Data as a Contested Commodity

References

Aaltonen, Aleksi, Cristina Alaimo, and Jannis Kallinikos. 2021. “The Making of Data Commodities: Data Analytics as an Embedded Process.” Journal of Management Information Systems 38 (2): 401–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2021.1912928.Search in Google Scholar

Abraham, Rene, Johannes Schneider, and Jan vom Brocke. 2019. “Data Governance: A Conceptual Framework, Structured Review, and Research Agenda.” International Journal of Information Management 49: 424–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.07.008.Search in Google Scholar

Ada Lovelace Institute, and UK AI Council. 2021. Exploring Legal Mechanisms for Data Stewardship. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/legal-mechanisms-data-stewardship/.Search in Google Scholar

ALI-ELI. 2020. Principles for a Data Economy. American Law Institute – European Law Institute. https://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/projects-publications/current-projects-feasibility-studies-and-other-activities/current-projects/data-economy/.Search in Google Scholar

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1972 In this issue. “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention.” In Readings in Industrial Economics, Rowley, C.K., 219–36. London: Palgrave.10.1007/978-1-349-15486-9_13Search in Google Scholar

Atik, Can. 2022. “Towards Comprehensive European Agricultural Data Governance: Moving beyond the ‘Data Ownership’ Debate.” IIC – International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 53 (5): 701–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-022-01191-w.Search in Google Scholar

Baarbé, Jeremiah, Meghan Blom, and Jeremy de Beer. 2019. “A Data Commons for Food Security.” The African Journal of Information and Communication 23: 1–33.Search in Google Scholar

Benkler, Yochai. 2003. “Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information.” Duke Law Journal 52 (6): 1245–76.Search in Google Scholar

Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1njknw.Search in Google Scholar

Benkler, Yochai, and Helen Nissenbaum. 2006. “Commons-Based Peer Production and Virtue.” The Journal of Political Philosophy 14 (4): 394–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00235.x.Search in Google Scholar

Bietti, Elettra. 2020. “Consent as a Free Pass: Platform Power and the Limits of the Informational Turn.” Pace Law Review 40 (1): 310–98. https://doi.org/10.58948/2331-3528.2013.Search in Google Scholar

Birch, Kean, D. T. Cochrane, and Callum Ward. 2021. “Data as Asset? the Measurement, Governance, and Valuation of Digital Personal Data by Big Tech.” Big Data & Society 8 (1): 20539517211017308. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211017308.Search in Google Scholar

Blankertz, Aline. 2020. “Designing Data Trusts: Why We Need to Test Consumer Data Trusts Now.” Stiftung Neue Verantwortung. https://www.stiftung-nv.de/sites/default/files/designing_data_trusts_e.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Bodó, Balázs. 2019. “Was the Open Knowledge Commons Idea a Curse in Disguise? – Towards Sovereign Institutions of Knowledge.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502119.Search in Google Scholar

Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich. 2012. The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market & State. Amherst: Levellers Press.Search in Google Scholar

Broca, Sébastien. 2021. “Communs et capitalisme numérique : histoire d’un antagonisme et de quelques affinités électives.” TERMINAL Technologie de l’information, Culture & Société (130): 1–17, https://doi.org/10.4000/terminal.7595.Search in Google Scholar

Charitsis, Vassilis, Detlev Zwick, and Alan Bradshaw. 2018. “Creating Worlds that Create Audiences: Theorising Personal Data Markets in the Age of Communicative Capitalism.” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 16 (2): 820–34. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v16i2.1041.Search in Google Scholar

Chih-Hsing, Ho, and Chuang Tyng-Ruey. 2019 In Governance of Communal Data Sharing, edited by Good Data, A. Davy, S. K. Devitt, and M. Mann, 202–13. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures: Theory on Demand.Search in Google Scholar

