Orientation preverbs in Qiangic: multifunctionality and grammaticalization in cross-linguistic perspective
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Linlin Sun
Abstract
This study undertakes a cross-linguistic investigation of orientation preverbs in Qiangic languages (Sino-Tibetan), examining their multifunctional properties (scope and type) and grammaticalization trajectories within the framework of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). By identifying both typological variation and shared patterns evident in these trajectories, this study establishes a classification of Qiangic preverb systems based on their degree of functional diversification. This typological classification reveals two different systems: Type I systems display limited grammatical multifunctionality, with preverbs primarily encoding perfective aspect and certain illocutionary values while retaining their directional semantics. Type II systems exhibit more advanced grammaticalization, where the preverbs of a system can systematically express a wider spectrum of TAME (tense-aspect-modality-evidentiality) functions through deeper integration with the grammar of the language. The FDG-based analysis yields five potential paths of grammaticalization for the preverbs. These paths suggest that the multifunctionality observed in Type I systems emerges from interactions between the lexical and grammatical systems of a language, while the multifunctionality in Type II systems is largely attributable to subsequent grammatical evolution.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Project No. 23BYY079). I extend my sincere gratitude to all who have helped me improve this work, including the three anonymous reviewers, Professor Guillaume Jacques, Professor Walter Bisang, Professor Andrej Malchukov, and Professor Yin Weibin. I take full responsibility for any remaining errors in this paper.
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Research ethics: The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huazhong Agricultural University.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: This research was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Project No. 23BYY079).
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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