Abstract
This article compares the use of calques modelled on anglicisms in different European languages, especially Spanish and German, which do not only show structural differences (e.g. with regard to the use of noun-noun compounds, which are more common in German) but also reflect different attitudes towards English. Aspects covered range from the factors generally favouring the coinage of such replacive forms, to the reasons for the emergence of different types of calques, to variations in their use and challenges concerning their identification. To unravel the main patterns and trends in calquing, this study includes numerous examples from written and oral language, i.e. items of different register affiliation, age, length, and semantic transparency. On a theoretical level, the article incorporates findings from the fields of lexicology, contact linguistics and sociolinguistics.
References
Adamson, Robin. 2007. The defence of French: A language in crisis? Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853599507Search in Google Scholar
Alfaro, Ricardo. 1970 [1964]. Diccionario de anglicismos. 2nd edn. Madrid: Gredos.Search in Google Scholar
Ali, Abdul Sahib Mehdi. 2005. Calquing: A means of terminological enrichment. Turjuman 14(1). 113–135.Search in Google Scholar
Backus, Ad & Margreet Dorleijn. 2009. Loan translations versus code-switching. In Barbara E. Bullock & Almeida Jacqueline Toribio (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching, 75–93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511576331.006Search in Google Scholar
Bader, Yousef. 1994. Loan translations in written Jordanian news media. In Robert de Beaugrande, Abdullah Shunnaq & Mohamed Helmy Heliel (eds.), Language, discourse and translation in the West and Middle East, 91–102. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/btl.7.16badSearch in Google Scholar
Balteiro, Isabel & Miguel Ángel Campos. 2012. False anglicisms in the Spanish language of fashion and beauty. Ibérica 24. 233–260.Search in Google Scholar
BDE=Robert K. Barnhart (ed.). 1988. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. New York: H. W. Wilson.Search in Google Scholar
Betz, Werner. 1949. Deutsch und Lateinisch: Die Lehnbildungen der althochdeutschen Benediktinerregel. Bonn: Bouvier.Search in Google Scholar
Busse, Ulrich & Manfred Görlach. 2002. German. In Manfred Görlach (ed.), English in Europe, 13–36. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273102.003.0002Search in Google Scholar
Cacchiani, Silvia. 2016. On lexical Italian blends: Borrowings, hybridity, adaptations, and native word formations. In Sebastian Knospe, Alexander Onysko & Maik Goth (eds.), Crossing languages to play with words: Multidisciplinary perspectives, 305–336. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110465600-015Search in Google Scholar
Carstensen, Broder & Ulrich Busse. 1993–1996. Anglizismen-Wörterbuch: Der Einfluß des Englischen auf den deutschen Wortschatz nach 1945. vol. 3. Berlin: de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Cellard, Jacques. 1991. Dictionnaire du français non conventionnel. Paris: Hachette.Search in Google Scholar
CLAVE=Clave. 2012 [1996]. Diccionario de uso del español actual, 9thedn. Madrid: SM.Search in Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511606526Search in Google Scholar
COD= Della Thomson (ed.). 1995. Concise Oxford dictionary of current English, 9th edn. Clarendon: Oxford.Search in Google Scholar
Colin, Jean-Paul, Jean-Pierre Mével & Christian Leclère. 1990. Dictionnaire de l’argot. Paris: Larousse.Search in Google Scholar
CORDE=Corpus diacrónico del español. Madrid: Real Academia Española. http://www.rae.es (accessed 24 March 2018).Search in Google Scholar
COSMAS II=Corpus Management and Analysis System II. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. http://www.ids-mannheim.de/cosmas2/web-app/ (accessed 15 November 2017).Search in Google Scholar
Cypionka, Marion. 1994. Französische «Pseudoanglizismen»: Lehnformationen zwischen Entlehnung, Wortbildung, Form- und Bedeutungswandel. Tübingen: Narr.Search in Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick & Antje Wilton (eds.). 2011. English in Europe today: Sociocultural and educational perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/aals.8Search in Google Scholar