Coase, R. H. 1960. “The Problem of Social Cost.” The Journal of Law and Economics 44. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523210_6.Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, Julie E. 2019. Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780190246693.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, Julie., Leah A. Lievrouw, and Brian D. Loader. 2020. “Property and the Construction of the Information Economy – A Neo-Polanyian Ontology (Chapter 25).” In Routledge Handbook of Digital Media and Communication, 333–49. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315616551-29Search in Google Scholar

Commission. Communication. 2020. “A European Strategy for Data.” COM/2020/66 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0066.Search in Google Scholar

Couldry, Nick, and Ulises A. Mejias. 2019. The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.10.1515/9781503609754Search in Google Scholar

Crémer, Jacques, Jean-Yves de Montjoye, and Heike Schweitzer. 2019. Competition Policy for the Digital Era. Luxemburg: European Commission.Search in Google Scholar

Delacroix, Sylvie, and Neil D. Lawrence. 2019. “Bottom-up Data Trusts: Disturbing the ‘One Size Fits All’ Approach to Data Governance.” International Data Privacy Law 9 (4): 236–252, https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipz014.Search in Google Scholar

Drexl, Josef. 2017. “Designing Competitive Markets for Industrial Data – between Propertisation and Access.” JIPITEC 8 (4).10.2139/ssrn.2862975Search in Google Scholar

Drexl, Josef. 2018. “Data Access and Control in the Era of Connected Devices – Study on Behalf of the European Consumer Organisation BEUC.” https://www.beuc.eu/publications/beuc-x-2018-121_data_access_and_control_in_the_area_of_connected_devices.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Drexl, Josef. 2021. “Data Access as a Means to Promote Consumer Interests and Public Welfare – an Introduction.” In Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare, German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, 11–23. Baden-Baden: Nomos.10.5771/9783748924999-11Search in Google Scholar

Ducuing, Charlotte. 2020. “Beyond the Data Flow Paradigm: Governing Data Requires to Look beyond Data.” Technology and Regulation, Special Issue: Governing Data as a Resource 2020 (2020): 57–64.Search in Google Scholar

Ducuing, Charlotte. 2022. “An Analysis of IoT Data Regulation under the Data Act Proposal through Property Law Lenses.” In CiTiP Working Paper Series. Leuven, Belgium: KU Leuven. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4225027.10.2139/ssrn.4225027Search in Google Scholar

Ducuing, Charlotte, and René Herbert Reich. 2023. “Data Governance: Digital Product Passports as a Case Study.” Competition and Regulation in Network Industries. https://doi.org/10.1177/17835917231152799.Search in Google Scholar

Duncan, Jamie. 2023. “Data Protection beyond Data Rights: Governing Data Production through Collective Intermediaries.” Internet Policy Review 12 (3). https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.3.1722.Search in Google Scholar

Eckardt, Martina, and Wolfgang Kerber. 2023. Property Rights Theory, Bundles of Rights on IoT Data, and the Data Act. Budapest: Andrássy Working Paper Series in Economics and Business Administration. the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration of Andrássy University.10.2139/ssrn.4376833Search in Google Scholar

EDPS. 2017. Opinion 4/2017 on the Proposal for a Directive on Certain Aspects Concerning Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content. https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/17-03-14_opinion_digital_content_en.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Erp, Sjef van. 2017. “Ownership of Digital Assets and the Numerus Clausus of Legal Objects.” Maastricht European Private Law Institute Working Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3046402.Search in Google Scholar

Erp, Sjef van. 2020. “Management as Ownership of Data.” In Data as Counter-performance – Contract Law 2.0? Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy, 77–94. Baden-Baden: Nomos.10.5771/9783748908531-77Search in Google Scholar

Erp, Sjef van, and Koen Swinnen. 2022. “The Legal Status of Co-generated Data: With Particular Focus on the ALI-ELI Principles for a Data Economy and the Rules on Accession, Commingling and Specification.” Technology and Regulation: 61–70. https://doi.org/10.26116/techreg.2022.006.Search in Google Scholar

