Home Chlorophytum alismifolium mitigates microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the involvement of oxidative stress and aldose reductase
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Chlorophytum alismifolium mitigates microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the involvement of oxidative stress and aldose reductase

  • Abdulhakim Abubakar ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Abdullahi Balarabe Nazifi ORCID logo , Idris Mohammed Maje , Yusuf Tanko , Joseph Akpojo Anuka and Ezzeldin Mukthar Abdurahman
Published/Copyright: August 16, 2021
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy
From the journal Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy Volume 37 Issue 1

Abstract

Objectives

Chlorophytum alismifolium (C. alismifolium) tubers are used in the management of diabetes. This research evaluated the effect of ethylacetate extract of C. alismifolium (EACA) on microvascular complications and the possible association of oxidative stress and aldose reductase in type 2 diabetic rats.

Methods

C. alismifolium tubers were subjected to sequential extraction until ethylacetate extract was obtained using a soxhlet apparatus. The LD50 was determined using the OECD 425 guideline. The animals were placed on high fat diet for 42 days and then induced with hyperglycaemia using 40 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Diabetic neuropathy was evaluated using thermal and mechanical methods. Serum was used for the assessment of oxidative stress markers and biochemical markers of retinopathy and nephropathy. Serum aldose reductase was investigated by utilizing the principle of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

The median lethal dose of EACA was assessed to be above 5,000 mg/kg and it caused no mortality. Treatment with EACA significantly reduced the withdrawal times in both thermal and mechanical hyperalgesic methods (p<0.05). EACA also significantly reduced the levels of urea (p<0.001), albumin (p<0.05) and uric acid (p<0.001) in hyperglycaemic rats. EACA significantly decreased the amounts of low density lipoprotein and triglycerides (p<0.001). There was a remarkable elevation in the levels of high density lipoprotein (p<0.05). A significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of magnesium was observed in the EACA-treated groups. EACA significantly increased catalase (p<0.05) and reduced malondialdehyde levels (p<0.05). The levels of aldose reductase was significantly (p<0.001) reduced by EACA compared to the hyperglycaemic control.

Conclusions

The ethylacetate extract of C. alismifolium has beneficial effects in alleviating microvascular complications of diabetes through the inhibition of oxidative stress and aldose reductase in diabetic rats.

Keywords: aldose reductase; nephropathy; neuropathy; oxidative stress; retinopathy
Corresponding author: Abdulhakim Abubakar, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, Phone: +234 8036412047, E-mail:

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the technical assistance by Mr. Bamidele Adetiba of the Department of Human Anatomy and Mallam Abubakar Balarabe and Mallam Muazu Mahmud of the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.

  1. Research funding: None declared.

  2. Author contributions: AA conceived, designed and carried out the study; ABN and AA carried out data analysis, interpretation of data and drafted the manuscript; IMM, YT, JAA and EMA supervised the research and edited the manuscript for intellectual consent. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  5. Ethical approval: The local Institutional Review Board deemed the study exempt from review. Ethical Approval number: ABUCAUC/2020/31 was issued by Ahmadu Bello University’s committee on animal use and care.

References

1. Cordero, A, Lopez-Palop, R, Carrillo, P, Moreno-Arribas, J, Bertomeu-Gonzalez, V, Frutos, A, et al.. Comparison of long-term mortality for cardiac diseases in patients with versus without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2016;117:1088–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.12.057.Search in Google Scholar

2. International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas, 9th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2019:1–176 pp.Search in Google Scholar

3. Bramlage, P, Gitt, AK, Schneider, S, Deeg, E, Tschope, D. Clinical course and outcomes of type-2 diabetic patients after treatment intensification for insufficient glycaemic control—results of the 2 year prospective. Dia Regis follow-up. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:162. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-162.Search in Google Scholar

4. Kontopantelis, E, Springate, DA, Reeves, D, Ashcroft, DM, Rutter, MK, Buchan, I, et al.. Glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels and their relationships to clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetologia 2015;58:505–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3473-8.Search in Google Scholar