DEA=Manfred Görlach (ed.). 2001. Dictionary of European Anglicisms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Dietz, Klaus. 2002. Lexikalischer Transfer und Wortbildung am Beispiel des französischen Lehngutes im Mittelenglischen. In Mechthild Habermann, Peter O. Müller & Horst Haider Munske (eds.), Historische Wortbildung des Deutschen, 381–406. Tübingen: Niemeyer.10.1515/9783110940756.381Search in Google Scholar
Dubey, Vinod. 1991. The lexical style of the Indian English newspapers. World Englishes 10(1). 19–32.10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00134.xSearch in Google Scholar
Duckworth, David. 1970. Der Einfluß des Englischen auf den deutschen Wortschatz seit 1945. Zeitschrift für deutsche Sprache 26. 9–31.Search in Google Scholar
Dunger, Hermann. 1899. Wider die Engländerei in der deutschen Sprache. Zeitschrift des Allgemeinen Deutschen Sprachvereins 14. 241–251.Search in Google Scholar
Dunger, Hermann. 1909. Engländerei in der deutschen Sprache. Berlin: Berggold.10.1515/bgsl.1909.1909.35.319Search in Google Scholar
Durkin, Philip. 2014. Borrowed words: A history of loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574995.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Ferguson, Stuart. 1997. Language assimilation and crosslinguistic influence: A study of German exile writers. Tübingen: Narr.Search in Google Scholar
Fiedler, Sabine. 2014. Gläserne Decke und Elefant im Raum. Phraseologische Anglizismen im Deutschen. Berlin: Logos.10.1515/east-2014-0008Search in Google Scholar
Furiassi, Cristiano. 2010. False anglicisms in Italian. Monza: Polimetrica.Search in Google Scholar
Furiassi, Cristiano & Henrik Gottlieb (eds.). 2015. Pseudo-English: Studies on false anglicisms in Europe. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9781614514688Search in Google Scholar
Furiassi, Cristiano, Virginia Pulcini & Félix Rodríguez González (eds.). 2012. The Anglicization of European lexis. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/z.174Search in Google Scholar
García de la Cuesta, Jorge. 2003. English-Spanish Spanish-English Aeronautical Dictionary. Madrid: Díaz de Santos.Search in Google Scholar
Gómez Capuz, Juan. 1997. Towards a typological classification of linguistic borrowing (illustrated with anglicisms in Romance languages). Revista alicantina de estudios ingleses 10. 81–94.10.14198/raei.1997.10.08Search in Google Scholar
Gómez Capuz, Juan. 2001. La interferencia pragmática del inglés sobre el español en doblajes, telecomedias y lenguaje coloquial: Una aportación al estudio del cambio lingüístico en curso. Tonos Digital 2.Search in Google Scholar
Gómez Capuz, Juan. 2005. La inmigración léxica. Madrid: Arco/Libros.Search in Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred (ed.). 2002. English in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 2003. English words abroad. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/tlrp.7Search in Google Scholar
Gottlieb, Henrik. 2004. Danish echoes of English. Nordic Journal of English Studies 3(2). 39–65.10.35360/njes.161Search in Google Scholar
Gottlieb, Henrik. 2005. Anglicisms and translation. In Gunilla M. Anderman & Margaret Rogers (eds.), In and out of English: For better, for worse? 161–184. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853597893-014Search in Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar I. 1950. The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language 26. 210–231.10.2307/410058Search in Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Charlotte. 1996. Societal and individual bilingualism with English in Europe. In Reinhard R. K. Hartmann (ed.), The English language in Europe, 47–60. Oxford: Intellect.Search in Google Scholar
Humbley, John. 2008. Emprunts, vrais et faux, dans le Petit Robert 2007. In Jean Pruvost (ed.), Dictionnaires et mots voyageurs: Les 40 ans du petit Robert, de Paul Robert à Alain Rey, 221–238. Éragny-sur-Oise: Éd. des Silves.Search in Google Scholar
Jansen, Silke. 2005. Sprachliches Lehngut im world wide web: Neologismen in der französischen und spanischen Internetterminologie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Search in Google Scholar
