in Google Scholar
Freitas, J.C.C., Schettino, M.A., Cunha, A.G., Emmerich, F.G., Bloise, A.C., de Azevedo, E., Bonagamba, T.J. (2007) NMR investigation on the occurrence of Na species in porous carbons prepared by NaOH activation. Carbon 45:1097–1104.10.1016/j.carbon.2006.12.006Search in Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Garcia, P., Centeno, T.A., Urones-Garrote, E., Avila, D., Otero-Diaz, L.C. (2013) Microstructure and surface properties of lignocellulosic-based activated carbons. Appl. Surf. Sci. 265:731–737.10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.11.092Search in Google Scholar
He, X., Geng, Y., Qiu, J., Zheng, M., Long, S., Zhang, X. (2010) Effect of activation time on the properties of activated carbons prepared by microwave-assisted activation for electric double layer capacitors. Carbon 48:1662–1669.10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.016Search in Google Scholar
He, X., Li, R., Qiu, J., Xie, K., Ling, P., Yu, M., Zhang, X., Zheng, M. (2012) Synthesis of mesoporous carbons for supercapacitors from coal tar pitch by coupling microwave-assisted KOH activation with a MgO template. Carbon 50:4911–4921.10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.020Search in Google Scholar
Helmholz, H. (1853) Ueber einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Ströme in körperlichen Leitern mit Anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche. Ann. Phys. 89:211–213.10.1002/andp.18531650603Search in Google Scholar
Kuznetsov, B.N. (1999) Synthesis and application of carbon sorbents. ISSEP Educational J. 12:29–34.Search in Google Scholar
Lillo-Rodenas, M.A., Cazorla-Amoros, D., Linares-Solano, A. (2003) Understanding chemical reactions between carbons and NaOH and KOH: an insight into the chemical activation mechanism. Carbon 41:267–275.10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00279-8Search in Google Scholar
Lillo-Rodenas, M.A., Juan-Juan, J., Cazorla-Amoros, D., Linares-Solano, A. (2004) About reactions occurring during chemical activation with hydroxides. Carbon 42:1371–1375.10.1016/j.carbon.2004.01.008Search in Google Scholar
Linares-Solano, A, Lillo-Rodenas, M.A., Marko-Lozar, J.P., Kunowsky, M., Romero-Anaya A.J. (2012) NaOH and KOH for preparing activated carbons used in energy and environmental applications. Int. J. Energ. Env. Eco. 20: 59–91.Search in Google Scholar
Lankin, A.B, Norman, G.E., Stegailov, V.V. (2011) Atomistic simulation of the interaction of electrolyte with graphite nanostructures in advanced supercapacitors. Physical-Chemical Kinetics in Gas Dynamics. 11:1–7.Search in Google Scholar
Lipka, S.M., Swartz, C.R. (2007) Electrochemical capacitor carbons. Energeia 18:1–4.Search in Google Scholar
Marsh, H., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F. Activated Carbon. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Murali, S., Potts, J.R., Stoller, S., Park, J., Meryl, D., Stoller, M.D., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Ruoff, R.S. (2012) Preparation of activated graphene and effect of activation parameters on electrochemical capacitance. Carbon 50:3482–3485.10.1016/j.carbon.2012.03.014Search in Google Scholar
Raymundo-Pinero, E., Azais, P., Cacciaguerra, T., Cazorla-Amoros, D., Linares-Solano, A., Beguin, F. (2005) KOH and NaOH activation mechanisms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with different structural organization. Carbon 43:786–795.10.1016/j.carbon.2004.11.005Search in Google Scholar
Robau-Sanchez, A., Cordero-de la Rosa, F., Aguilar-Pliego, J., Aguilar-Elguezabal, A. (2006) On the reaction mechanism of the chemical activation of Quercus agrifolia char by alkaline hydroxides. J. Porous Mat. 13:123–132.10.1007/s10934-006-7010-0Search in Google Scholar
Rouquerol, J., Rouquerol, F., Sing K. Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids: Principles, Methodology and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1998.Search in Google Scholar
Tay, T., Ucar, S., Karagoz, S. (2009) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from waste biomass. J. Hazard. Mater. 165:481–485.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.011Search in Google Scholar
Simon, P., Gogotsi Y. (2008) Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nat. Mater. 7:845–854.10.1038/nmat2297Search in Google Scholar
Torne-Fernandez, V., Mateo-Sanz, J.M., Montane, D., Fierro, V. (2009) Statistical optimization of the synthesis of highly microporus carbons by chemical activation of kraft lignin with NaOH. J. Chem. Eng. Data 54:2216–2221.10.1021/je800827nSearch in Google Scholar
Tsyganova, S., Korolkova, I., Bondarenko, G., Chesnokov, N., Kuznetsov, B. (2009) Synthesis of active carbons from birch wood modified by phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide. J. Siberian Fed. Univ.: Chem. 2:275–281.Search in Google Scholar
Volperts, A., Dobele, G., Zhurinsh, A., Vervikishko, D., Shkolnikov, E., Ozolinsh, J., Mironova-Ulman, N., Sildos, I. Highly Porous Wood Based Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 2014.10.1088/1757-899X/77/1/012016Search in Google Scholar
