Abstract
The Nanomaterial is a pioneer in the field of modern research for its unique properties. Human exposure analysis is inevitable due to the rapid growth in technology. The concern for human welfare indicates a need for reduction of human exposure towards the radiation caused by the devices. The dielectric properties of the nanomaterials can be ideal for exploration in the field of biomedical engineering. Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a vital parameter for exposure analysis. This paper investigates the impact of Nanomaterials on the human exposure analysis. For this purpose, a dipole radiating structure operating at GSM frequency of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz are designed with conventional Copper material and compared with Carbon nanomaterials such as Graphene, Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) for performance evaluation. Further, the specific absorption rate estimates absorption of radiation in IEEE Sam phantom human head with equivalent tissue properties. The comparison of calculated SAR with the radiating structures that are designed with the equivalent properties of that of Nanomaterials. The evaluation of Nanomaterial Antennas at the center frequency is estimated, and performance is evaluated. The designed Nanomaterials interact with IEEE SAM Phantom and SAR is calculated. The analysis of SAR impact with nanomaterials is investigated in this work.
References
[1] C. Cha, S. R. Shin, N. Annabi, M. R. Dokmeci, and A. Khademhosseini, “Carbon-based nanomaterials: Multifunctional materials for biomedical engineering,” ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 2891–2897, 2013.10.1021/nn401196aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[2] W. Benjamin, S. Harrison, and A. Atala, “Carbon nanotube applications for tissue engineering,” Biomaterials, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 344–353, 2007.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.044Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[3] H. Li, C. Xu, and K. Banerjee, “Carbon nanomaterials: The ideal interconnect technology for next-generation ICs,” IEEE Des. Test Comp., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 20–31, 2010.10.1109/MDT.2010.55Search in Google Scholar
[4] H. Li, C. Xu, N. Srivastava, and K. Banerjee, “Carbon nanomaterials for next-generation interconnects and passives: Physics, status, and prospects,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 1799–1821, 2009.10.1109/TED.2009.2026524Search in Google Scholar
[5] M. D. Jeroh, “The impact of nanotechnology on mobile phones and computers,” J. Nano Adv. Mat., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[6] M. J. Cadena, S. H. Sung, B. W. Boudouris, R. Reifenberger, and A. Raman, “Nanoscale mapping of dielectric properties of nanomaterials from kilohertz to megahertz using ultra small cantilevers,” ACS Nano, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4062–4071, 2016.10.1021/acsnano.5b06893Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[7] M. Särestöniemi, M. Hämäläinen, and J. Iinatti, “An overview of the electromagnetic simulation-based channel modeling techniques for wireless body area network applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 10622–10632, 2017.10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2708161Search in Google Scholar
[8] A. Rifai and M. Hakami, “Health hazards of electromagnetic radiation,” J. Biosci. Med., vol. 2, pp. 1–12, 2014.10.4236/jbm.2014.28001Search in Google Scholar
[9] M. A. Bhat and V. Kumar, “Calculation of SAR and measurement of temperature change of human head due to the mobile phone waves at frequencies 900 MHz and 1800 MHz,” Adv. Phys. Theor. Appl., vol. 16, pp. 54–63, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
[10] A. J. Hempy, M. P. Civerolo, and D. Y. Arakaki, “Design and assembly of an antenna demonstration system,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 209–219, 2012.10.1109/MAP.2012.6230756Search in Google Scholar
[11] M. S. Khan, A. D. Capobianco, S. M. Asif, A. Iftikhar, B. D. Braaten, and R. M. Shubair, “A properties comparison between copper and graphene-based UWB MIMO planar antennas,” in IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas Propag., 2016, pp. 1767–1768.10.1109/APS.2016.7696590Search in Google Scholar
[12] M. T. Gatte, P. J. Soh, H. A. Rahim, R. B. Ahmad, and F. Malek, “The performance improvement of THz antenna via modeling and characterization of doped graphene,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. M, vol. 49, pp. 21–31, 2016.10.2528/PIERM16050405Search in Google Scholar
[13] A. M. Hussain, F. A. Ghaffar, S. I. Park, J. A. Rogers, A. Shamim, and M. M. Hussain, “Metal/polymer-based stretchable antenna for constant frequency far‐field communication in wearable electronics,” Adv. Funct. Mate., vol. 25, pp. 6565–6575, 2015.10.1002/adfm.201503277Search in Google Scholar
[14] N. A. Tran, H. N. Tran, M. C. Dang1, and E. Fribourg-Blanc, “Copper thin film for RFID UHF antenna on the flexible substrate,” Adv. Nat. Sci.: Nanosci. Nanatechnol., vol. 1, pp.025016–02522, 2010.10.1088/2043-6254/1/2/025016Search in Google Scholar
