Abstract
This paper looks into how German and international students make use of their respective multilingual repertoires for the construction of academic knowledge. After a short survey of previous research on benefits and problems of English medium instruction for non-native speakers of English two explorative studies carried out at a German university will be presented which highlight the practices / preferences of students for language choice in various types of communication at the university and the underlying motives and assumptions for these choices. Different from previous research, which concentrates mainly on the official teaching-learning discourse in lectures and seminars, these studies focus on the complex interplay of various types of text and discourse typical of university contexts of teaching and learning. The first one deals with note-taking in lectures, the second one is a questionnaire study on preferred language choices in academic contexts of communication. The results suggest that students do not fully exploit their multilingual resources and that their preferred language choices tend to lead to a mere reproduction of knowledge. Therefore suggestions are formulated for a more productive use of students’ multilingualism enhancing the depth of processing and the availability of academic knowledge.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie deutsche und internationale Studierende ihr jeweiliges Mehrsprachigkeitsrepertoire für die Konstruktion akademischen Wissens einsetzen. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über bisherige Forschungen zu Nutzen und Problemen englischsprachiger Lehre für Nichtmuttersprachler des Englischen werden zwei explorative Studien vorgestellt, die an einer deutschen Universität durchgeführt wurden und die Praktiken bzw. Präferenzen der Sprachenwahl von Studierenden in universitären Kommunikationssituationen und die diesen Praktiken/Präferenzen zugrundeliegenden Annahmen beleuchten. Dabei wird – anders als bei der in bisherigen Untersuchungen vorherrschenden Fokussierung auf den offiziellen Lehr-Lerndiskurs in Vorlesungen und Seminaren – das komplexe Zusammenspiel unterschiedlicher Text- und Diskurstypen, durch das universitäre Kommunikation charakterisiert ist, in den Blick genommen. In der ersten Studie geht es um die Sprachenwahl beim Mitschreiben von Vorlesungen. Bei der zweiten Studie handelt es sich um eine Fragebogenstudie zu Präferenzen für die Sprachenwahl in unterschiedlichen studiumsbezogenen Kommunikationssituationen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Studenten ihre mehrsprachigen Ressourcen nur eingeschränkt nutzen und dass ihre Präferenzen für die Sprachenwahl tendenziell zu einer bloßen Reproduktion von Wissen führen. Der Beitrag endet mit Vorschlägen für eine produktivere Nutzung der Mehrsprachigkeit der Studierenden zur Steigerung von Verarbeitungstiefe und Verfügbarkeit akademischen Wissens.
Resumen
Este trabajo versa sobre el uso que estudiantes alemanes y alumnos internacionales hacen de sus respectivos repertorios multilingües en la construcción del conocimiento académico. Tras un breve análisis de los beneficios y los problemas que la enseñanza en inglés plantea para los alumnos cuya lengua materna no es el inglés, se presentan dos estudios exploratorios realizados en una universidad alemana que ponen de manifiesto las prácticas y preferencias que estos alumnos manifiestan en sus elecciones lingüísticas a la hora de participar en distintos intercambios comunicativos, así como las motivaciones y supuestos en los que se basa dicha elección. A diferencia de la investigación previa centrada especialmente en el análisis del discurso oficial del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las clases universitarias y los seminarios, estos dos estudios se centran en la compleja interacción de varios tipos de textos y discursos de los contextos universitarios de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El primer estudio trata de la toma de notas durante la clase, mientras que el segundo da cuenta de un cuestionario sobre las preferencias de elección de lengua en dichos contextos de comunicación. Los resultados sugieren que los alumnos universitarios no explotan sus recursos multilingües y que sus preferencias de elección lingüística tienden a acabar en una mera reproducción del conocimiento. Por tanto, se proponen sugerencias para potenciar un uso más productivo del mutilingüismo de los alumnos aumentando la profundidad del procesamiento y la disponibilidad del conocimiento académico.
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Appendix1 Source texts for note-taking
A Lernersprache
Eine allgemeine Erkenntnis der L2-Erwerbsforschung besteht darin, dass Lerner L2-spezifische sprachliche Lernprobleme stets in denselben Schritten lösen. Dies führt dazu, dass die sprachlichen Entwicklungsstadien einzelner Lerner erstaunlich ähnlich sind.
