Abstract
The study will focus on the quantitative assessment of nine stories, considered important contributions in the supernatural and in the early and modern science-fiction prose. Besides the two treatments of the topic of imaginary Flatland – penned by E. A. Abbott and C. H. Hinton –, the corpus includes writings by H. G. Wells, A. Blackwood, M. Leinster, G. Waldeyer, R. A. Heinlein, L. Padgett, and A. C. Clarke. Texts are researched on the bases of four analyses (moving-average type-token ratio, average tokens length, Busemann’s coefficient, and collocation associativity), with the results tested for statistical significance; next, the textual comparisons will provide a springboard for sketches of literary criticism interpretations. The analyzed corpus has revealed the distinctive and colorful take writers have in their stories. By the nature of their subject, the texts are expected to share higher dimensions and time warps, a thread implying a meeting point in terms of vocabulary richness, plot development, and possibly of narrative structure. Yet, in most cases, the findings suggest basic and nuanced differences, hinting at clear stylistic physiognomies in the authorship. The outcome affects not only the assessment of the weight individual samples have, but also the interface between a common (sub)genre and personal style.
Corpus under study
Abbott, Edwin A. 1884. Flatland: A romance of many dimensions. London: Seeley & Co. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45506/45506-h/45506-h.htm (accessed 5 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Blackwood, Algernon. 1998 [1914]. A victim of higher space. In Sunand Tryambak Joshi (ed.), The complete John Silence stories, 230–246. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10659/10659-h/10659-h.htm (accessed 7 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Clarke, Arthur C. 2000 [1946]. Technical error. In The collected stories of Arthur C. Clarke, 56–68. London: Gollancz, an imprint of Orion Books, Ltd.Search in Google Scholar
Heinlein, Robert A. 1941. “—And he built a crooked house—”. In Astounding Science-Fiction (Street & Smith Publications, Inc) 26 (6). 68–83. https://ia800204.us.archive.org/11/items/Astounding_v26n06_1941-02_dtsg0318-LennyS/Astounding_v26n06_1941-02_dtsg0318-LennyS.pdf (accessed 6 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Hinton, Charles Howard. 1907. An episode of Flatland or how a plane folk discovered the third dimension. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd. http://www.forgottenfutures.co.uk/flat2/flat2-00.htm (accessed 12 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Leinster, Murray. 1950 [1935]. The fourth dimensional demonstrator. In Frederick Orlin Tremaine (ed.), Astounding stories (Street & Smith Publications, Inc.), December 1935, illustrated by Wallace Saaty. In Sidewise in time, 175–190. Chicago, IL: Shasta Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
Padgett, Lewis. 1943. Mimsy were the borogoves. In John W. Campbell Jr (ed.), Astounding Science Fiction Magazine, 52–70. Street & Smith Publications, Inc., Feb. 1943. http://jabberwockland.blogspot.com/2007/03/mimsy-were-borogoves-by-lewis-padgett.html (accessed 12 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Waldeyer, Graph. 1941. The 4-D Doodler. In Frederick Orlin Tremaine (ed.), Comet (H-K Publications, Inc.), July 1941, 1(5). 90–100. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22227/22227-h/22227-h.htm (accessed 4 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Wells, Herbert G. 1957 [1895]. The remarkable case of Davidson’s eyes. In The short stories of H. G. Wells, 273–283. London: Ernest Benn. http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/2867/ (accessed 17 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
References
Andreev, Sergey, Michal Místecký & Altmann Gabriel. 2018. Sonnets: Quantitative inquiries. Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Atkins, Sue, Jeremy Clear & Nicholas Ostler. 1992. Corpus design criteria. Literary and Linguistic Computing 7(1). 1–16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242692098_Corpus _Design_ Criteria/link/55af9dd008ae11d310387326/download (accessed 18 October 2020).10.1093/llc/7.1.1Search in Google Scholar