European Commission. 2017a. Commission Staff Working Document on the Free Flow of Data and Emerging Issues of the European Data Economy – Accompanying the Document ‘Communication Building a European Data Economy. European Commission.Search in Google Scholar

European Commission. 2017b. Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Building a European Data Economy, COM/2017/09 final.Search in Google Scholar

Fia, Tommaso. 2021. “An Alternative to Data Ownership: Managing Access to Non-personal Data through the Commons.” Global Jurist 21 (1): 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1515/gj-2020-0034.Search in Google Scholar

Fia, Tommaso. 2022. “Resisting IP Overexpansion: The Case of Trade Secret Protection of Non-personal Data.” IIC – International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 53 (6): 917–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-022-01204-8.Search in Google Scholar

Fisher, Angelina, and Thomas Streinz. 2022. “Confronting Data Inequality.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 60 (3): 829–956.Search in Google Scholar

Fries, Martin. 2020. “Data as Counter-performance in B2B Contracts.” In Data as Counter-performance – Contract Law 2.0, Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy, edited by Lohsse Sebastian, Schulze Reiner, and Staudenmayer Dirk, 253–262. Baden-Baden: Nomos.10.5771/9783748908531-253Search in Google Scholar

Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. 2014. Governing Knowledge Commons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199972036.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Fritzenkötter, Jörn, Laura Hohoff, Paola Pierri, Stefaan Verhulst, Andrew Young, and Anthony Zacharzewski. 2023. Governing the Environment-Related Data Space. GovLab; Democratic Society.10.2139/ssrn.4250166Search in Google Scholar

German Data Ethics Commission. 2018. Opinion of the Data Ethics Commission. 238. BMI - Data Ethics Commission (bund.de).Search in Google Scholar

Giannopoulou, Alexandra, Jef Ausloos, Sylvie Delacroix, and Heleen Janssen. 2022. “Intermediating Data Rights Exercises: The Role of Legal Mandates.” International Data Privacy Law 12 (4): 316–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipac017.Search in Google Scholar

Godt, Christine. 2021. “‘Data Property’: Entitlements Between ‘Ownership’, Factual Control and Access to Commons.” In “Sjef-Sache” – Essays in Honour of Prof. Mr. Dr. J.H.M. (Sjef) van Erp on the Occasion of His Retirement, Bram Akkermans and Anna Berlee, 449–83. Maastricht Law Series 18. Maastricht: Eleven International Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Grabher, Gernot, and Jonas König. 2020. “Disruption, Embedded. A Polanyian Framing of the Platform Economy.” Sociologica 14 (1): 95–118. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10443.Search in Google Scholar

Haggart, Blayne. 2018. The Government’s Role in Constructing the Data-Driven Economy. Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI). https://www.cigionline.org/articles/governments-role-constructing-data-driven-economy/.Search in Google Scholar

Haggart, Blayne. 2019. “Taking Knowledge Seriously: Towards an International Political Economy Theory of Knowledge Governance.” In Information, Technology and Control in a Changing World, edited by Blayne Haggart, Kathryn Henne, and Natasha Tusikov, 25–51. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-030-14540-8_2Search in Google Scholar

Hall, Wendy, and Jérôme Pesenti. 2017. Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK.Search in Google Scholar

Hepp, Andreas, Juliane Jarke, and Leif Kramp. 2022. “New Perspectives in Critical Data Studies: The Ambivalences of Data Power—An Introduction.” In New Perspectives in Critical Data Studies: The Ambivalences of Data Power, edited by Andreas Hepp, Juliane Jarke, and Leif Kramp, 1–23. Transforming Communications – Studies in Cross-Media Research. Cham: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-030-96180-0_1Search in Google Scholar

Hermann, Christoph. 2021. “Chapter 1: The Critique of Commodification.” In The Critique of Commodification Contours of a Post-Capitalist Society, 224. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780197576755.003.0001Search in Google Scholar