Xu, B., Wu, F., Chen, R., Cao, G., Chen, S., Zhou, Z., Yang, Y. (2008) Highly mesoporous and high surface area carbon: a high capacitance electrode material for EDLCs with various electrolytes. Electrochem. Commun. 10:795–797.10.1016/j.elecom.2008.02.033Search in Google Scholar
Xu, B., Chen, Y., Wei, G., Zhang, H., Yang, Y. (2010) Activated carbon with high capacitance prepared by NaOH activation for supercapacitors. Mater. Chem. Phys. 124:504–509.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.07.002Search in Google Scholar
Yang, S., Hu, H., Chen, G. (2002) Preparation of carbon adsorbents with high surface area and a model for calculating surface area. Carbon 40:277–284.10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00131-2Search in Google Scholar
Yoshizawa, N., Maruyama, K., Yamada, Y., Ishikawa, E., Kobayashi, M., Toda, Y., Shiraishi, M. (2002) XRD evaluation of KOH activation process and influence of coal rank. Fuel 81:1717–1722.10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00101-1Search in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Effect of hydroxide and sulfite ion concentration in alkaline sulfite anthraquinone (ASA) pulping – a comparative study
- Novel insight in carbohydrate degradation during alkaline treatment
- Activated hydrogen peroxide decolorization of a model azo dye-colored pulp
- Effects of inorganic salts on the degradation of 2,5-dihydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone as a key chromophore in pulps by hydrogen peroxide under basic conditions
- Analysis of degradation products in rayon spinning baths
- Effect of cellulase-assisted refining on the thermal degradation of bleached high-density paper
- Synthesis and characterization of functionalized 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan derivatives
- Hydrophobic materials based on cotton linter cellulose and an epoxy-activated polyester derived from a suberin monomer
- Depolymerization of cellulose during cold acidic chlorite treatment
- Enhanced stability of PVA electrospun fibers in water by adding cellulose nanocrystals
- Micro-nanoparticle gels obtained from bark for their use alone and with chitosan and Na-CMC in paper coatings
- Conversion of sulfur-free black liquor into fuel gas by supercritical water gasification
- Modification of acid hydrolysis lignin for value-added applications by micronization followed by hydrothermal alkaline treatment
- Preparation of lignin-containing porous microspheres through the copolymerization of lignin acrylate derivatives with styrene and divinylbenzene
- Wood-based activated carbons for supercapacitors with organic electrolyte
- Functionality and physico-chemical characteristics of wheat straw lignin, Biolignin™, derivatives formed in the oxypropylation process
- Antioxidant activity of various lignins and lignin-related phenylpropanoid units with high and low molecular weight
- Characterization of technical lignins by NMR spectroscopy: optimization of functional group analysis by 31P NMR spectroscopy
- Chemical composition of volatiles extracted from indigenous tree species of Uganda: composition of bark extracts from Psorospermum febrifugum and Milicia excelsa
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Effect of hydroxide and sulfite ion concentration in alkaline sulfite anthraquinone (ASA) pulping – a comparative study
- Novel insight in carbohydrate degradation during alkaline treatment
- Activated hydrogen peroxide decolorization of a model azo dye-colored pulp
- Effects of inorganic salts on the degradation of 2,5-dihydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone as a key chromophore in pulps by hydrogen peroxide under basic conditions
- Analysis of degradation products in rayon spinning baths
- Effect of cellulase-assisted refining on the thermal degradation of bleached high-density paper
- Synthesis and characterization of functionalized 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan derivatives
- Hydrophobic materials based on cotton linter cellulose and an epoxy-activated polyester derived from a suberin monomer
- Depolymerization of cellulose during cold acidic chlorite treatment
- Enhanced stability of PVA electrospun fibers in water by adding cellulose nanocrystals
- Micro-nanoparticle gels obtained from bark for their use alone and with chitosan and Na-CMC in paper coatings
- Conversion of sulfur-free black liquor into fuel gas by supercritical water gasification
- Modification of acid hydrolysis lignin for value-added applications by micronization followed by hydrothermal alkaline treatment
- Preparation of lignin-containing porous microspheres through the copolymerization of lignin acrylate derivatives with styrene and divinylbenzene
- Wood-based activated carbons for supercapacitors with organic electrolyte
- Functionality and physico-chemical characteristics of wheat straw lignin, Biolignin™, derivatives formed in the oxypropylation process
- Antioxidant activity of various lignins and lignin-related phenylpropanoid units with high and low molecular weight
- Characterization of technical lignins by NMR spectroscopy: optimization of functional group analysis by 31P NMR spectroscopy
- Chemical composition of volatiles extracted from indigenous tree species of Uganda: composition of bark extracts from Psorospermum febrifugum and Milicia excelsa