Baker, John Paul. 2013 [1997]. Consistency and accuracy in correcting automatically tagged data. In Roger Garside, Geoffrey Leech & Tony McEnery (eds.), Corpus annotation: Linguistic information from computer text corpora, 243–251. London / New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Banchoff, Thomas F. 1991. Introduction to Flatland: A romance of many dimensions, xv–xxxi. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Banchoff, Thomas F. 2018. Edwin Abbott Abbott: The man, the book. https://www.math.brown.edu/∼banchoff/abbott/Flatland/ISR/; http://www.math.brown.edu/∼banchoff/abbott/life/index.shtml (accessed 6 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Bartsch, Sabine. 2004. Structural and functional properties of collocations in English: A corpus study of lexical and pragmatic constraints on lexical co-occurrence. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Search in Google Scholar
Bauer, Friedrich L. 2007 [1997]. Decrypted secrets: Methods and maxims of cryptology. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Bertagnolli, Nicolas. 2015. Elbow method and finding the right number of clusters. http://www.nbertagnolli.com/jekyll/update/2015/12/10/Elbow.html (accessed 17 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Bird, Steven & Mark Y. Liberman. 2000. A formal framework for linguistic annotation (revised version). In CoRR, cs.CL/0010033, 23–60. https://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0010033.pdf (accessed 22 October 2018).10.1016/S0167-6393(00)00068-6Search in Google Scholar
Blackblock, Mark. 2018. The emergence of the fourth dimension: Higher spatial thinking in the fin de siècle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198755487.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Bork, Alfred M. 1964. The fourth dimension in nineteenth-century physics. Isis 55(3). 326–338. https://www.jstor.org/stable/228574 (accessed 19 October 2020).10.1086/349865Search in Google Scholar
Bragdon, Claude F. 1913. A primer of higher space: The fourth dimension. Rochester / New York: The Manas Press. https://archive.org/details/aprimerhighersp00braggoog (accessed 10 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Brezina, Vaclav. 2018. Statistics in corpus linguistics: A practical guide. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781316410899Search in Google Scholar
Brezina, Vaclav, Tony McEnery & Stephen Wattam. 2015. Collocations in context: A new perspective on collocation networks. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 20(2). 139–173. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.2.01bre.Search in Google Scholar
Brysbaert, Mark & Boris New. 2009. Moving beyond Kučera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods 41(4). 977–990. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.41.4.977.Search in Google Scholar
Burger, Dionys. 1965 [1957]. Sphereland: A fantasy about curved spaces and an expanding universe. Trans. by Cornelia J. Rheinbold. New York: Crowell.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, Ruina & Gabriel Altmann. 2015. Conceptual inertia in texts. Glottometrics 30. 73–88.Search in Google Scholar
Church, Kenneth Ward & Patrick Hanks. 1990. Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography. Computational Linguistics 16(1). 22–29.10.3115/981623.981633Search in Google Scholar
Conrad, Joseph & Ford Madox Hueffer [Ford]. 1901. The inheritors: An extravagant story. New York: McClure, Philips & Co. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14888/14888-h/14888-h.htm (accessed 2 November 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Cover, Thomas M. & Joy A. Thomas. 1991. Elements of information theory. New York: John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/0471200611Search in Google Scholar
Covington, Michael A. & Joe D. McFall. 2010. Cutting the Gordian knot: The moving average type-token ratio (MATTR). Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 17(2). 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/09296171003643098.Search in Google Scholar
Craig, Hugh. 1999. Authorial attribution and computational stylistics: If you can tell authors apart, have you learned anything about them? Literary and Linguistic Computing 14(1). 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/14.1.103.Search in Google Scholar
Čech, Radek. 2011. Frequency structure of New Year’s presidential speeches in Czech. The authorship analysis. In Emmerich Kelih, Victor Levickij & Yuliya Matskulyak (eds.), Issues in quantitative linguistics 2, 75−87. Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Čech, Radek, Ioan-Iovitz Popescu & Gabriel Altmann. 2014. Metody kvantitativní analýzy (nejen) básnických textů [Methods of quantitative analysis of (not only) poetic texts]. Olomouc: Palacký University.Search in Google Scholar
Čech, Radek, Radovan Garabík & Altmann Gabriel. 2015. Testing the thematic concentration of text. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 22(3). 215–232.10.1080/09296174.2015.1037157Search in Google Scholar