Johanson, Lars. 2002. Structural factors in Turkic language contacts. Richmond: Curzon.Search in Google Scholar
Knospe, Sebastian. 2014. Entlehnung oder Codeswitching? Sprachmischungen mit dem Englischen im deutschen Printjournalismus. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.10.3726/978-3-653-05070-7Search in Google Scholar
Koll-Stobbe, Amei. 2005. Forever young? Sprachliche Kodierungen von Jugend und Alter. In Heike Hartung (ed.), Alter und Geschlecht: Repräsentationen, Geschichten und Theorien des Alter(n)s, 237–252. Bielefeld: Transcript.10.1515/transcript.9783839403495.237Search in Google Scholar
Lázaro Carreter, Fernando. 1980. Estudios de Lingüística. Barcelona: Crítica.Search in Google Scholar
Leisi, Ernst & Christian Mair. 2008. Das heutige Englisch: Wesenszüge und Probleme. Heidelberg: Winter.Search in Google Scholar
Linn, Andrew, Neil Bermel & Gibson Ferguson (eds.). 2015. Attitudes towards English in Europe, vol. 1: English in Europe. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9781614515517Search in Google Scholar
Lipski, John M. 2008. Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Lorenzo, Emilio. 1996. Anglicismos hispánicos. Madrid: Gredos.Search in Google Scholar
Lutz, Angelika. 2002. Sprachmischung in der deutschen und englischen Wortbildung. In Mechthild Habermann, Peter O. Müller & Horst Haider Munske (eds.), Historische Wortbildung des Deutschen, 407–438. Tübingen: Niemeyer.10.1515/9783110940756.407Search in Google Scholar
Madariaga, Salvador de. 1962. El español, colonia lingüística del inglés. Cuadernos del Congreso por la libertad de la cultura 59. 45–49.Search in Google Scholar
Madariaga, Salvador de. 1966. ¿Vamos a Kahlahtahyood? Revista de Occidente 36. 365–373.Search in Google Scholar
Mailhammer, Robert. 2008. The wolf in sheep’s clothing: Camouflaged borrowing in Modern German. Folia Linguistica 42(1–2). 177–193.10.1515/FLIN.2008.177Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511809873Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron & Jeannette Sakel. 2007. Investigating the mechanisms of pattern-replication in language convergence. Studies in Language 31. 829–865.10.1075/sl.31.4.05matSearch in Google Scholar
Matthisson, Friedrich von. 1825 [1793]. Schriften, vol. 3. Zürich: Drell, Füßli und Compagnie.Search in Google Scholar
Meriläinen, Lea, Helka Riionheimo, Päivi Kuusi & Hanna Lantto. 2016. Loan translations as a language contact phenomenon: Crossing the boundaries between contact linguistics, second language acquisition research and translation studies. Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis 1. 104–124.10.22601/PET.2016.01.07Search in Google Scholar
Moliner, María. 2007 [1998]. Diccionario de uso del español. 3rd edn. Madrid: Gredos.Search in Google Scholar
Montero-Martínez, S., Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera & M. García de Quesada. 2001. The translator as ‘language planner’: Syntactic calquing in an English-Spanish technical translation of chemical engineering. Meta 46(4). 687–698.10.7202/003591arSearch in Google Scholar
Morales, Gregorio 2001. Historia del 69. Quo, June, 51–52. https://www.quo.es/ser-humano/a30424/historia-del-69-50799/.Search in Google Scholar
Muhr, Rudolf. 2002. Anglizismen als Problem der Linguistik und Sprachpflege in Österreich und Deutschland zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. In Rudolf Muhr & Bernhard Kettemann (eds.), Eurospeak: Der Einfluss des Englischen auf europäische Sprachen zur Jahrtausendwende, 9–54. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
Munske, Horst Haider & Alan Kirkness (eds.). 1996. Eurolatein: Das griechische und lateinische Erbe in den europäischen Sprachen. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Search in Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1995. Social motivations for code-switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Clarendon.Search in Google Scholar
Nefedova, Lyubov & Oleg Polyakov. 2014. On some aspects of borrowing of phrases from English into German and Russian. In Elena Arsenteva (ed.), Phraseology in multilingual society, 141–155. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Search in Google Scholar
OED=Oxford English Dictionary online. http://www.oed.com.Search in Google Scholar