Hesselink, Martijn W. 2023. “Alienation Commodification: A Critique of the Role of EU Consumer Law.” European Law Open 2 (2): 405–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/elo.2023.33.Search in Google Scholar

Hicks, Jacqueline. 2023. “The Future of Data Ownership: An Uncommon Research Agenda.” The Sociological Review 71 (3): 00380261221088120. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261221088120.Search in Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Jörg. 2020. “Sector-Specific (Data-) Access Regimes of Competitors.” Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper. Max Planck. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3613798.10.2139/ssrn.3613798Search in Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Linus J. 2023. “Commodification beyond Data: Regulating the Separation of Information from Noise.” European Law Open 2 (2): 424–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/elo.2023.38.Search in Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Jörg, and Begoña Otero. 2021. “Demystifying the Role of Data Interoperability in the Access and Sharing Debate.” JIPITEC 11 (3).10.2139/ssrn.3705217Search in Google Scholar

Houser, Kimberly, and John Bagby. 2023. “The Data Trust Solution to Data Sharing Problems.” Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law 25 (1): 113–80.Search in Google Scholar

Hummel, Patrik, Matthias Braun, and Peter Dabrock. 2021. “Own Data? Ethical Reflections on Data Ownership.” Philosophy & Technology 34 (3): 545–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00404-9.Search in Google Scholar

Isaac, Henri. 2018. ““La Donnée, Une Marchandise Comme Les Autres?” Enjeux Numériques.” Les Annales des Mines 2: 20–4.Search in Google Scholar

Isin, Engin, and Evelyn Ruppert. 2020. “The Birth of Sensory Power: How a Pandemic Made it Visible?” Big Data & Society 7 (2): 2053951720969208. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720969208.Search in Google Scholar

Janeček, Václav, and Gianclaudio Malgieri. 2020. “Commerce in Data and the Dynamically Limited Alienability Rule.” German Law Journal 21 (5): 924–43. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.47.Search in Google Scholar

Janssen, Heleen, and Jatinder Singh. 2022. “Data Intermediary.” Internet Policy Review 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1644.Search in Google Scholar

Jessop, Bob. 2007. “Knowledge as a Fictitious Commodity: Insights and Limits of a Polanyian Perspective.” In Reading Karl Polanyi for the Twenty-First Century: Market Economy as a Political Project, edited by Ayşe Buğra, and Kaan Ağartan, 115–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.10.1057/9780230607187_7Search in Google Scholar

Jung, Maximilian. 2023. “Digital Capitalism Is a Mine Not a Cloud | Transnational Institute.” Transnational Institute (TNI). https://www.tni.org/en/article/digital-capitalism-is-a-mine-not-a-cloud.Search in Google Scholar

Käll, Jannice. 2020. “The Materiality of Data as Property.” Harvard International Law Journal Frontiers 61.Search in Google Scholar

Kapczynski, Ann. 2020. “The Law of Informational Capitalism (Book Review of the Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power by Shoshana Zuboff 2019 and Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism by Julie Cohen 2019).” The Yale Law Journal: 1460–515.Search in Google Scholar

Kerber, Wolfgang. 2018. “Data Governance in Connected Cars: The Problem of Access to In-Vehicle Data.” JIPITEC 9 (3).Search in Google Scholar

Kioupkiolis, Alexandros. 2019. “From the Commons to Another Politics of Egalitarian Autonomy – Common-Pool Resources, Digital and Anti-capitalist Commons, from Ostrom to Marxist Autonomism.” In The Common and Counter-hegemonic Politics – Re-thinking Social Change, 37–76. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.10.1515/9781474446167-004Search in Google Scholar

Law and Economics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. n.d. https://iep.utm.edu/law-and-economics/ (accessed February 8, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Lian, Yuming. 2019. Data Rights Law 1.0: The Theoretical Basis. Oxford, Unitied Kingdom. New York: Peter Lang.10.3726/b15737Search in Google Scholar

