Choice for an Entrepreneurial Career: Do Cognitive Styles Matter?
-
Jana Deprez
,
Eva Cools
Abstract
Upon graduation, students make the decision to either become an entrepreneur or an employee. Numerous studies have thus investigated personal and environmental factors that impact this decision. As cognitive styles have become more and more important in determining individual and organisational behaviour, and as they are presumed to provide new valuable insights over and above other personal factors, they provide the ideal focus to further explore this career choice. In this article, we aim to explore how creating, planning, and knowing cognitive style relate to entrepreneurial attitudes, intentions, and career choices. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour, in a first sample, we investigate the direct and indirect impact that cognitive styles have on entrepreneurial intention through attitudes. In our second sample, we look at how career preferences for entrepreneurship or a more traditional career as an employee are affected by cognitive styles. Using structural equation modelling analysis, this study finds evidence for the importance of creating cognitive style on entrepreneurial outcomes. Additionally, we find evidence for the relationship between planning cognitive style and wanting to be an employee. Knowing style does not lead to either preference. This paper extends the current knowledge on cognitive styles and entrepreneurship by analysing the impact of other cognitive styles than the predominantly used innovative styles and by also exploring its impact on important antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions, such as entrepreneurial attitude and career preferences.
Appendix
A Measurement Items
| Study | Items | Standardised loadings (λ)* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Styles | |||
| Knowing style (AVE = 0.67) | 1 and 2 | I study each problem until I understand the underlying logic. | 0.80 |
| I want to have a full understanding of all problems. | 0.67 | ||
| I like to analyse problems. | 0.72 | ||
| I make detailed analyses. | 0.49 | ||
| Planning style (AVE = 0.60) | 1 and 2 | I prefer well-prepared meetings with a clear agenda and strict time management. | 0.53 |
| Developing a clear plan is very important to me. | 0.61 | ||
| I always want to know what should be done when. | 0.65 | ||
| I prefer clear structures to do my job. | 0.49 | ||
| I make definite engagements, and I follow up meticulously. | 0.51 | ||
| A good task is a well-prepared task. | 0.70 | ||
| I like detailed action plans. | 0.72 | ||
| Creative style | 1 and 2 | I like much variety in my life. | 0.71 |
| (AVE = 0.70) | New ideas attract me more than existing solutions. | 0.68 | |
| I prefer to look for creative solutions | 0.75 | ||
| I am motivated by ongoing innovation. | 0.54 | ||
| I like to contribute to innovative solutions. | 0.68 | ||
| I try to avoid routine. | 0.67 | ||
| I like to extend boundaries. | 0.85 | ||
| Entrepreneurial attitude | |||
| Organisationally | 1 | Job security | 0.82 |
| Employed | Job stability | 0.83 | |
| Security | Not having to work long hours | 0.82 | |
| (AVE = 0.83) | To have leisure | 0.52 | |
| Workload | To have fixed working hours | 0.52 | |
| (AVE = 0.63) | Not to have a stressful job | 0.79 | |
| Social environment | Have a simple, not complicated job | 0.49 | |
| (AVE = 0.75) | Participate in a social environment | 0.83 | |
| Avoiding responsibility | To be a member of a social ‘milieu’ | 0.67 | |
| (AVE = 0.79) | Avoid responsibility | 0.87 | |
| Career | Not taking on too much responsibility | 0.75 | |
| (AVE = 0.90) | Avoid commitment | 0.74 | |
| Have opportunity for career progress | 0.92 | ||
| Promotion | 0.87 | ||
| Self-Employed | |||
| Economic opportunity (AVE = 0.72) | Economic opportunity | 0.80 | |
| Challenge | To receive compensation based on merit | 0.66 | |
| (AVE = 0.80) | To keep a large proportion of the result | 0.70 | |
| Autonomy | To have a challenging job | 0.81 | |
| (AVE = 0.68) | To have an exciting job | 0.76 | |
| Authority | To have an interesting job | 0.83 | |
| (AVE = 0.72) | To have a motivating job | 0.80 | |
| Self-realisation | Freedom | 0.49 | |
| (AVE = 0.70) | Independence | 0.63 | |
| Participation in the whole process | To be your own boss | 0.81 | |
| (AVE = 0.74) | Be able to choose your own work tasks | 0.79 | |
| Have power to make decisions | 0.93 | ||
| Have authority | 0.88 | ||
| Self-realisation | 0.56 | ||
| Realise one’s dreams | 0.66 | ||
| To create something | 0.77 | ||
| To take advantage of your creative needs | 0.67 | ||
| To participate in the whole process | 0.98 | ||
| To follow work tasks from a to z | 0.50 | ||
| Parent’s entrepreneurial status | 1 | What is the longest type of employment status of your mother? What is the longest type of employment status of your father? (employee – self-employed – unemployed) | |
| Entrepreneurial Intention (AVE = 0.80) | 1 | If you could choose between running your own business and being employed by someone, what would you prefer? (1 = would prefer to be employed by someone; 7 = would prefer to be self-employed) | 0.91 |
| How likely is it that you will someday pursue a career as self-employed? (unlikely – likely) | 0.87 | ||
| How likely is it that you will own your own business one day? (unlikely – likely) | 0.63 | ||
| Career Anchors | |||
| Technical competence (AVE = 0.60) | 2 | I dream of being so good at what I do that my expert advice will be sought continually. | 0.50 |
| I will feel successful in my career only if I can develop my technical or functional skills to a very high level of competence. | 0.64 | ||
| Becoming a functional manager in my area of expertise is more attractive to me than becoming a general manager. | 0.50 | ||