Danielewski, Mark Z. 2000. House of leaves. New York: Pantheon, Random House.Search in Google Scholar
Dick, Philip K. 1988 [1969]. Ubik. London: Grafton Books / Collins Publishing Group.Search in Google Scholar
Dror, Rotem, Gili Baumer, Marina Bogomolov & Roi Reichart. 2017. Replicability analysis for natural language processing: Testing significance with multiple datasets. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (Action Editor: Brian Roark). 471–486. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00074.Search in Google Scholar
Dunning, Ted E. 1993. Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence. Computational Linguistics 19(1). 61–74.Search in Google Scholar
Durrant, Philipe & Alice Doherty. 2010. Are high-frequency collocations psychologically real? Investigating the thesis of collocational priming. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 6(2). 125–155. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt.2010.006.Search in Google Scholar
Eder, Maciej. 2017. Visualization in stylometry: Cluster analysis using networks. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 32(1). 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqv061.Search in Google Scholar
Egbert, Jesse & Michaela Mahlberg. 2017. Fiction – one register or two? Narrative and fictional speech in Dickens’s novels. In The 9th International Corpus Linguistics Conference 24–28 July 2017. University of Birmingham. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/092c/109c072529 588b3d9dc1c9c01f800e59fa18.pdf (accessed 17 November 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Evert, Stefan. 2005. The statistics of word cooccurrences: Word pairs and collocations. Institut für maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung, Universität Stuttgart dissertation. https://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/bitstream/11682/2573/1/Evert2005phd.pdf (accessed 22 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Fraser, Paul. 2019. The Great SF Stories Volume 5, 1943. In Isaac Asimov & Martin H. Greenberg (eds.), SF MAGAZINES – SF, Fantasy & Horror Magazine Reviews. https://sfmagazines.com/?p=9990 (accessed 21 October 2020).Search in Google Scholar
Freeman, Mary Eleanor Wilkins. 1905. The hall bedroom. In William Patten (ed.), Short story classics (American), vol. 4, 1275–1302. New York: P. F. Collier and Son. http://wilkinsfreeman.info/Short/HallBedroomSS.htm (accessed 14 November 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Gale, William A. & Kenneth Ward Church. 1994. What is wrong with adding one? In Nelleke Oostdijk & Pieter de Haan (eds.), Corpus-based research into language, 189–198. Amsterdam: Rodopi.10.1163/9789004653566_015Search in Google Scholar
Garside, Roger, Geoffrey Leech & Tony McEnery (eds.). 2013 [1997]. Corpus annotation: Linguistic information from computer text corpora. London & New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
GIGAcalculator.com. 2017–2019. Copyright © Normality Test Calculator. https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/normality-test-calculator.php (accessed 12 December 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Gilbert, Elliot L. 1991. ‘Upward, not northward’: Flatland and the quest for the new. English Literature in Transition 1880-1920 34(4). 391–403.Search in Google Scholar
Greenberg, Martin H. (ed.). 1985. The best of Marion Zimmer Bradley. Chicago, Illinois: Academy Chicago Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
Gries, Stefan T. 2009. What is corpus linguistics? Language and Linguistics Compass 3. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2009.00149.x.Search in Google Scholar
Gries, Stefan T. 2013. 50-something years of work on collocations: What is or should be next…. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 18(1). 137–165. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.1.09gri.Search in Google Scholar
Grieve, Jack W. 2007. Quantitative authorship attribution: An evaluation of techniques. Literary and Linguistic Computing 22(3). 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqm020.Search in Google Scholar
Grzybek, Peter. 2006. History and methodology of word length studies: The state of the art. In Peter Grzybek (ed.), Contributions to the science of text and language: Word length studies and related issues, vol. 31, 15–90. Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4020-4068-9_2Search in Google Scholar