5. Brownrigg, JR, Hughes, CO, Burleigh, D, Karthikesalingam, A, Patterson, BO, Holt, PJ, et al.. Microvascular disease and risk of cardiovascular events among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a population-level cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016;4:588–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30057-2.Search in Google Scholar

6. Laha, S, Paul, S. Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar): a potent herb with anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential. Pharmacogn J 2019;11:201–6. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.33.Search in Google Scholar

7. Vincent, AM, Callaghan, BC, Smith, AL, Feldman, EL. Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanisms as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol 2011;7:573–83. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2011.137.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Mohammedi, K, Woodward, M, Marre, M, Colagiuri, S, Cooper, M, Harrap, S, et al.. Comparative effects of microvascular and macrovascular disease on the risk of major outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017;16:95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-017-0574-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

9. Yan, LJ. Redox imbalance stress in diabetes mellitus: role of the polyol pathway. Animal Model Exp Med 2018;1:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

10. Yang, H, Young, D, Gao, J, Yuan, Y, Shen, M, Zhang, Y, et al.. Are blood lipids associated with microvascular complications among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients? A cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China. Lipids Health Dis 2019;18:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-0970-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

11. Tsalamandris, S, Antonopoulos, AS, Oikonomou, E, Papamikroulis, GA, Vogiatzi, G, Papaioannou, S, et al.. The role of inflammation in diabetes: current concepts and future perspectives. Eur Cardiol 2019;14:50–9. https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2018.33.1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

12. Rhee, SY, Kim, YS. The role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic vascular complications. Diab Metab J 2018;42:188–95. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0105.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Grewal, AK, Arora, S, Singh, TG. Role of protein kinase C in diabetic complications. J Pharm Technol Res Manag 2019;7:87–95.10.15415/jptrm.2019.72011Search in Google Scholar

14. Volpe, C, Villar-Delfino, PH, Dos Anjos, P, Nogueira-Machado, JA. Cellular death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diabetic complications. Cell Death Dis 2018;9:119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-017-0135-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. de Queiroz, RM, Oliveira, IA, Piva, B, Bouchuid Catão, F, da Costa Rodrigues, B, da Costa Pascoal, A, et al.. Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and glycosylation regulate cell migration in melanoma cells. Front Oncol 2019;9:116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00116.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

16. Dai, YL, Zhu, CZ, Shan, X, Cheng, ZZ, Zou, BJ. Survey on intelligent screening for diabetic retinopathy. Chinese Med Sci J 2019;34:120–32. https://doi.org/10.24920/003587.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Hicks, CW, Selvin, E. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2019;19:86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

18. Fu, H, Liu, S, Bastacky, SI, Wang, X, Tian, X, Zhou, D. Diabetic kidney diseases revisited: a new perspective for a new era. Mol Metab 2019;30:250–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2019.10.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Li, W, Zhang, M, Gu, J, Meng, ZJ, Zhao, LC, Zheng, YN, et al.. Hypoglycemic effect of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides and compound K on type 2 diabetes mice induced by high-fat diet combining with streptozotocin via suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Fitoterapia 2012;83:192–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Alicic, RZ, Rooney, MT, Tuttle, KR. Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;12:2032–45. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.11491116.Search in Google Scholar

21. Peng, Y, Gao, Y, Zhang, X, Zhang, C, Wang, X, Zhang, H, et al.. Antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity of the roots of Calanthe fimbriata Franch. Biomed Pharmacother 2019;111:60–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.066.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Burkill, HM. The useful plant of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Gardens; 1995, vol. 3:494 p.Search in Google Scholar

23. Abubakar, A, Nazifi, AB, Odoma, S, Shehu, S, Danjuma, NM. Anti-nociceptive activity of methanol extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium tubers in murine model of pain: possible involvement of α-2 adrenergic receptor and KATP channels. J Tradit Complement Med 2020;10:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.03.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Abubakar, A, Danjuma, NM, Chindo, BA, Nazifi, AB. Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of tuber extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium Baker in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats. Bull Fac Pharm Cairo Univ 2018;56:60–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2017.11.003.Search in Google Scholar

