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Translanguaging ideology? Scholars’ and practitioners’ discourses in a foreign-language education context

  • Tomoko Tode ORCID logo EMAIL logo and Kojiro Hozawa
Published/Copyright: December 1, 2025
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Educational Linguistics
From the journal Educational Linguistics

Abstract

In reframing foreign-language education into translanguaging pedagogy, educators’ criticality of monoglossic ideologies is important. This article analyzes the discourses of scholars and practitioners raising objections against Japan’s neoliberal language-in-education policy of teaching English through English to examine whether their voices are underlain by the ideology of translanguaging. The data consisted of two sets: collections of teachers’ reports of their practices published by Shin-Eiken (or the New English Teachers’ Association), a grass-roots teachers’ association founded in 1959, and critiques written by a group of four scholars supporting Shin-Eiken. The practitioners’ data set comprised 61 reports of their handed-down pedagogical practice called self-expression published in 2013–2023 and 22 reports written by their predecessors in 1974–1979. The scholars’ data came from their eight books published in 2011–2020. We performed theoretical thematic analysis to identify themes of translanguaging ideology and of monolingualism ideology. The analysis found translanguaging-minded beliefs in recent and past Shin-Eiken teachers’ discourses where they acknowledged students’ multimodal expressions as voices from idiolects. The scholars, in contrast, emphasized prescriptive use of Japanese and English as two distinct languages. We conclude that the teachers’ ideology emerged from their on-the-ground engagement with marginalized students.


Corresponding author: Tomoko Tode, Faculty of Humanities and Human Sciences, Hiroshima Shudo University, 1-1-1 Ozuka-higashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-3195, Japan, E-mail:

Award Identifier / Grant number: 21K00695

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  5. Research funding: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21K00695. The funding organization played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.

Appendix: Data sources for analyzing the G4’s discourse

Erikawa, Haruo, Yoshifumi Saito, Kumiko Torikai & Yukio Otsu. 2014. Gakkou eigo kyouiku wa nanno tame? [What’s the purpose of English education in schools?]. Tokyo: Hitsuji Shobo.

Otsu, Yukio. 2019. Eigo shinryaku ni aragau tame no, kotoba no kyouiku [Language education to resist English invasion]. In Tamami Shimada, Yoshifumi Saito & Yukio Otsu (eds.). Gengo sesshoku: Eigoka suru Nihongo kara kangaeru ‘gengo towa nanika’ [Language contact: What the Anglicization of Japanese tells us about the nature of language], 275–297. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai.

Otsu, Yukio, Haruo Erikawa, Yoshifumi Saito & Kumiko Torikai. 2013. Eigo kyouiku, semarikuru hatan [The impending collapse of English education]. Tokyo: Hitsuji Shobo.

Saito, Yoshifumi. 2019. Eigoka suru Nihongo to sono mirai [The Anglicization of Japanese and its future]. In Tamami Shimada, Yoshifumi Saito & Yukio Otsu (eds.). Gengo sesshoku: Eigoka suru Nihongo kara kangaeru ‘gengo towa nanika’ [Language contact: What the Anglicization of Japanese tells us about the nature of language], 24–257. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai.

Saito, Yoshifumi, Kumiko Torikai, Yukio Otsu, Haruo Erikawa & Masashi Nomura. 2016. “Global jinzai ikuseino eigo kyouiku wo tou [Rethinking English education aimed at “global human resource development”]. Tokyo: Hitsuji Shobo.

Torikai, Kumiko. 2011. Kokusai kyoutsugo tosite no Eigo [English as a lingua franca]. Tokyo: Koudansha.

Torikai, Kumiko, Yukio Otsu, Haruo Erikawa & Yoshifumi Saito. 2017. Eigo dakeno gaikokugo kyouiku wa sippai suru: Fukugengo shugi no susume. [Why English-only language education fails: Advocating for plurilingualism].Tokyo: Hitsuji Shobo.

Torikai, Kumiko & Yoshifumi Saito. 2020. Mayoeru eigo zuki tati e [To all the confused English enthusiasts]. Tokyo: Shueisha International.

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/eduling-2025-0008).


Received: 2025-06-25
Accepted: 2025-11-03
Published Online: 2025-12-01

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