Wie sieht nun die Zweitsprachenentwicklung genauer aus? Konzentrieren wir uns dabei zunächst auf einen spezifischen Bereich der L2-Entwicklung, nämlich der Entwicklung von Fragen in der Lernersprache Englisch.
Die erste Phase beim Erwerb von Fragestrukturen ist die Produktion von Ein-Wort-Fragen mit steigender Intonation, zum Beispiel “here?” oder “this one?” oder “my money?”. Wie man sieht, muss man dabei die Definition des Begriffs “Wort” ein wenig dehnen, denn in der Zielsprache besteht die Äußerung “this one?” eigentlich aus zwei Worten. Wir wissen jedoch von der Studie von zweitsprachlichen Korpora, dass Lerner auf dieser Stufe Ausdrücke wie “this one?” als EINEN Eintrag im mentalen Lexikon speichern. Die Lernersprache enthält auf der ersten Stufe viele Ein-Wort-Einheiten dieser Art. Diese Ein-Wort-Einheiten können mit Worten der Zielsprache übereinstimmen, z. B. “where?” oder auch aus ganz festen Wendungen bestehen wie etwa “how are you?”.
Sobald Lerner satzähnliche Äußerungen produzieren, stellt man fest, dass diese einer genauen Struktur folgen, und zwar der einfachen Folge Subjekt – Verb – Objekt.
Dies gilt auch für Fragesätze, zum Beispiel “He is here?” oder “You go home?”. Dabei erkennt man die Frage an der steigenden Intonation. Das heißt, auf der zweiten Stufe ist die Wortstellung dieselbe für Fragen und Aussagen.
(taken from: Pienemann, Manfred, Jörg-U. Keßler & Eckhard Roos (Hrsg.). 2006. Englischerwerb in der Grundschule. Paderborn etc.: Ferdinand Schöningh, 34f.; slightly modified)
B Developmental sequences
Research on language acquisition has revealed that there are important similarities between first and second language learners. One important finding has been that, in both first and second language acquisition, there are sequences or ‘stages’ in the development of particular structures. That is, certain features of the language seem to appear relatively early in a learner’s language while others are acquired much later. A somewhat surprising finding is that these developmental sequences are similar across learners from different backgrounds: what is learned early by one is learned early by others.
Among child language learners, this is perhaps not so unexpected, because their language learning is partly tied to their cognitive development, that is to their learning about the relationships among people, events, and objects around them. But among second language learners, whose experience with the language may vary quite widely and whose cognitive development is essentially stable, it is more remarkable that developmental sequences are so similar. Furthermore, although learners obviously need to have opportunities to hear or read certain things before they begin to use them, it is not always the case that those features of the language which are most frequent are easiest to learn. For example, virtually every English sentence has one or more articles (‘a’ or ‘the’), but many learners have great difficulty using these forms correctly. Finally, although there is some evidence that the learners’ first language influences the sequences, many aspects of these developmental stages are similar among learners from many different first language backgrounds.
(taken from: Lightbown, Patsy & Nina Spada.1999. How languages are learned. Oxford: OUP, p. 76; slightly modified.)
2 Examples of students’ notes





© 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
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- Language choice and the construction of knowledge in higher education
- “Well I don’t know what to say to that”: Exploring tensions between the voices of medicine and the lifeworld in the management of diabetes
- Interpreting risks. Medical complications in interpreter-mediated doctor-patient communication
- The use of Basque in model D schools in the Basque Autonomous Community
- Early Foreign Language Learning: the Case of Mother Tongue Influence in Vocabulary Use in German and Spanish Primary-School EFL Learners
- On AILA Europe
- Dutch Association of Applied Linguistics: Association Néerlandaise de Linguistique Appliqée (Anéla)
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Language choice and the construction of knowledge in higher education
- “Well I don’t know what to say to that”: Exploring tensions between the voices of medicine and the lifeworld in the management of diabetes
- Interpreting risks. Medical complications in interpreter-mediated doctor-patient communication
- The use of Basque in model D schools in the Basque Autonomous Community
- Early Foreign Language Learning: the Case of Mother Tongue Influence in Vocabulary Use in German and Spanish Primary-School EFL Learners
- On AILA Europe
- Dutch Association of Applied Linguistics: Association Néerlandaise de Linguistique Appliqée (Anéla)