Lianos, Ioannis. 2022. “Value Extraction and Institutions in Digital Capitalism: Towards a Law and Political Economy Synthesis for Competition Law.” European Law Open 1 (4): 852–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/elo.2023.2.Search in Google Scholar

Lohsse, Sebastian, Reiner Schulze, and Dirk Staudenmayer. 2020. “Data as Counter-performance – Contract Law 2.0? an Introduction.” In Data as Counter-performance – Contract Law 2.0, Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy, 288. Baden-Baden: Nomos.10.5771/9783748908531-9Search in Google Scholar

Lundqvist, Bjorn. 2018. “Competition and Data Pools.” Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 7 (4): 146–54.Search in Google Scholar

Lundqvist, Bjorn. 2023. “The Data-Driven Economy.” In Regulating Access and Transfer of Data, 6–67. Global Competition Law and Economics Policy. Global Competition Law and Economics Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Luque-Ayala, Andres, and Simon Marvin. 2020. “Datafication: The Making of Data-As-Infrastructure.” In Urban Operating Systems: Producing the Computational City, 55–80. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/10869.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Manokha, Ivan. 2018. “Le scandale Cambridge Analytica contextualisé: le capital de plateforme, la surveillance et les données comme nouvelle « marchandise fictive.” Cultures & Conflits 109 (1): 39–59. https://doi.org/10.4000/conflits.19779..10.4000/conflits.19779Search in Google Scholar

Maréchal, Jean-Paul. 2002. “L’ethique economique de Michael Walzer.” Écologie et Politique 26 (3): 149–66. https://doi.org/10.3917/ecopo.026.0149.Search in Google Scholar

Marella, Maria Rosaria. 2017. “The Commons as a Legal Concept.” Law and Critique 28 (1): 61–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-016-9193-0.Search in Google Scholar

Marinotti, João. 2022. “Data Types, Data Doubts & Data Trusts.” New York University Law Review 97: 146–72.10.2139/ssrn.4058529Search in Google Scholar

Martens, Bertin. 2021. “An Economic Perspective on Data and Platform Market Power.” JRC Digital Economy Working Paper. JRC, European Commission.Search in Google Scholar

Martens, Bertin. 2023. “Pro- and Anti-competitive Provisions in the Proposed European Union Data Act.” TILEC Discussion Paper. Tilburg. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4387612.Search in Google Scholar

Martens, Bertin, and Frank Mueller-Langer. 2018. “Access to Digital Car Data and Competition in Aftersales Services.” In Working Paper. JRC Digital Economy Working Paper. Brussels: JRC, European Commission.10.2139/ssrn.3262807Search in Google Scholar

Martens, Bertin, Alexandre de Streel, Inge Graef, Thomas Tombal, and Nestor Duch-Brown. 2020. “Business-to-Business Data Sharing: An Economic and Legal Analysis.” JRC Digital Economy Working Paper Brussels: JRC. European Commission.Search in Google Scholar

Mazzucato, Mariana. 2023. “Governing the Economics of the Common Good: From Correcting Market Failures to Shaping Collective Goals.” Journal of Economic Policy Reform: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2023.2280969.Search in Google Scholar

Mazzucato, Mariana. 2018. The Entrepreneurial State – Debunking Public vs Private Sector Myths. London. New York, Delhi: Anthem Press.Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy, M., M. Seidl, S. Mohan, J. Hopkin, A. Stevens, F. Ognissanto, N. Kathuria, and R. Cuerden. 2017. Access to In-Vehicle Data and Resources. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Search in Google Scholar

Metzger, Axel, Zohar Efroni, Lena Mischau, and Jakob Metzger. 2018. “Data-Related Aspects of the Digital Content Directive Statement.” Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law 9: 90–110.Search in Google Scholar