[15] M. Akbari, M. W. A. Khan, M. Hasani, T. Björninen, L. Sydänheimo, and L. Ukkonen, “Fabrication and characterization of graphene antenna for low-cost and environmentally friendly RFID tags,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 1569–1572, 2016.10.1109/LAWP.2015.2498944Search in Google Scholar
[16] A. Scidà, S. Haque, E. Treossi, A. Robinson, S. Smerzi, S. Ravesi, S. Borini, and V. Palermo, “Application of graphene-based flexible antennas in consumer electronic devices,” Mater Today, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 223–230, 2018.10.1016/j.mattod.2018.01.007Search in Google Scholar
[17] M. Dragomon, A. Muller, D. Dragomon, F. Cocetti, and R. Plana, “Terahertz antenna based on graphene,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 107, pp. 10413–3, 2010.10.1063/1.3427536Search in Google Scholar
[18] C. L. Holloway, C. J. Aydin Babajgabni, D. R. Long, N. D. Novotny, E. A. Orloff, D. S. Bengio, L. W. Taylor, and E. Dimitri, “Tsentalovich, high-efficiency carbon nanotube thread antennas,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 111, pp. 163109, 2017.10.1063/1.4991822Search in Google Scholar
[19] G. W. Hanson, “Fundamental transmitting properties of carbon nanotube antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 3426–3435, 2005.10.1109/TAP.2005.858865Search in Google Scholar
[20] Y. Zhou, Y. Bayram, F. Du, L. Dai, and J. L. Volakis, “Polymer-carbon nanotube sheets for conformal load bearing antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2169–2175, 2010.10.1109/TAP.2010.2048852Search in Google Scholar
[22] http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/42411Search in Google Scholar
[23] A. Mehdipour, I. D. Rosca, A. R. Sebak, C. W. Trumann, and S. V. Hoa, “Carbon nanotube composites for wideband millimeter-wave antenna applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 3572–3578, 2011.10.1109/TAP.2011.2163755Search in Google Scholar
[24] S. F. Mahmoud and A. R. AlAjmi, “Analysis and design of carbon nanotube antenna in the sub terahertz frequency range,” in Loughborough Antennas Propag. Conf., 2014, pp. 206–209.10.1109/LAPC.2014.6996359Search in Google Scholar
[25] A. M. Attiya, “Lower frequency limit of carbon nanotube antenna,” Prog. Electromagn. Res., vol. 94, pp. 419–433, 2009.10.2528/PIER09062001Search in Google Scholar
[26] K. S. Chaya Devi, B. Angadi, and H. M. Mahesh, “NanoComposites based microstrip antenna for stealth applications,” Int. J. Electron Eng. Res. Appl., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 99–103, 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[27] E.-S. Sh.G., S. Wageh, S. M. Elhalafawy, and A. A. Sharshar, “Carbon nanotube antennas analysis, and applications: A review,” Adv. Nano Res., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13–27, 2013.10.12989/anr.2013.1.1.013Search in Google Scholar
[28] P. J. Burke, “An RF circuit model for carbon nanotubes,” IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 55–58, 2003.10.1109/TNANO.2003.808503Search in Google Scholar
[29] Y. N. Jurn, M. F. B. A. Malek, and H. A. Rahim, “Mathematical analysis and modeling of single-walled carbon nanotube composite material for antenna applications,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. M, vol. 45, pp. 59–71, 2016.10.2528/PIERM15091702Search in Google Scholar
[30] A. R. Al Ajmi and S. F. Mahmoud, “Investigation of multiwall carbon nanotubes as antennas in the sub terahertz range,” IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 268–273, 2014.10.1109/TNANO.2014.2299399Search in Google Scholar
[31] T. A. Elwi, H. M. Al-Rizzo, D. G. Rucker, E. Dervishi, Z. Li, and A. S. Biri, “Multi-walled carbon nanotube-based RF antennas,” Nanotechnology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 045301–5, 2009.10.1088/0957-4484/21/4/045301Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[32] M. N. Yogeesh, K. N. Parrish, and D. Akinwande, “Flexible graphite antennas for plastic electronics,” in IEEE 2nd Int. Conf. Emerg. Electron., 2014, pp. 1–4.10.1109/ICEmElec.2014.7151166Search in Google Scholar
[33] D. S. Correas Serrano and J. Gomez-Diaz, “Graphene-based antennas for terahertz systems: A review,” 2017. arXiv:1704.00371Search in Google Scholar
[34] I. Llatser, “Graphene-based nano patch antennas for terahertz systems,” Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 353–358, 2012.10.1016/j.photonics.2012.05.011Search in Google Scholar
[35] S. Chaudhary, A. Kumar, and B. M. Singh, “Use of graphene as a patch material in comparison to the copper and other carbon nanomaterials,” IJETCAS, 2013, pp. 12–38.Search in Google Scholar
[36] M. R. I. Faruque and M. T. Islam, “Design of miniaturized double-negative material for specific absorption rate reduction in human head,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. e109947, 2014.10.1371/journal.pone.0109947Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[37] L. Hamada, T. Iyama, T. Donnish, and S. Watanabe, “The specific absorption rate of mobile phones measured in a flat phantom and in the standardized human head phantom,” Proc. Electromagn. Conf., IECE, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1–5, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