| I would rather leave my organisation than accept a rotational assignment that would take me out of my area of expertise. | 0.60 | ||
| I am most fulfilled in my work when I have been able to use my special skills and talents. | 0.72 | ||
| General management competence | 2 | I am most fulfilled in my work when I have been able to integrate and manage the efforts of others. | 0.49 |
| (AVE = 0.68) | I dream of being in charge of a complex organisation and making decisions that affect many people. | 0.58 | |
| I will feel successful in my career only if I become a general manager in some organisation. | 0.83 | ||
| Becoming a general manager is more attractive to me than becoming a functional manager in my current area of expertise. | 0.83 | ||
| I would rather leave my organisation than accept a job that would take me away from the general managerial track. | 0.65 | ||
| Autonomy/independence | 2 | I dream of having a career that will allow me the freedom to do a job my own way and on my own schedule. | 0.55 |
| (AVE = 0.60) | I am most fulfilled in my work when I am completely free to define my own tasks, schedules and procedures. | 0.57 | |
| I will feel successful in my career only if I achieve complete autonomy and freedom. | 0.66 | ||
| The chance to do a job my own way, free of rules and constraints is more important to me than security. | 0.65 | ||
| I would rather leave my organisation than accept a job that would reduce my autonomy and freedom. | 0.55 | ||
| Security/stability (AVE = 0.69) | 2 | Security and stability are more important to me than freedom and autonomy. | 0.67 |
| I would rather leave my organisation altogether than accept an assignment that would jeopardise my security in that organisation. | 0.52 | ||
| I seek jobs in organisations that will give me a sense of security and stability. | 0.82 | ||
| I am most fulfilled in my work when I feel that I have complete financial and employment security. | 0.68 | ||
| I dream of having a career that will allow me to feel a sense of security and stability. | 0.75 | ||
| Entrepreneurial creativity | 2 | I am always on the lookout for ideas that would permit me to start my own enterprise. | 0.82 |
| (AVE = 0.78) | Building my own business is more important to me than achieving a high-level managerial position in someone else’s organisation. | 0.82 | |
| I am most fulfilled in my career when I have been able to build something that is entirely the result of my own ideas and efforts. | 0.73 | ||
| I will feel successful in my career only if I have succeeded in creating or building something that is entirely my own product or idea. | 0.65 | ||
| I dream of starting up and running my own business. | 0.91 | ||
| Service/dedication (AVE = 0.65) | 2 | I will feel successful in my career only if I have a feeling of having made a real contribution to the welfare of society. | 0.72 |
| I am most fulfilled in my career when I have been able to use my talents in the service of others. | 0.50 | ||
| Using my skills to make the world a better place to live and work is more important to me than achieving a high-level managerial position. | 0.70 | ||
| I dream of having a career that makes a real contribution to humanity and society. | 0.81 | ||
| I would rather leave my organisation than accept an assignment that would undermine my ability to be of service to others. | 0.54 | ||
| Pure challenge (AVE = 0.66) | 2 | I dream of a career in which I can solve problems or win out in situations that are extremely challenging. | 0.74 |
| I will feel successful in my career when I have been able to use my talents in the service of others. | 0.73 | ||
| I have been most fulfilled in my career with I have solved seemingly unsolvable problems or won out over seemingly impossible odds. | 0.64 | ||
| I seek out work opportunities that strongly challenge my problem solving and/or competitive skills. | 0.72 | ||
| Working on problems that are almost unsolvable is more important to me than achieving a high-level managerial position. | 0.49 | ||
| Lifestyle (AVE = 0.68) | 2 | I would rather leave my organisation than to be put into a job that would compromise my ability to pursue personal and family concerns. | 0.57 |
| I dream of a career that will permit me to integrate my personal, family and work needs. | 0.69 | ||
| I feel successful in life only if I have been able to balance my personal, family and career requirements. | 0.71 | ||
| Balancing the demands of personal and professional life is more important to me than achieving a high-level managerial position. | 0.74 | ||
| I have always sought out work opportunities that would minimise interference with home or family concerns. | 0.70 | ||
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Competitive Research Articles
- Developing Endogenous Innovations: Corporate Entrepreneurship and Effectuation
- Unlocking the Relationship between Corporate Entrepreneurship and Firm Performance
- Culture, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. An Empirical Approach
- Choice for an Entrepreneurial Career: Do Cognitive Styles Matter?
- Operating as a Social Enterprise within Resource and Institutional Constraints
- Addressing Construct Intensity in Entrepreneurship: Log-Transformed Guttman Scaling with Need for Achievement as Exemplar
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Competitive Research Articles
- Developing Endogenous Innovations: Corporate Entrepreneurship and Effectuation
- Unlocking the Relationship between Corporate Entrepreneurship and Firm Performance
- Culture, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. An Empirical Approach
- Choice for an Entrepreneurial Career: Do Cognitive Styles Matter?
- Operating as a Social Enterprise within Resource and Institutional Constraints
- Addressing Construct Intensity in Entrepreneurship: Log-Transformed Guttman Scaling with Need for Achievement as Exemplar