Henderson, Linda Dalrymple. 1983. The fourth dimension and non-Euclidean geometry in modern art. New Haven, CT: Princeton University Press.10.2307/1575193Search in Google Scholar
Hermann, J. Berenike, Karina van DalenOskam & Christoph Schöch. 2015. Revisiting style, a key concept in literary studies. Journal of Literary Theory 9(1). 25–52.10.1515/jlt-2015-0003Search in Google Scholar
Holmes, David I. 1998. The evolution of stylometry in humanities scholarship. Literary and Linguistic Computing 13(3). 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/13.3.111.Search in Google Scholar
Hoover, David L. 2002. Frequent word sequences and statistical stylistics. Literary and Linguistic Computing 17. 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/17.2.157.Search in Google Scholar
Hoover, David L. 2003. Frequent collocations and authorial style. Literary and Linguistic Computing 18(3). 261–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/18.3.261.Search in Google Scholar
Huemer, Wolfgang. 2016. Literary style. In Noël Carroll & John Gibson (eds.), The Routledge companion to philosophy of literature, 195–204. New York & London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315708935-17Search in Google Scholar
IMDb. 2002. Cube2: Hypercube | Sci-Fi, Thriller | | 1h 34min | Director Andrzej Sekula. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt000000000285492/ (accessed 6 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
IMDb. 2014. Interstellar | Adventure, Drama, Sci-Fi | | 2h 49min | Director Christopher Nolan. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0816692/ (accessed 17 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
James, Henry. 1909 [1908]. The jolly corner. In The novels and tales of Henry James, New York edn., vol. 17, 435–485. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Search in Google Scholar
Jann, Rosemary. 1985. Abbott’s “Flatland”: Scientific imagination and “Natural Christianity. Victorian Studies 28(3). 473–490.Search in Google Scholar
Juola, Patrick. 2008. Authorship attribution. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval I(3). 233–334.10.1561/9781601981196Search in Google Scholar
Jurafsky, Daniel & James H. Martin. 2018. Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition, 3rd edn. draft. https://web.stanford.edu/∼jurafsky/slp3/ed3book.pdf (accessed 20 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Kidd, Virginia. 1976. The best of Judith Merril. New York City: Warner Books.Search in Google Scholar
Köhler, Reinhard. 2006. Text corpus as an abstract data structure: The architecture of a universal corpus interface. In Peter Grzybek (ed.), Contributions to the science of text and language: Word length studies and related issues, vol. 31, 187–199. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4020-4068-9_7Search in Google Scholar
Korhonen, Anna & Ted, Briscoe. 2004. Extended lexical-semantic classification of English verbs. CLS ’04: Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL Workshop on Computational Lexical Semantics, 38–45. doi: 10.31115/1596431.1596437. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2947783_Extended_Lexical-Semantic_Classification_of_English_Verbs (accessed 2 October 2019).10.3115/1596431.1596437Search in Google Scholar
Kreisel, Deanna. 2016. The discovery of hyperspace in Victorian literature. BRANCH: Britain, representation and nineteenth-century history. In Dino Franco Felluga (ed.), Extension of romanticism and victorianism on the Net. http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles =deanna-kreisel-the-discovery-of-hyperspace-in-victorian-literature (accessed 17 November 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Křen, Michal. 2006. Kolokační míry a čeština: srovnání na datech Českého národního korpusu. In František Čermák & Michal Šulc (eds.), Kolokace [The collocation], 223–248. Prague: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny. Kolokační míry a čeština: srovnání na datech Českého národního korpusu [Collocation measures and Czech: comparison on the grounds of the Czech National Corpus data].Search in Google Scholar
Kubát, Miroslav. 2017. Kvantitativní analýza žánrů [A quantitative analysis of genres]. Ostrava: University of Ostrava.Search in Google Scholar
Kubát, Miroslav & Radek Čech. 2016. Quantitative analysis of US presidential inaugural addresses. Glottometrics 34. 14–27.Search in Google Scholar
Kubát, Miroslav, Vladimír Matlach & Radek Čech. 2014. QUITA – Quantitative Index Text Analyzer. Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag. https://code.google.com/archive/p/oltk/ (accessed 20 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