[38] R. Ikeuchi, K. H. Chan, and A. Hirata, “SAR and radiation characteristics of a dipole antenna above different finite EBG substrates in the presence of a realistic head model in the 3.5 GHz band,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. B, vol. 44, pp. 53–70, 2012.10.2528/PIERB12072005Search in Google Scholar
[39] J. N. Hwang and F. C. Chen, “Reduction of the peak SAR in the human head with metamaterials,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 3763–3770, 2006.10.1109/TAP.2006.886501Search in Google Scholar
[40] L. K. Ragha and M. S. Bhatia, “Evaluation of SAR reduction for dipole antenna using RF shield,” in Second Int. Conf. Emerg. Trends Eng. Technol., 2009, pp. 1075–107910.1109/ICETET.2009.93Search in Google Scholar
[41] J. S. Mandeep and H. Mustapha, “Design, and analysis of dipole and monopole antenna for CubeSat application,” Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 6, no. 17, pp. 3094–3097, 2013.10.19026/rjaset.6.3610Search in Google Scholar
[42] A. K. Lee, S. E. Hong, J. H. Kwon, and H. D. Choi, “SAR comparison of SAM phantom and anatomical head models for a typical bar-type phone model,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1281–1284, 2015.10.1109/TEMC.2015.2433314Search in Google Scholar
[43] https://indexsar.com/product/ixb-038-sam-audio-head-and-ear-phantom/Search in Google Scholar
[44] https://altairhyperworks.com/product/FEKOSearch in Google Scholar
[45] S. Clarke and U. Jakobus, “Dielectric material modeling in the MoM-based code FEKO,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 140–147, 2005.10.1109/MAP.2005.1599186Search in Google Scholar
[46] http://www.mwrf.com/software/what-are-differences-between-various-em-simulation-numerical-methods.Search in Google Scholar
[47] P. Stavroulakis, Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Springer Science & Business Media, Switzerland, 2003.10.1007/978-3-662-06079-7Search in Google Scholar
[48] X. H. Jin, X. D. Huang, C. H. Cheng, and L. Zhu2, “Super-wideband printed asymmetrical dipole antenna,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 117–123, 2011.10.2528/PIERL11090506Search in Google Scholar
[49] https://www.cv.nrao.edu/course/astr534/AntennaTheory.htmlSearch in Google Scholar
[50] P. Herman, “Schwan electrical Properties of tissue and cell suspensions,” Adv. Biol. Med. Phys., vol. 5, pp. 147–209, 1957.10.1016/B978-1-4832-3111-2.50008-0Search in Google Scholar
[51] W. Kuang and S. O. Nelson, “Low-frequency dielectric properties of biological tissues: A review with some new insights,” Trans. ASAE, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 173–184, 1998.10.13031/2013.17142Search in Google Scholar
[52] C. Gabriel, S. Gabriel, and E. Corthout, “The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 41, pp. 2231–2249, 1996.10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[53] http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/Search in Google Scholar
[54] S. M. Mikki and Y. M. M. Antar, “A theory of antenna electromagnetic near-field—part I,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 4691–4705, 2011.10.1109/TAP.2011.2165499Search in Google Scholar
[55] http://www.waves.utoronto.ca/prof/svhum/ece422/notes/05-dipole.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
[56] S. Khalatbari, D. Sardari, A. A. Mirzaee, and H. A. Sadafi, “Calculating SAR in two models of the human head exposed to mobile phones radiations at 900 and 1800 MHz,” in Prog. Electromag. Symp., 2006, pp. 104–108.10.2529/PIERS050905190653Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- A Wideband Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna Array Based on Mode Combination Method
- RCS Enhancement of Dielectric Resonator Tag Using Spherical Lens
- Design and Analysis of Full and Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Planar Leaky Wave Antenna with Continuous Beam Scanning in X-Ku Band
- A Multi-Thresholding Method Based on Otsu’s Algorithm for the Detection of Concealed Threats in Passive Millimeter-Wave Images
- Investigation of Nanomaterial Dipoles for SAR Reduction in Human Head
- A Balanced Dual-Band BPF Based on C-CSRR with Improved Passband Selectivity
- Two- and Four-Pole Multilayer SIW Filter with High Selectivity and Higher-Order Mode Suppression
- Microstrip Lowpass Filter with Ultra-Wide Stopband Using Folded Structures
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- A Wideband Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna Array Based on Mode Combination Method
- RCS Enhancement of Dielectric Resonator Tag Using Spherical Lens
- Design and Analysis of Full and Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Planar Leaky Wave Antenna with Continuous Beam Scanning in X-Ku Band
- A Multi-Thresholding Method Based on Otsu’s Algorithm for the Detection of Concealed Threats in Passive Millimeter-Wave Images
- Investigation of Nanomaterial Dipoles for SAR Reduction in Human Head
- A Balanced Dual-Band BPF Based on C-CSRR with Improved Passband Selectivity
- Two- and Four-Pole Multilayer SIW Filter with High Selectivity and Higher-Order Mode Suppression
- Microstrip Lowpass Filter with Ultra-Wide Stopband Using Folded Structures