25. Abubakar, A, Nazifi, AB, Maje, IM, Yusuf, T, Anuka, JA, Abdurahman, EM. Antihyperglycaemic activity of ethylacetate extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium in type 2 diabetes: the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. J Integr Med 2021;19:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2020.10.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Abubakar, A, Nazifi, AB, Ismail, HF, Duke, KA, Edoh, TD. Safety assessment of Chlorophytum alismifolium tuber extract (Liliaceae): acute and sub-acute toxicity studies in Wistar rats. J Acute Dis 2019;8:21–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-6189.250374.Search in Google Scholar

27. James, R, Malcolm, K, Dariel, B, Joanna, V. Using soxhlet ethanol extraction to produce and test plant material (essential oils) for their antimicrobial properties. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2014;15:45–6.10.1128/jmbe.v15i1.656Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

28. Redfern, J, Kinninmonth, M, Burdass, D, Verran, J. Using soxhlet ethanol extraction to produce and test plant material (essential oils) for their antimicrobial properties. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2014;15:45–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v15i1.656.Search in Google Scholar

29. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Acute oral toxicity: up and down procedure. OECD Guidel Test Chem 2001;425:1–26.Search in Google Scholar

30. Okoduwa, SIR, Umar, IA, James, DB, Inuwa, HM. Validation of the antidiabetic effects of Vernonia amygdalina delile leaf fractions in fortified diet-fed streptozotocin-treated rat model of type-2 diabetes. J Diabetol 2017;8:74–85. https://doi.org/10.4103/jod.jod_19_17.Search in Google Scholar

31. Parveen, K, Khan, MR, Mujeeb, M, Siddiqui, WA. Protective effects of Pycnogenol on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2010;186:219–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.023.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Anjaneyulu, M, Chopra, K. Fluoxetine attenuates thermal hyperalgesia through 5-HT1/2 receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;497:285–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.06.063.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Callaghan, BC, Little, AA, Feldman, EL, Hughes, RA. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;13:CD007543. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007543.pub2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Randall, LO, Sellito, JJ. A method for measurement of analgesic activity on inflamed tissue. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1957;111:409–19.Search in Google Scholar

35. Ali Hussain, HE. Reversal of diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats using Indian anti-diabetic plant Azadirachta indica (L). Indian J Clin Biochem 2002;17:115–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02867983.Search in Google Scholar

36. Ellman, CL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6.Search in Google Scholar

37. Fridovich, I. Superoxide dismutases. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 1986;58:61–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470123041.ch2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Aebi, H. Catalase. In: Bergmeyer, HU, editor. Methods of enzymatic analysis. Weinheim/NewYork: Verlag Chemie/Academic Press Inc.; 1974:673–80 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-091302-2.50032-3.Search in Google Scholar

39. Niehaus, W, Samuelson, B. Formation of malondialdehyde from phospholipid arachidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation. Eur J Biochem 1968;6:126–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00428.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Arthur, SJ, John, B. A colour atlas of histopathological staining techniques. London: Wolf MED.Pub. Ltd; 1978:14–20 pp.Search in Google Scholar

41. Colerangle, JB. A comprehensive guide to toxicology in non-clinical drug development, 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2017:660–82 pp.Search in Google Scholar

42. Erhirhie, EO, Ihekwereme, CP, Ilodigwe, EE. Advances in acute toxicity testing: strengths, weaknesses and regulatory acceptance. Interdiscip Toxicol 2018;11:5–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. Ma, B, Zhu, Z, Zhang, J, Ren, C, Zhang, Q. Aucubin alleviates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting NF-κB activation and inducing SIRT1/SIRT3-FOXO3a signaling pathway in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Funct Foods 2020;64:103702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103702.Search in Google Scholar

44. Kosacka, J, Nowicki, M, Kloting, M, Kern, N, Stumvoll, M, Bechmann, I, et al.. COMP-angiopoietin-1 recovers molecular biomarkers of neuropathy and improves vascularisation in sciatic nerve of ob/ob mice. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e32881. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032881.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

45. Lennertz, RC, Medler, KA, Bain, JL, Wright, DE, Stucky, CL. Impaired sensory nerve function and axon morphology in mice with diabetic neuropathy. J Neurophysiol 2011;106:905–14. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01123.2010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