LancsBox. 2018. Lancaster University corpus toolbox. © Vaclav Březina. Lancaster University. http://corpora.lancs.ac.uk/lancsbox/download.php (accessed 7 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Leadbeater, Charles Webster. 1899. Clairvoyance. Adyar, Madras (India): Theosophical Pub. House. https://archive.org/details/Clairvoyance1899 (accessed 12 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey. 1974. Semantics. London: Penguin.Search in Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey. 1997. Corpus annotation: Linguistic information from computer text corpora. London: Longman.10.4324/9781315841366Search in Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey & Mick Short. 2007 [1981]. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose, 2nd edn. (English Language Series). Harlow, England: Pearson – Longman. http://sv-etc.nl/styleinfiction.pdf (accessed 26 October 2020).Search in Google Scholar
Levickij, Viktor V. 2012. Semasiologija: Monografija, 2-e izd., ispr. i dopoln [Semasiology: Monograph. 2nd ed., rev. and suppl.]. Vinnica: Nova Knyha.Search in Google Scholar
Levin, Beth. 1993. English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Cixin. 2014 [2006]. The three-body problem. (Series Remembrance of Earth’s Past). New York: Tor Books.Search in Google Scholar
MacDonald, George. 2000 [1895]. Lilith: A romance. Grand Rapids, MI: William. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.Search in Google Scholar
Mahlberg, Michaela. 2012. The corpus stylistic analysis of fiction – or the fiction of corpus stylistics? In Joybrato Mukherjee & Magnus Huber (eds.), Corpus linguistics and variation in English: Theory and description, 77–95. Amsterdam: Rodopi.10.1163/9789401207713_008Search in Google Scholar
Mandravickaité, Justina & Tomas Krilavičius. 2017. Stylometric analysis of parliamentary speeches: Gender dimension. Paper presented at Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing, Valencia, Spain, 4 April 2017, 102–107.10.18653/v1/W17-1416Search in Google Scholar
Manning, Christopher D. & Hinrich Schütze. 2000 [1999]. Foundations of statistical natural language processing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Manning, Christopher D., Prabhakar Raghavan & Hinrich Schütze. 2008. Introduction to information retrieval. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511809071Search in Google Scholar
Masrani, Vaden, Gabriel Murray, Thalia Field & Giuseppe Carenini. 2017. Detecting dementia through retrospective analysis of routine blog posts by bloggers with dementia. In Proceedings of the BioNLP 2017 workshop, August 4, 2017, 232–237. Vancouver: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318739625_Detecting_Dementia_through_Retrospective_Analysis_of_Routine_Blog_Posts_by_Bloggers_with_Dementia (accessed 26 November 2019).10.18653/v1/W17-2329Search in Google Scholar
McEnery, Tony & Andrew Wilson. 2001. Corpus linguistics, 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Search in Google Scholar
McGee, Iain. 2009. Adjective-noun collocations in elicited and corpus data: Similarities, differences, and the whys and wherefores. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 5(1). 79–103. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt.2009.004.Search in Google Scholar
Meer, Syed H. 2018. Differences between a short story, novelette, novella, & a novel. https://owlcation.com/humanities/Difference-Between-A-Short-Story-Novelette-Novella-And-A-Novel (accessed 30 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Milička, Jiří & Miroslav Kubát. 2013. Vocabulary richness measure in genres. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 20(4). 339–349.10.1080/09296174.2013.830552Search in Google Scholar
Místecký, Michal & Tomi S. Melka. 2019–2020. Online Text supplement to Literary “higher dimensions” quantified: A stylometric study of nine stories. https://misteckymelka.wordpress.com/ (accessed 16 October 2020).Search in Google Scholar
Místecký, Michal & Sergey Andreev. 2018. Activity in Czech and Russian nineteenth-century sonnets: A contrastive study. Glottotheory 9(1). 89–104.10.1515/glot-2018-0004Search in Google Scholar
Ohmann, Richard. 1964. Generative grammars and the concept of literary style. WORD 20(3). 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1964.11659831.Search in Google Scholar
Okrent, Arika. 2009. In the land of invented languages: Esperanto rock stars, Klingon poets, Loglan lovers, and the mad dreamers who tried to build a perfect language. New York: Spiegel & Grau / Random House, Inc.Search in Google Scholar