Mezzanotte, Francesco., S. Lohsse, and R. Schulze. 2017. “Access to Data: The Role of Consent and the Licensing Scheme.” In Trading Data in the Digital Economy: Legal Concepts and Tools – Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy III, 159–88. Münster: D. Staudenmayer.10.5771/9783845288185-159Search in Google Scholar

Micheli, Marina, Marisa Ponti, Max Craglia, and Anna Berti Suman. 2020. “Emerging Models of Data Governance in the Age of Datafication.” Big Data & Society 7 (2): 2053951720948087. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720948087.Search in Google Scholar

Micklitz, Hans-W. 2009. “The Visible Hand of European Regulatory Private Law—The Transformation of European Private Law from Autonomy to Functionalism in Competition and Regulation.” Yearbook of European Law 28. https://doi.org/10.1093/yel/28.1.3.Search in Google Scholar

Miconi, Andrea. 2023. “On Digital Fetishism: A Critique of the Big Data Paradigm.” Critical Sociology: 08969205231202873. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205231202873.Search in Google Scholar

Mills, Stuart. 2020. Who Owns the Future? Data Trusts, Data Commons, and the Future of Data Ownership. Manchester Metropolitan University. https://www.mmu.ac.uk/media/mmuacuk/content/documents/business-school/future-economies/Mills-2020.pdf.10.2139/ssrn.3437936Search in Google Scholar

Montero, Juan J., and Matthias Finger. 2017. “Platformed! Network Industries and the New Digital Paradigm.” Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 18 (3–4): 217–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1783591718782310.Search in Google Scholar

Montgomery, Jonathan. 2017. “Data Sharing and the Idea of Ownership.” The New Bioethics 23 (1): 81–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2017.1314893.Search in Google Scholar

Ng, Yew-Kwang. 2000. “Welfarism.” In Efficiency, Equality and Public Policy: with a Case for Higher Public Spending, edited by Yew-Kwang Ng, 24–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.10.1057/9780333992777_3Search in Google Scholar

O’Hara, Kieron. 2019. Data Trusts Ethics, Architecture and Governance for Trustworthy Data Stewardship. Southampton: University of Southampton.Search in Google Scholar

OECD. 2013. “Exploring the Economics of Personal Data – A Survey of Methodologies for Measuring Monetary Value.” In OECD Digital Economy Papers. Paris: OECD.Search in Google Scholar

OECD. 2015. Data-Driven Innovation – Big Data for Growth and Well-Being. Paris: OECD. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/data-driven-innovation_9789264229358-en.Search in Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. “Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.” In The Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511807763Search in Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 2010. “Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems.” The American Economic Review 100 (3): 641–72. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.641.Search in Google Scholar

Ottolia, Andrea, and Cristiana Sappa. 2022. “A Topography of Data Commons: From Regulation to Private Dynamism.” GRUR International 71 (4): 335–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikab156.Search in Google Scholar

Peukert, Alexander. 2019. “Fictitious Commodities: A Theory of Intellectual Property Inspired by Karl Polanyi’s ‘Great Transformation.” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal 29 (4): 1151–200.Search in Google Scholar

Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Postel, Nicolas, and Richard Sobel. 2010. “Le concept de « marchandise fictive », pierre angulaire de l’institutionnalisme de Karl Polanyi.” Revue de Philosophie Economique 11 (2): 3–35. https://doi.org/10.3917/rpec.112.0003.Search in Google Scholar

Prainsack, Barbara. 2019. “Logged Out: Ownership, Exclusion and Public Value in the Digital Data and Information Commons.” Big Data & Society 6 (1): 2053951719829773. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719829773.Search in Google Scholar

Prainsack, Barbara, Seliem El-Sayed, and Beyond Individual Rights. 2023. “How Data Solidarity Gives People Meaningful Control over Data.” The American Journal of Bioethics 23 (11): 36–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2023.2256267.Search in Google Scholar