Onysko, Alexander. 2007. Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, lexical productivity, and written codeswitching. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110912173Search in Google Scholar
TNPD=Eric Partridge, Tom Dalzell & Terry Victor (eds.). 2006. The new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English, 9th edn. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Pfalzgraf, Falco. 2009. Linguistic purism in the history of German. In Geraldine Horan, Nils Langer & Sheila Watts (eds.), Landmarks in the history of the German language, 137–168. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
Picone, Michael D. 1996. Anglicisms: Neologisms and dynamic French. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/lis.18Search in Google Scholar
Prado, Marcial. 1993. NTC’s dictionary of Spanish false cognates. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company.Search in Google Scholar
Prado, Marcial. 2001. Diccionario de falsos amigos inglés-español. Madrid: Gredos.Search in Google Scholar
Pratt, Chris. 1980. El anglicismo en el español peninsular contemporáneo. Madrid: Gredos.Search in Google Scholar
Pütz, Martin & JoAnn Neff-Van Aertselaer (eds.). 2008. Developing contrastive pragmatics: Interlanguage and cross-cultural perspectives. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110207217Search in Google Scholar
Rash, Felicity J. 1994. Amerikanismen in der deutschen Sprache der Schweiz – Ein Zwischenbericht. Sprachspiegel 50(6). 2–11.10.1515/dmvm-1994-0208Search in Google Scholar
Rey, Alain. 2005. Dictionnaire culturel en langue française. Paris: Le Robert.Search in Google Scholar
Rheinische Post Online. 2010. So bekämpft Ramsauer Anglizismen. https://rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/so-bekaempft-ramsauer-anglizismen_iid-23667387 (accessed 15 January 2017).Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 1988. The proliferation and use of acronym derivatives: Conditioning factors. Cahiers de lexicologie 1. 65–82.Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 1991. Translation and borrowing of acronyms: Main trends. International Review of Applied Linguistics 29(2). 161–170.Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 1996. Functions of anglicisms in contemporary Spanish. Cahiers de lexicologie 68(1). 107–128.Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 2002a. Spanish. In Manfred Görlach (ed.), English in Europe, 128–150. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273102.003.0007Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 2002b. Anglicismos y calcos en español actual. In Félix San Vicente (ed.), L’inglese e le altre lingue europee. Studie sull’interferenza lingüística, 149–169. Bolonia: CLUEB.Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 2005a. Calcos y traducciones del inglés en español actual. In Pedro Fuertes (ed.), Lengua y sociedad: Aportaciones recientes en lingüística cognitiva, lenguas en contacto, lenguajes de especialidad y lingüística del corpus, 177–192. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 2005b. Diccionario de terminología y argot militar: Vocabulario del soldado y la vida del cuartel. Madrid: Verbum.Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 2008. Anglicisms in Spanish male homosexual terminology. In Roswitha Fischer & Hanna Pułaczewska (eds.), Anglicisms in Europe: Linguistic diversity in a global context, 247–272. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 2011. Diccionario del sexo y del erotismo. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.Search in Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix. 2013. Pseudoanglicismos en español actual. Revisión crítica y tratamiento lexicográfico. Revista Española de Lingüística 43(1). 123–169.Search in Google Scholar
GDA=Rodríguez González, Félix. 2017. Gran diccionario de anglicismos. Madrid: Arco/Libros.Search in Google Scholar
San Vicente, Félix. 1999. Actualidad del lenguaje político. In María Vittoria Calvia & Félix San Vicente (eds.), La identidad del español y su didáctica, vol. 2, 97–127. Viareggio: Baroni.Search in Google Scholar