46. Nain, P, Saini, V, Sharma, S, Nain, J. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. leaves extract in streptozotocin-induced type-2diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;142:65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Karigidi, KO, Olaiya, CO. Antidiabetic activity of corn steep liquor extract of Curculigo pilosa and its solvent fractions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2019;10:555–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.06.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

48. Feig, DI, Kang, DH, Johnson, RJ. Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1811–21. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra0800885.Search in Google Scholar

49. Ryu, ES, Kim, MJ, Shin, HS, Jang, YH, Choi, HS, Jo, I, et al.. Uric acid-induced phenotypic transition of renal tubular cells as a novel mechanism of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013;304:F471–80. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00560.2012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Persson, F, Rossing, P. Diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease: state of the art and future perspective. Kidney Int Suppl 2018;8:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kisu.2017.10.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

51. Zhang, J, Zhang, R, Wang, Y, Li, H, Han, Q, Wu, Y. The level of serum albumin is associated with renal prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Diab Res 2019;7825804:9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7825804.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

52. Pham, PC, Pham, PM, Pham, SV, Miller, JM, Pham, PT. Hypomagnesemia inpatients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:366–73. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.02960906.Search in Google Scholar

53. Durak, R, Gülen, Y, Kurudirek, M, Kaçal, M. Determination of trace element levels in human blood serum from patients with type II diabetes using WDXRF technique: a comparative study. J X Ray Sci Technol 2010;18:111–20. https://doi.org/10.3233/xst-2010-0247.Search in Google Scholar

54. Erion, DM, Park, HJ, Lee, HY. The role of lipids in the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated co-morbidities. BMB Rep 2016;49:139–48. https://doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.3.268.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

55. Dash, AK, Mishra, J, Dash, DK. Antidiabetic along with antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Platycladus orientalis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Curr Med Res Pract 2014;4:255–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp.2014.11.012.Search in Google Scholar

56. Salem, MA. Structure and function of the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptors and cornea in the eye of Sardinella aurita (Clupeidae, Teleostei). J Basic Appl Zool 2016;75:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2015.12.001.Search in Google Scholar

57. Sagoo, MK, Gnudi, L. Diabetic nephropathy: is there a role for oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2018;116:50–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Yusoff, NA, Yam, MF, Beh, HK, Abdul Razak, KN, Widyawati, T, Mahmud, R, et al.. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Nypa fruticans Wurmb. vinegar sample from Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2015;8:595–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.07.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Ito, F, Sono, Y, Ito, T. Measurement and clinical significance of lipid peroxidation as a biomarker of oxidative stress: oxidative stress in diabetes, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammation. Antioxidants 2019;8:72. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8030072.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Ayepola, OR, Brooks, NL, Oguntibeju, OO. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications: the role of antioxidant vitamins and flavonoids. In: Oguntibeju, O, editor. Antioxidant-antidiabetic agents and human health. Intech; 2014:25–58 pp. Intech 2014. https://doi.org/10.5772/57282.Search in Google Scholar

61. Asmat, U, Abad, K, Ismail, K. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress – a concise review. Saudi Pharm J 2016;24:547–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2015.03.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

62. Patel, H, Chen, J, Das, KC, Kavdia, M. Hyperglycemia induces differential change in oxidative stress at gene expression and functional levels in HUVEC and HMVEC. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013;12:142. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-12-142.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

63. Huang, K, Gao, X, Wei, W. The crosstalk between Sirt1 and Keap1/Nrf2/ARE anti-oxidative pathway forms a positive feedback loop to inhibit FN and TGF-β1 expressions in rat glomerular mesangial cells. Exp Cell Res 2017;361:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.042.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

64. Casoinic, F, Sampelean, D, Buzoianu, AD, Hancu, N, Baston, D. Serum levels of oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Rom J Intern Med 2016;54:228–36. https://doi.org/10.1515/rjim-2016-0035.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Julius, A, Hopper, W. A non-invasive, multi-target approach to treat diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019;109:708–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.185.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Wihandani, DM, Suastika, K, Bagiada, NA, Malik, SG. Polymorphisms of aldose reductase (ALR2) regulatory gene are risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in Bali, Indonesia. Open Ophthalmol J 2018;12:281–8. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874364101812010281.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

