Abstract
Although entrepreneurial intentions have been widely studied, however, the relationship between intention and action is an understudied area, especially in the Middle East/North African (MENA) region. This paper investigates the antecedents of the intention-action relationships based on the doer, procrastinator, dreamer, and abstainer taxonomy of student entrepreneurs. In this paper, a sample (N = 12,947) from seven countries from the MENA region, and a multinomial logistic regression modelling. Findings show that university contextual factors play a significant role in the likelihood of students actively starting their own business, or just procrastinating and dreaming about it. More specifically, entrepreneurial-oriented learning programs reduce the probability of students completely abstaining from choosing entrepreneurship as a career. Past research primarily has utilized a singular intention framework (an “all-or-nothing” decision), without reflecting the stepwise commitment of the entrepreneurial process.
Funding source: Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project
Award Identifier / Grant number: PNURSP2023R395
Acknowledgment
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R395), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
References
Agu, A. G., O. O. Kalu, C. O. Esi-Ubani, & P. C. Agu. 2021. “Drivers of Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intentions Among University Students: An Integrated Model from a Developing World Context.” International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 22: 659–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-07-2020-0277.Search in Google Scholar
Al Bakri, A., and A. Mehrez. 2017. “Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intentions among Arab Students.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship 21 (3): 1–17. Search in Google Scholar
Al-Mamary, Y. H. S., M. Abdulrab, M. A. Alwaheeb, and N. G. M. Alshammari. 2020. “Factors Impacting Entrepreneurial Intentions Among University Students in Saudi Arabia: Testing an Integrated Model of TPB and EO.” Education + Training 62 (7/8): 779–803. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-04-2020-0096.Search in Google Scholar
Al-Shammari, M., and R. Waleed. 2018. “Entrepreneurial Intentions of Private University Students in the Kingdom of Bahrain.” International Journal of Innovation Science 10 (1): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-06-2017-0058.Search in Google Scholar
Almobaireek, W., and T. Manolova. 2012. “Who Wants to Be an Entrepreneur? Entrepreneurial Intentions among Saudi University Students.” African Journal of Business Management 6 (11): 4029–40. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.1521.Search in Google Scholar
Alshibani, S. M., W. J. Aloulou, and V. Ramadani. 2023. “New-venture Gestation Processes amid Covid-19 Pandemic: Antecedents of Saudi Female Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Business Process Management Journal. Ahead-of-print https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-11-2022-0555.Search in Google Scholar
Aminova, M., S. Mareef, and C. Machado. 2020. “Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Arab World: the Status Quo, Impediments and the Ways Forward.” International Journal of Business Ethics and Governance 3 (3): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.51325/ijbeg.v3i3.37.Search in Google Scholar
Anggadwita, G., V. Ramadani, D. T. Alamanda, V. Ratten, and M. Hashani. 2017. “Entrepreneurial Intentions from an Islamic Perspective: A Study of Muslim Entrepreneurs in Indonesia.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 31 (2): 165–79. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2017.084086.Search in Google Scholar
Autio, E., R. H. Keeley, M. Klofsten, and T. Ulfstedt. 1997. “Entrepreneurial Intent among Students Testing an Intent Model in Asia, Scandinavia and USA.” In Frontiers of Entrepreneurship, edited by P. D. Reynolds, W. D. Bygrave, N. Carter, P. Davidssson, W. B. Gartner, and P. P. McDougall, 133–47. Wellesley: Babson College.Search in Google Scholar
Bae, T. J., S. Qian, C. Miao, and J. O. Fiet. 2014. “The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta–Analytic Review.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 38 (2): 217–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12095.Search in Google Scholar
Barral, M. R. M., F. G. Ribeiro, and M. D. Canever. 2018. “Influence of the University Environment in the Entrepreneurial Intention in Public and Private Universities.” RAUSP Management Journal 53 (1): 122–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rauspm.2017.12.009.Search in Google Scholar
Barron, E., and L. E. Ruiz. 2021. “Evaluating the Effect of Entrepreneurial Programs Elements on Students: A Scale Development.” BAR-Brazilian Administration Review 18 (2): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2021190057.Search in Google Scholar