Prainsack, Barbara, Seliem El-Sayed, Nikolaus Forgó, Lukasz Szoszkiewicz, and Philipp Baumer. 2022. Data Solidarity: White Paper.Search in Google Scholar

Purdy, Jedediah S., Ann Kapczynski Jedediah, and K. Sabeel Rahman. 2020. “Building a Law-And-Political-Economy Framework: Beyond the Twentieth-Century Synthesis.” The Yale Law Journal 129 (6): 1784–835.Search in Google Scholar

Purtova, Nadezhda. 2017. “Health Data for Common Good: Defining the Boundaries and Social Dilemmas of Data Commons.” In Under Observation: The Interplay between eHealth and Surveillance, edited by Samantha Adams, Nadezhda Purtova, and Ronald Leenes, 177–210. Law, Governance and Technology Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-48342-9_10Search in Google Scholar

Purtova, Nadya, and Gijs van Maanen. 2024. “Data as an Economic Good, Data as a Commons, and Data Governance.” Law, Innovation and Technology 16 (1): 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2023.2265270.Search in Google Scholar

Radin, Margaret Jane. 1996. Contested Commodities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Reimsbach-Kounatze, Christian. 2021. “Enhancing Access to and Sharing of Data: Striking the Balance between Openness and Control over Data.” In Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare, German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, 27–68. Baden-Baden: NOMOS.10.5771/9783748924999-25Search in Google Scholar

Roessler, Beate. 2015. “Should Personal Data Be a Tradable Good? on the Moral Limits of Markets in Privacy.” In Social Dimensions of Privacy – Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 141–61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107280557.009Search in Google Scholar

Rosnay, Mélanie Dulong de, and Felix Stalder. 2020. “Digital Commons.” Internet Policy Review 9 (4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.4.1530.Search in Google Scholar

Ruppert, Evelyn, Engin Isin, and Didier Bigo. 2017. “Data Politics.” Big Data & Society 4 (2): 2053951717717749. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717717749.Search in Google Scholar

Sadowski, Jathan. 2019. “When Data Is Capital: Datafication, Accumulation, and Extraction.” Big Data & Society 6 (1): 2053951718820549. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951718820549.Search in Google Scholar

Sattler, Andreas. 2020. “Autonomy or Heteronomy – Proposal for a Two-Tier Interpretation of Art 6 GDPR.” In Data as Counter-performance – Contract Law 2.0? Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy V. 1st ed., edited by Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, and Dirk Staudenmayer, 225–52. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.10.5771/9783748908531-225Search in Google Scholar

Schweitzer, Heike, and Robert Welker. 2021. “A Legal Framework for Access to Data – A Competition Policy Perspective.” In Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare, German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, 103–54. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783748924999-103/a-legal-framework-for-access-to-data-a-competition-policy-perspective?page=1.10.5771/9783748924999-103Search in Google Scholar

Sevignani, Sebastian. 2013 “The Commodification of Privacy on the Internet.” Science and Public Policy 40 (6): 733–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/sct082.Search in Google Scholar

Sharon, Tamar. 2021. “From Hostile Worlds to Multiple Spheres: Towards a Normative Pragmatics of Justice for the Googlization of Health.” Medicine, Healthcare & Philosophy 24 (3): 315–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-021-10006-7.Search in Google Scholar

Shkabatur, Jennifer. 2019. “The Global Commons of Data.” Stanford Technology Law Review 22 (1): 354–411.Search in Google Scholar

Singh, Parminder Jeet. 2019. “Data and Digital Intelligence Commons (Making a Case for Their Community Ownership).” In Data Governance Network Working Paper. IT for change. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3873169.10.2139/ssrn.3873169Search in Google Scholar

Sloot, Bart van der, and Esther Keymolen. 2022. “Can We Trust Trust-Based Data Governance Models?” Data & Policy 4: e45. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2022.36.Search in Google Scholar