Pace-Sigge, Michael. 2013. Lexical priming in spoken English usage. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.10.1057/9781137331908Search in Google Scholar
Pecina, Pavel. 2009. Lexical association measures: Collocation extraction (A preview). (Studies in Computational and Theoretical Linguistics. Vol. 4). Prague: ÚFAL. https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/books/preview/pecina_preview.pdf (accessed 24 October 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Pecina, Pavel. 2010. Lexical association measures and collocation extraction. Language Resources and Evaluation 44(1–2). 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-009-9101-4.Search in Google Scholar
Pelegrinová, Kateřina & Altmann Gabriel. 2017. The study of adverbials in Czech. Glottometrics 37. 34–53.Search in Google Scholar
Pennebaker, James W. & Laura A. King. 1999. Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77(6). 1296–1312. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1296.Search in Google Scholar
Perneger, Thomas V. 1998. What’s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments. British Medical Journal 316(7139). 1236–1238. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1236. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1112991/(accessed 22 October 2020).Search in Google Scholar
Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA). 2020 [1911−1912]. Man with a violin; Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, Spanish (1881–1973). Oil on canvas. https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/51089.html (accessed 28 October 2020).Search in Google Scholar
Piantadosi, Steven T., Harry Tily & Edward Gibson. 2011. Word lengths are optimized for efficient communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 108(9). 3526–3529. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1012551108 (accessed 19 December 2018).10.1073/pnas.1012551108Search in Google Scholar
Popescu, Ioan-Iovitz & Gabriel Altmann. 2011. Thematic concentration in texts. In Emmerich Kelih, Victor Levickij & Yuliya Matskulyak (eds.), Issues in quantitative linguistics 2, 110−116. Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Popescu, Ioan-Iovitz, Gabriel Altmann, Peter Grzybek, Bijapur D. Jayaram, Reinhard Köhler, Viktor Krupa, Ján Mačutek, Regina Pustet, Ludmila Uhlířová & Mattumal N. Vidya. 2009. Word frequency studies. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110218534Search in Google Scholar
Popescu, Ioan-Iovitz, Radek Čech & Gabriel Altmann. 2011. The Lambda-structure of texts. Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Richards, Joan L. 1988. Mathematical visions: The pursuit of geometry in Victorian England. Boston: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar
Rudman, Joseph. 1998. The state of authorship attribution studies: Some problems and solutions. Computers and the Humanities 31. 351–365.10.1023/A:1001018624850Search in Google Scholar
Rybicki, Jan, David Hoover & Maciej Eder. 2016. Computational stylistics and text analysis. In Constance Crompton, Richard L. Lane & Ray Siemens (eds.), Doing digital humanities, 123–144. London / New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Sandulescu, George, Lidia Vianu, Ioan-Iovitz Popescu, Andrew Wilson, Róisín Knight & Gabriel Altmann. 2015. Quantifying Joyce’s Finnegans Wake. Glottometrics 30. 45–72.Search in Google Scholar
Scherer, Klaus Rainer. 2000. Psychological models of emotion. In Joan C. Borod (ed.), The neuropsychology of emotion, 137–162. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Schofield, Alfred Taylor. 1905 [1888]. Another world or the fourth dimension, 3rd edn. London: Swann & Sonnenschein & Co. Lim. https://archive.org/details/cu31924031255882 (accessed 6 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Schroder, Karl. 2003. Permanence (A novel of the Cycler Compact). New York: Tor (Science Fiction) Books.Search in Google Scholar
Serjeantson, Mary. 1935. A history of foreign words in English. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Search in Google Scholar
Sinclair, John. 1991. Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Smadja, Frank. 1993. Retrieving collocations from text: XTRACT. Computational Linguistics 19. 143–177.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, Joseph A. & Colleen Kelly. 2002. Stylistic constancy and change across literary corpora – Using measures of lexical richness to date works. Computers and the Humanities 36(4). 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020201615753.10.1023/A:1020201615753Search in Google Scholar