Bartnick, Aaron. 2017. Obstacles and Opportunities for Entrepreneurship in Iraq & The Kurdistan Region. Iraq: Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS).Search in Google Scholar
Basu, A., and M. Virick. 2008. “Assessing Entrepreneurial Intentions amongst Students: A Comparative Study.” In National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference, 79–86. https://www.academia.edu/15209607/Assessing_Entrepreneurial_Intentions_Amongst_Students_A_Comparative_Study (accessed January 16, 2023).Search in Google Scholar
Belitski, M., C. Guenther, A. S. Kritikos, and R. Thurik. 2022. “Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses.” Small Business Economics 58 (3): 593–609.10.1007/s11187-021-00544-ySearch in Google Scholar
Bernhofer, B., and J. Li. 2014. “Understanding the Entrepreneurial Intention of Chinese Students: The Preliminary Findings of the China Project of “Global University Entrepreneurial Spirits Students Survey” (GUESSS).” Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 6 (1): 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-10-2013-0024.Search in Google Scholar
Beynon, M., P. Jones, D. Pickernell, and G. Maas. 2020. “Investigating Total Entrepreneurial Activity and Entrepreneurial Intention in Africa Regions Using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA).” Small Enterprise Research 27 (2): 146–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2020.1752294.Search in Google Scholar
Bouncken, R. B., S. Kraus, and A. de Lucas Ancillo. 2022. “Management in Times of Crises: Reflections on Characteristics, Avoiding Pitfalls, and Pathways Out.” Review of Managerial Science 16 (7): 2035–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00580-2.Search in Google Scholar
Burke, A., C. Hartog, A. van Stel, and K. Suddle. 2010. “How Does Entrepreneurial Activity Affect the Supply of Informal Investors?” Venture Capital 12 (1): 21–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691060903435775.Search in Google Scholar
Campos, M. L., G. H. S. M. D. Moraes, and A. C. Spatti. 2021. “Do University Ecosystems Impact Student’s Entrepreneurial Behavior?” BAR-Brazilian Administration Review 18 (2): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2021200079.Search in Google Scholar
Chlosta, S., H. Patzelt, S. B. Klein, and C. Dormann. 2012. “Parental Role Models and the Decision to Become Self-Employed: The Moderating Effect of Personality.” Small Business Economics 38 (1): 121–38. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-010-9270-y.10.1007/s11187-010-9270-ySearch in Google Scholar
De Jong, V. M., M. J. Eijkemans, B. van Calster, D. Timmerman, K. G. Moons, E. W. Steyerberg, and M. van Smeden. 2019. “Sample Size Considerations and Predictive Performance of Multinomial Logistic Prediction Models.” Statistics in Medicine 38 (9): 1601–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.8063.Search in Google Scholar
De Jorge‐Moreno, J., L. L. Castillo, and M. S. Triguero. 2012. “The Effect of Business and Economics Education Programs on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention.” European Journal of Training and Development 36 (4): 409–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591211220339.Search in Google Scholar
Doan, X., and T. Phan. 2020. “The Impact of Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Intention: The Case of Vietnamese.” Management Science Letters 10 (8): 1787–96. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.12.040.Search in Google Scholar
Ertuna, Z. I., & Gurel, E. (2011). “The Moderating Role of Higher Education on Entrepreneurship.” Education + Training 53(5): 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147703.Search in Google Scholar
Franke, N., and C. Lüthje. 2004. “Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business Students: A Benchmarking Study.” International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 1 (3): 269–88. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877004000209.Search in Google Scholar
GEM. 2021a. “Reports.” https://www.gemconsortium.org/about/gem/5 (accessed December 4, 2021).Search in Google Scholar
GEM. 2021b. “Economy Profiles.” https://www.gemconsortium.org/economy-profiles (accessed December 14, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Gao, Z., W. Wu, and J. Zhang. 2018. “Analysis on Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Foreign Universities and Its Enlightenment to Domestic Universities.” In 2018 5th International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science (ICEMAESS 2018), 891–7. Sanya, China: Atlantis Press.10.2991/icemaess-18.2018.175Search in Google Scholar
Garg, M. C. 2016. “Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship.” https://sdm.ac.in/elibrary/bitstream/handle/123456789/1169/EDP%20-%20Garg.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed January 4, 2023).Search in Google Scholar