Sánchez Fajardo, José Antonio. 2016. Anglicisms in Cuban Spanish. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Sánchez Fajardo, José Antonio. 2017. A dictionary of 1,000 English loanwords in Cuban Spanish with usages, synonyms, and etymologies. New York: Edwin Mellen.Search in Google Scholar
Santoyo, Julio César. 1988. Los calcos como forma de traducción. Problemas de la traducción, 91–97. Madrid: Fundación Alfonso X el Sabio.Search in Google Scholar
Seco, Manuel. 1977. El léxico de hoy. In Rafael Lapesa (ed.), Comunicación y lenguaje, 183–201. Madrid: Karpos.Search in Google Scholar
Seco, Manuel, Olimpia Andrés & Gabino Ramos. 2011 [1999]. Diccionario del español actual. 2nd edn. Madrid: Aguilar.Search in Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Search in Google Scholar
TLF=Trésor de la langue française: Dictionnaire de la langue française du xviiie et du xxe siècle (1789-1960). 1977. Paris: CNRS.Search in Google Scholar
Tóth, Gegerly. 2007. Linguistic interference and first-language attrition: German and Hungarian in the San Franciso Bay area. New York: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
Verein Deutsche Sprache. 2016. Der Anglizismen-INDEX. https://www.vds-ev.de/aindex/suche2.php (accessed 15 January 2017).Search in Google Scholar
VOX=Diccionario general de la lengua española. 2009 [2006]. 2nd edn. Barcelona: Larousse.Search in Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.Search in Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2003. An introduction to contact linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar
Winter-Froemel, Esme. 2008. Unpleasant, unnecessary, unintelligible? Cognitive and communicative criteria for judging borrowings and alternative strategies. In Roswitha Fischer & Hanna Pułaczewska (eds.), Anglicisms in Europe: Linguistic diversity in a global context, 16–41. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Search in Google Scholar
Winter-Froemel, Esme. 2011. Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel – Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110235067Search in Google Scholar
Winter-Froemel, Esme, Alexander Onysko & Andreea Calude. 2014. Why some non-catachrestic borrowings are more successful than others: A case study of English loans in German. In Amei Koll-Stobbe & Sebastian Knospe (eds.), Language contact around the globe: Proceedings of the LCTG3 conference, 119–142. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- The dance of expressive adverbials (“ideophones”) in Jamsay (Dogon)
- Prefixal articles across domains: Syntactic licensing in Albanian
- The Great Complement Shift and the role of understood subjects: The case of fearful
- Inclusory pronouns in Mande: The emergence of a typological rarum
- Genre-related language change: Discourse- and corpus-linguistic perspectives on Austrian German 1970–2010
- Variation in the acoustic correlates of emphasis in Jordanian Arabic: Gender and social class
- Article-like constructions and the definite-indefinite continuum in Croatian
- The variation of calques in European languages, with particular reference to Spanish and German: Main patterns and trends
- Book Reviews
- Laurie Bauer: Compounds and compounding
- Elisa Mattielo: Analogy in word-formation: A study of English neologisms and occasionalisms
- Douglas Biber and Bethany Gray: Grammatical complexity in academic English
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- The dance of expressive adverbials (“ideophones”) in Jamsay (Dogon)
- Prefixal articles across domains: Syntactic licensing in Albanian
- The Great Complement Shift and the role of understood subjects: The case of fearful
- Inclusory pronouns in Mande: The emergence of a typological rarum
- Genre-related language change: Discourse- and corpus-linguistic perspectives on Austrian German 1970–2010
- Variation in the acoustic correlates of emphasis in Jordanian Arabic: Gender and social class
- Article-like constructions and the definite-indefinite continuum in Croatian
- The variation of calques in European languages, with particular reference to Spanish and German: Main patterns and trends
- Book Reviews
- Laurie Bauer: Compounds and compounding
- Elisa Mattielo: Analogy in word-formation: A study of English neologisms and occasionalisms
- Douglas Biber and Bethany Gray: Grammatical complexity in academic English