Stamatatos, Efstathios. 2013. On the robustness of authorship attribution based on character n-gram features. Journal of Law and Policy 21(2). 421–440.Search in Google Scholar
Stewart, Ian (ed.). 2002 The annotated Flatland: A romance of many dimensions. Reading, MA & Oxford: Perseus.Search in Google Scholar
Strauss, Udo, Peter Grzybek & Gabriel Altmann. 2006. Word length and word frequency. In Peter Grzybek (ed.), Contributions to the science of text and language: Word length studies and related issues, vol. 31, 277–294. Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4020-4068-9_13Search in Google Scholar
Strunk Jr, William & Elwyn Brooks White. 1979 [1972, 1959]. The elements of style. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., London: Collier Macmillan Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
Stubbs, Michael. 2009. The search for units of meaning: Sinclair on empirical semantics. Applied Linguistics 30(1). 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amn052.Search in Google Scholar
Tausczik, Yla R. & James W. Pennebaker. 2010. The psychological meanings of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 29(1). 24–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x09351676.Search in Google Scholar
Throesch, Elizabeth Lea. 2007. The Scientific Romances of Charles Howard Hinton: The Fourth Dimension as Hyperspace, Hyperrealism and Proto-modernism. University of Leeds, School of English. Doctoral thesis. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/371/ (accessed 27 October 2020).Search in Google Scholar
Tuldava, Juhan. 2005. Stylistics, author identification. In Reinhard Köhler, Gabriel Altmann & Raimund G. Piotrowski (eds.), Quantitative linguistics: An international handbook, 368–387. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Tweedie, Fiona J. 2005. Statistical models in stylistics and forensic linguistics. In Reinhard Köhler, Gabriel Altmann & Raimund G. Piotrowski (eds.), Quantitative linguistics: An international handbook, 387–397. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
van den Berg, Ruben Geert. 2019. SPSS Shapiro-Wilk test – Quick tutorial with example. https://www.spss-tutorials.com/spss-shapiro-wilk-test-for-normality/ (accessed 12 December 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Watts, Peter. 2006. Blindsight. New York: Tor Books.Search in Google Scholar
Wells, Carolyn. 1905 [1902]. A nonsense anthology. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Search in Google Scholar
Wiechmann, Daniel. 2008. On the computation of collostruction strength: Testing measures of association as expressions of lexical bias. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 4(2). 253–290. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt.2008.011.Search in Google Scholar
Williams, Carrington B. 1970. Style and vocabulary: Numerical studies. London: Griffin.Search in Google Scholar
Williams, Carrington B. 1975. Mendenhall’s studies of word-length distribution in the works of Shakespeare and Bacon. Biometrika 62(1). 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/62.1.207.Search in Google Scholar
Willink, Arthur. 1893. The world of the unseen: An essay on the relation of higher space to things eternal. London & New York: Macmillan. https://archive.org/details/worldofun seeness00willrich (accessed 6 September 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Whitney, William Dwight. 1874. Language and the study of language: Twelve lectures on the principles of linguistic science, 5th edn. New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. https://ia801407.us.archive.org/9/items/languagestudyofl00whitrich/languagestudyofl00whitrich.pdf (accessed 9 November 2018).Search in Google Scholar
Zörnig, Peter & Altmann Gabriel. 2016. Activity in Italian presidential speeches. Glottometrics 35. 38–48.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Networks in the mental lexicon – contributions from Hungarian
- Literary “higher dimensions” quantified: a stylometric study of nine stories
- A corpus-driven description of when-adverbial in Nigerian and British Englishes
- Synergetik der Dekodierung von Substantiv-Neubildungen in Satzstrukturen des Deutschen
- Deutsch-ukrainische Sprachkontakte in der Bukowina
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Networks in the mental lexicon – contributions from Hungarian
- Literary “higher dimensions” quantified: a stylometric study of nine stories
- A corpus-driven description of when-adverbial in Nigerian and British Englishes
- Synergetik der Dekodierung von Substantiv-Neubildungen in Satzstrukturen des Deutschen
- Deutsch-ukrainische Sprachkontakte in der Bukowina