GEM – GEDCO – CSS. 2020. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Jordan National Report 2019/2020. https://www.giz.de/de/downloads/GEMJ_EN.pdf (accessed October 15, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Gieure, C., S. Roig-Dobón, M. del Mar Benavides-Espinosa, and S. Roig-Dobón. 2019. Entrepreneurial Intentions in an International University Environment. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25 (8), 1605–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2018-0810.Search in Google Scholar
Giniatullina, S. 2019. Corporates and Startups in Morocco: Worlds Apart or a Match Made in Heaven? Seedstars SA. https://www.seedstars.com/content-hub/life/corporates-and-startups-morocco-worlds-apart-or-match-made-heaven/ (accessed October 18, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Gorgievski, M. J., and U. Stephan. 2016. “Advancing the Psychology of Entrepreneurship: A Review of the Psychological Literature and an Introduction.” Applied Psychology 65 (3): 437–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12073.Search in Google Scholar
Gubik, A. S., and S. Farkas. 2016. “Student Entrepreneurship in Hungary: Selected Results Based on GUESSS Survey.” Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 4 (4): 123–39. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2016.040408.Search in Google Scholar
GUESSS. 2021. Key Facts of GUESSS Project. https://www.guesssurvey.org/keyfacts/ (accessed November 10, 2021).Search in Google Scholar
Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham. 2006. Multivariate Data Analysis, Vol. 6. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.Search in Google Scholar
Hayter, C. S., A. J. Nelson, S. Zayed, and A. C. O’Connor. 2018. “Conceptualizing Academic Entrepreneurship Ecosystems: A Review, Analysis and Extension of the Literature.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (4): 1039–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9657-5.Search in Google Scholar
Hidayat, M., and U. Yunus. 2019. “The Entrepreneurship Learning in Industrial 4.0 Era (Case Study in Indonesian College).” Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 22 (5): 1–15.Search in Google Scholar
Hill, S. 2018. “GEM Lebanon National Report.” https://www.gemconsortium.org/economy-profiles/lebanon (accessed December 11, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Hinrichsen, S. 2020. “Exploring the Rising Tunisian Start-Up Ecosystem.” https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/blog/exploring-the-rising-tunisian-start-up-ecosystem/ (accessed December 22, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Holienka, M., P. Gál, and Z. Kovačičová. 2017. “Understanding Student Entrepreneurs: Doers, Procrastinators, Dreamers, and Abstainers.” Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65 (6): 1935–44. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765061935.Search in Google Scholar
IBA. 2021. Iraqi Businessmen Association 2021. https://www.ibairaq.com/association.html (accessed January 13, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Isenberg, D. J. 2010. “How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution.” Harvard Business Review 88 (6): 40–50.Search in Google Scholar
Katz, J. A. 2003. “The Chronology and Intellectual Trajectory of American Entrepreneurship Education: 1876–1999.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (2): 283–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00098-8.Search in Google Scholar
Kerr, S. P., W. R. Kerr, and T. Xu. 2017. “Personality Traits of Entrepreneurs: A Review of Recent Literature.” Harvard Business School, Working Paper 18-047. https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/18-047_b0074a64-5428-479b-8c83-16f2a0e97eb6.pdf (accessed January 13, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Khattab, I., and O. O. Al-Magli. 2017. “Towards an Integrated Model of Entrepreneurship Ecosystem.” Journal of Business & Economic Policy 4 (4): 80–92.Search in Google Scholar
Khyareh, M. M. 2023. “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: The Moderating Role of Governance Quality.” FIIB Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/23197145231154767.Search in Google Scholar
Kraaijenbrink, J., G. Bos, and A. Groen. 2010. “What Do Students Think of the Entrepreneurial Support Given by Their Universities?” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 9 (1): 110–25. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2010.029512.Search in Google Scholar
Krueger, J. N. F., M. D. Reilly, and A. L. Carsrud. 2000. “Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing 15 (5-6): 411–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0.Search in Google Scholar