Solicitors, B. P. E., Pinsent Masons, and Chris Reed. 2019. Data Trusts: Legal and Governance Considerations. ODI. https://theodi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/General-legal-report-on-data-trust.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Specht-Riemenschneider, Louisa, and Wolfgang Kerber. 2022. Designing Data Trustees – A Purpose-Based Approach. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. https://www.kas.de/en/single-title/-/content/designing-data-trustees-a-purpose-based-approach.Search in Google Scholar

Spiekermann, Markus. 2019. “Data Marketplaces: Trends and Monetisation of Data Goods.” Intereconomics 54 (4): 208–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-019-0826-z.Search in Google Scholar

Srnicek, Nick. 2017. Platform Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.Search in Google Scholar

Stark, Johanna. 2019. “Law as a Contested Commodity.” In Law for Sale: A Philosophical Critique of Regulatory Competition, edited by Johanna Stark. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198839491.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Strowel, Alain. 2020. “Chapter 6: Big Data and Data Appropriation in the EU.” In Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Digital Technologies, 107–135. Cheltenham: Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781785368349.00013Search in Google Scholar

Strowel, Alain. 2021. “Les communs numériques et les outils juridiques de la transition.” In Le droit en transition : Les clés juridiques d’une prospérité sans croissance, edited by Antoine Bailleux, 285–330. Collection générale. Bruxelles: Presses de l’Université Saint-Louis.10.4000/books.pusl.27170Search in Google Scholar

Supiot, Alain. 2015. La Gouvernance Par Les Nombres – Cours Au Collège de France (2012–2014). Paris: Fayard.Search in Google Scholar

Tarkowski, Alex, and J. Jan Zygmuntowski. 2023. “Data Commons Primer – Democratizing the Information Society.” Open Future. https://openfuture.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/220723data-commons-primer.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Terzis, Petros. 2023. “Building Programmable Commons.” Law, Innovation and Technology: 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2023.2245676.Search in Google Scholar

Viljoen, Salome. 2021. “Democratic Data: A Relational Theory for Data Governance.” The Yale Law Journal 131 (2): 573–654.Search in Google Scholar

Viljoen, Salomé. 2022. “An Argument for Positive Political Theories of Data Governance.” Georgetown Law Technology Review 6: 464–72.Search in Google Scholar

Walzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. New York: Basic Books.Search in Google Scholar

Wernick, Alina, Christopher Olk, and Max von Grafenstein. 2020. “Defining Data Intermediaries: A Clearer View through the Lens of Intellectual Property Governance.” Technology and Regulation 2020, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.26116/techreg.2020.007.Search in Google Scholar

West, Sarah Myers. 2019. “Data Capitalism: Redefining the Logics of Surveillance and Privacy.” Business & Society 58 (1): 20–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650317718185.Search in Google Scholar

Winegar, A. G., and C. R. Sunstein. 2019. “How Much Is Data Privacy Worth? A Preliminary Investigation.” Journal of Consumer Policy 42 (3): 425–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-019-09419-y.Search in Google Scholar

Wong, Janis, Tristan Henderson, and Kirstie Ball. 2022. “Data Protection for the Common Good: Developing a Framework for a Data Protection-Focused Data Commons.” Data & Policy 4. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2021.40.Search in Google Scholar

Zech, Herbert. 2015. “Information as Property.” Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law (JIPITEC) 6 (3): 192–7.Search in Google Scholar

Zech, Herbert. 2016. “A Legal Framework for a Data Economy in the European Digital Single Market: Rights to Use Data.” Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 11 (6): 460–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpw049.Search in Google Scholar

Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.Search in Google Scholar

Zygmuntowski, Jan J., Laura Zoboli, and Paul F. Nemitz. 2021. “Embedding European Values in Data Governance: A Case for Public Data Commons.” Internet Policy Review 10 (3). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.3.1572.Search in Google Scholar