67. Clerici, F, Gelmi, ML, Pellegrino, S Comprehensive heterocyclic chemistry III. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier; 2008, vol. 4:545–633 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044992-0.00405-3.Search in Google Scholar

68. Al-Mamary, M, Al-Habori, M, Al-Zubairi, AS. The in vitro antioxidant activity of different types of palm dates (Phoenix dactylifera) syrups. Arab J Chem 2014;7:964–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.11.014.Search in Google Scholar

69. Mukhtar, AE, Abubakar, A, Chukwubuike, OG. In-vitro antioxidant activities of different stem bark extracts of Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae). Trop J Nat Prod Res 2020;4:223–7. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i6.2.Search in Google Scholar

70. Koshy, AS, Vijayalakshmi, NR. Impact of certain flavonoids on lipid profiles-potential action of Garcinia cambogia flavonoids. Phytother Res 2001;15:395–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.725.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Stefanic-Petek, A, Krbavcic, A, Solmajer, T. QSAR of flavonoids.4. Differential inhibition of aldose reductase and p56lck protein tyrosine kinase. Croat Chem Acta 2002;75:517–29.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2021-04-11
Accepted: 2021-05-28
Published Online: 2021-08-16

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Migraine (Shaqeeqa) and its management in Unani medicine
  4. The probiotic supplementation role in improving the immune system among people with ulcerative colitis: a narrative review
  5. Original Articles
  6. Efficacy and safety of Barg-e-Sahajna (Moringa oleifera Lam.) in primary hypothyroidism
  7. The effect of CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms on the efficacy and safety of the combination of tramadol and ketorolac used for postoperative pain management in patients after video laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  8. Prevalence of CYP2C19*2 carriers in Saudi ischemic stroke patients and the suitability of using genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy in a university hospital setup
  9. MicroRNAs as novel biomarkers for rivaroxaban therapeutic drug monitoring
  10. CYP2D6 phenotype and ABCB1 haplotypes are associated with antipsychotic safety in adolescents experiencing acute psychotic episodes
  11. In vitro effects of 95% khat ethanol extract (KEE) on human recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2 and CYP3A5
  12. Chlorophytum alismifolium mitigates microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the involvement of oxidative stress and aldose reductase
  13. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius-supplemented diet enhanced neurocognition, endogenous antioxidants and cholinergic system and maintains hippocampal neuronal integrity in male Wistar rats
  14. Case Report
  15. Hyperthyroidism treatment by alternative therapies based on cupping and dietary-herbal supplementation: a case report
https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2021-0129
Keywords for this article
aldose reductase; nephropathy; neuropathy; oxidative stress; retinopathy

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Migraine (Shaqeeqa) and its management in Unani medicine
  4. The probiotic supplementation role in improving the immune system among people with ulcerative colitis: a narrative review
  5. Original Articles
  6. Efficacy and safety of Barg-e-Sahajna (Moringa oleifera Lam.) in primary hypothyroidism
  7. The effect of CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms on the efficacy and safety of the combination of tramadol and ketorolac used for postoperative pain management in patients after video laparoscopic cholecystectomy
  8. Prevalence of CYP2C19*2 carriers in Saudi ischemic stroke patients and the suitability of using genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy in a university hospital setup
  9. MicroRNAs as novel biomarkers for rivaroxaban therapeutic drug monitoring
  10. CYP2D6 phenotype and ABCB1 haplotypes are associated with antipsychotic safety in adolescents experiencing acute psychotic episodes
  11. In vitro effects of 95% khat ethanol extract (KEE) on human recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2 and CYP3A5
  12. Chlorophytum alismifolium mitigates microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the involvement of oxidative stress and aldose reductase
  13. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius-supplemented diet enhanced neurocognition, endogenous antioxidants and cholinergic system and maintains hippocampal neuronal integrity in male Wistar rats
  14. Case Report
  15. Hyperthyroidism treatment by alternative therapies based on cupping and dietary-herbal supplementation: a case report
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 27.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/dmpt-2021-0129/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button