Laspita, S., I. Sitaridis, F. Kitsios, and K. Sarri. 2020. “Entrepreneurship Program Learning: Different Views of Latent, Nascent, Active Entrepreneurs and Abstainers.” In European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Academic Conferences International Limited, 352–9.Search in Google Scholar
Leal Filho, W., C. Shiel, A. Paço, M. Mifsud, L. V. Ávila, L. L. Brandli, P. Molthan-Hill, et al.. 2019. “Sustainable Development Goals and Sustainability Teaching at Universities: Falling behind or Getting Ahead of the Pack?” Journal of Cleaner Production 232: 285–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.309.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, X., C. Lin, G. Zhao, and D. Zhao. 2019. “Research on the Effects of Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention.” Frontiers in Psychology 10: 869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00869.Search in Google Scholar
Lüthje, C., and N. Franke. 2003. “The Making of an Entrepreneur: Testing a Model of Entrepreneurial Intent among Engineering Students at MIT.” R & D Management 33 (2): 135–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288.Search in Google Scholar
Mack, E., and H. Mayer. 2016. “The Evolutionary Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Urban Studies 53 (10): 2118–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015586547.Search in Google Scholar
Marinoni, G., H. Van’t Land, and T. Jensen. 2020. “The Impact of Covid-19 on Higher Education around the World. IAU Global Survey Report.” https://www.uniss.it/sites/default/files/news/iau_covid19_and_he_survey_report_final_may_2020.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Mason, C., and R. Brown. 2014. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship.” Final Report to OECD, Paris 30 (1): 77–102.Search in Google Scholar
Mets, T., J. Holbrook, and S. Läänelaid. 2021. “Entrepreneurship Education Challenges for Green Transformation.” Administrative Sciences 11 (1): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11010015.Search in Google Scholar
Moraes, G. H. S. M. D., E. S. Iizuka, and M. Pedro. 2018. “Effects of Entrepreneurial Characteristics and University Environment on Entrepreneurial Intention.” Revista de Administração Contemporânea 22: 226–48. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2018170133.Search in Google Scholar
Mori Junior, R., J. Fien, and R. Horne. 2019. “Implementing the UN SDGs in Universities: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons Learned.” Sustainability: The Journal of Record 12 (2): 129–33. https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2019.0004.Search in Google Scholar
Naushad, M. 2018. “A Study on the Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intentions among Saudi Students.” Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 5 (3): 600–17. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.5.3(14.Search in Google Scholar
Neck, H., P. Greene, and C. Brush. 2014. Teaching Entrepreneurship: A Practice-Based Approach. London: Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781782540564Search in Google Scholar
Nuseir, M., M. F. Basheer, and A. Aljumah. 2020. “Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intentions in Smart City of Neom Saudi Arabia: Does the Entrepreneurial Education on Artificial Intelligence Matter?” Cogent Business & Management 7 (1): 1825041. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1825041.Search in Google Scholar
Odell, V., P. Molthan-Hill, S. Martin, and S. Sterling. 2020. “Transformative Education to Address All Sustainable Development Goals.” In Quality Education. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, edited by W. Leal Filho, A. M. Azul, L. Brandli, P. G. Özuyar, and T. Wall, 905–16. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-95870-5_106Search in Google Scholar
Palalic, R., V. Ramadani, A. Đilovic, A. Dizdarevic, and V. Ratten. 2017. “Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students: A Case-Based Study.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 11 (3): 393–413. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-12-2016-0046.Search in Google Scholar
Pinheiro, G. T., G. H. S. M. d. Moraes, and B. B. Fischer. 2022. “Student Entrepreneurship and Perceptions on Social Norms and University Environment: Evidence from a Developing Country.” Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 15 (4): 746–65. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-03-2021-0121.Search in Google Scholar
Ramadani, V., S. Kjosev, and B. Sergi. 2023. Entrepreneurship Development in the Balkans: Perspective from Diverse Contexts. London: Emerald.10.1108/9781837534548Search in Google Scholar
Ramadani, V., M. M. Rahman, A. Salamzadeh, M. S. Rahaman, and H. Abazi-Alili. 2022. “Entrepreneurship Education and Graduates’ Entrepreneurial Intentions: Does Gender Matter? A Multi-Group Analysis Using AMOS.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 180 (7): 121693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121693.Search in Google Scholar
Rashid, L. 2019. “Entrepreneurship Education and Sustainable Development Goals: A Literature Review and a Closer Look at Fragile States and Technology-Enabled Approaches.” Sustainability 11 (19): 5343–50. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195343.Search in Google Scholar
Rice, M. P., M. L. Fetters, and P. G. Greene. 2014. “University-based Entrepreneurship Ecosystems: A Global Study of Six Educational Institutions.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 18 (5-6): 481–501. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijeim.2014.064722.Search in Google Scholar
Romdhane, Rabiaa & Islem Khefacha & Haykel Hadj Salem. 2021. “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Contribution to Entrepreneurial Intention: The Need for Innovative Reflexions.” In Conference: DIF 2021 Digital, Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Financing, Lyon: France.Search in Google Scholar
Rothaermel, F. T., S. D. Agung, and L. Jiang. 2007. “University Entrepreneurship: A Taxonomy of the Literature.” Industrial and Corporate Change 16 (4): 691–791. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm023.Search in Google Scholar
Saeed, S., S. Y. Yousafzai, M. Yani‐De‐Soriano, and M. Muffatto. 2015. “The Role of Perceived University Support in the Formation of Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention.” Journal of Small Business Management 53 (4): 1127–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12090.Search in Google Scholar
Saleh, W., and L. Salhieh. 2014. “An Investigation of Entrepreneurial Intention among Arab University Students.” International Journal of Business and Management 9 (12): 197–209. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n12p197.Search in Google Scholar
Sansone, G., E. Ughetto, and P. Landoni. 2021. “Entrepreneurial Intention: An Analysis of the Role of Student-Led Entrepreneurial Organizations.” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 19 (2): 399–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-021-00288-6.Search in Google Scholar
Sayed, O., and S. B. Slimane. 2014. “An Appraisal of the Determinants of Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: The Case of the Middle East, North Africa and Selected Gulf Cooperation Council Nations.” African Journal of Social Sciences 4 (4): 63–74.Search in Google Scholar
SDSN Australia/Pacific. 2017. “Getting Started with the SDGs in Universities: A Guide for Universities, Higher Education Institutions, and the Academic Sector. Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Edition.” Sustainable Development Solutions Network - Australia/Pacific, Melbourne. https://ap-unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/University-SDG-Guide_web.pdf (accessed December 22, 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Sharma, K., V. Arya, and H. P. Mathur. 2023. “New Higher Education Policy and Strategic Plan: Commensurate India’s Higher Education in Global Perspective.” FIIB Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/23197145221125351.Search in Google Scholar
Shiel, C., N. Smith, and E. Cantarello. 2020. “Aligning Campus Strategy with the SDGs: An Institutional Case Study.” In Universities as Living Labs for Sustainable Development, 11–27. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-15604-6_2Search in Google Scholar
Sieger, P., U. Fueglistaller, T. Zellweger, and I. Braun. 2019. Global Student Entrepreneurship 2018: Insights From 54 Countries. St.Gallen/Bern: KMU-HSG/IMU. https://www.guesssurvey.org/resources/PDF_InterReports/GUESSS_Global_2018.pdf (accessed December 22, 2021).Search in Google Scholar
Sieger, P., L. Raemy, T. Zellweger, U. Fueglistaller, and I. Hatak. 2021. Global Student Entrepreneurship 2021: Insights from 58 Countries. St.Gallen/Bern: KMU-HSG/IMU-U. https://www.guesssurvey.org/resources/PDF_InterReports/GUESSS_2021_Global_Report.pdf (accessed December 22, 2021).Search in Google Scholar
Souitaris, V., S. Zerbinati, and A. Al-Laham. 2007. “Do Entrepreneurship Programmes Raise Entrepreneurial Intention of Science and Engineering Students? The Effect of Learning, Inspiration and Resources.” Journal of Business Venturing 22 (4): 566–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002.Search in Google Scholar
Thai, M. T. T., and E. Turkina. 2014. “Macro-level Determinants of Formal Entrepreneurship versus Informal Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 29 (4): 490–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.005.Search in Google Scholar
Tilbury, D. 2013. “Another World Is Desirable: A Global Rebooting of Higher Education for Sustainable Development.” In The Sustainable University: Progress and Prospects, edited by S. Sterling, L. Maxey, H. Luna, 71–86. London: Routledge/Earthscan.Search in Google Scholar
Tipu, S., and J. Ryan. 2016. “Predicting Entrepreneurial Intentions from Work Values: Implications for Stimulating Entrepreneurship in UAE National Youth.” Management Decision 54 (3): 610–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2015-0387.Search in Google Scholar
Trivedi, R. 2016. “Does University Play Significant Role in Shaping Entrepreneurial Intention? Across-Country Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23 (3): 790–811. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2015-0149.Search in Google Scholar
United Nations. 2021. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda (accessed December 24, 2021).Search in Google Scholar
Villegas, A. 2021. 4 Middle Eastern Countries that Are Establishing a Culture of Entrepreneurship to Transform into Knowledge-Based Economies. https://www.mysanantonio.com/business/article/4-Middle-Eastern-countries-that-are-establishing-16097339.php (accessed December 4, 2021).Search in Google Scholar
Wadeson, N. 2009. “Cognitive Aspects of Entrepreneurship: Decision-Making and Attitudes to Risk.” In The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship. Online Edition, edited by A. Basu. Oxford Academic (accessed January 16, 2023).10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0004Search in Google Scholar
Wals, A., and J. Blewitt. 2010. “Third-wave Sustainability in Higher Education: Some (Inter)national Trends and Developments.” In Sustainability: Perspectives and Practice Across Higher Education, edited by P. Jones, D. Selby, and S. Sterling, 55–74. London: Earthscan.Search in Google Scholar
Welter, F., T. Baker, and K. Wirsching. 2019. “Three Waves and Counting: The Rising Tide of Contextualization in Entrepreneurship Research.” Small Business Economics 52: 319–30.10.1007/s11187-018-0094-5Search in Google Scholar
Wu, S. and L. Wu. 2008. “The Impact of Higher Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students in China.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 15 (4): 752–74. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810917843.Search in Google Scholar
Xie, Y., and W. Zhang. 2019. “Construction and Measurement of University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Evaluation Index System: A Case Study of Zhejiang.” In ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition in 2019. University in China.Search in Google Scholar
Zamora-Polo, F., J. Sánchez-Martín, M. Corrales-Serrano, and L. Espejo-Antúnez. 2019. “What Do University Students Know about Sustainable Development Goals? A Realistic Approach to the Reception of This UN Program Amongst the Youth Population.” Sustainability 11 (13): 3533. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133533.Search in Google Scholar
Zellweger, T., P. Sieger, and F. Halter. 2011. “Should I Stay or Should I Go? Career Choice Intentions of Students with Family Business Background.” Journal of Business Venturing 26 (5): 521–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.04.001.Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Competitive Research Articles
- Entrepreneurship in the Age of Social Media
- Entrepreneurship Trainings and Human Capital Endowment: When Learning from External Sources Does (Not) Increase Performance
- Entrepreneurial Passion: A Key Driver of Social Innovations for Tourism Firms
- Effects of Firm-Level Entrepreneurship Orientation on Digital Transformation in SMEs: The Moderating Role of Strategic Agility
- Boomerang Entrepreneurs and the Declining Home City’s Place Image: Away on the Brain Drain Flow and Back on the Homesick Flow
- The Entrepreneurial Intention-Action Relationships among Young Entrepreneurs: A Taxonomy-Based Perspective
- Exploring the Behaviours of Small Business Entrepreneurs in the Gastro-Dining Industry: Risks, Relationships and Gourmet Chefs in Action
- An Advisor to a Family Business. Main Challenges from the Perspective of Socio-Emotional Wealth (SEW)
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Competitive Research Articles
- Entrepreneurship in the Age of Social Media
- Entrepreneurship Trainings and Human Capital Endowment: When Learning from External Sources Does (Not) Increase Performance
- Entrepreneurial Passion: A Key Driver of Social Innovations for Tourism Firms
- Effects of Firm-Level Entrepreneurship Orientation on Digital Transformation in SMEs: The Moderating Role of Strategic Agility
- Boomerang Entrepreneurs and the Declining Home City’s Place Image: Away on the Brain Drain Flow and Back on the Homesick Flow
- The Entrepreneurial Intention-Action Relationships among Young Entrepreneurs: A Taxonomy-Based Perspective
- Exploring the Behaviours of Small Business Entrepreneurs in the Gastro-Dining Industry: Risks, Relationships and Gourmet Chefs in Action
- An Advisor to a Family Business. Main Challenges from the Perspective of Socio-Emotional Wealth (SEW)