Zum Hauptinhalt springen
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Corrosion behavior of metallic materials in biomedical applications. II. Stainless steels and Co-Cr alloys

  • Bruce G. Pound is a senior managing scientist in the Materials and Corrosion Engineering Group at Exponent. He received his BSc and MSc in Chemistry, followed by his PhD in Electrochemistry from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Before joining Exponent in 1998, he was the Director of the Electrochemistry Department at SRI International, formerly known as the Stanford Research Institute, where he managed a range of research projects involving corrosion. Over recent years, his research has focused on biomedical corrosion, particularly with regard to passivation and localized corrosion. Dr. Pound has published over 60 journal papers as well as chapters in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry and the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry.

    EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 24. Mai 2014

Abstract

Numerous studies have been performed to investigate the corrosion behavior of Ti and its alloys, 316-type stainless steel, and Co-Cr alloys in simulated and actual physiological liquids. This review is the second of two parts and focuses on 316-type stainless steel and Co-Cr alloys. It deals with the forms of corrosion that are of principal interest with regard to these alloys in vivo: general corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and fretting corrosion. The review also addresses environmentally assisted cracking in the form of corrosion fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement as well as the use of implantable electrodes.


Corresponding author: Bruce G. Pound, Exponent, 149 Commonwealth Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA, e-mail:

About the author

Bruce G. Pound

Bruce G. Pound is a senior managing scientist in the Materials and Corrosion Engineering Group at Exponent. He received his BSc and MSc in Chemistry, followed by his PhD in Electrochemistry from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Before joining Exponent in 1998, he was the Director of the Electrochemistry Department at SRI International, formerly known as the Stanford Research Institute, where he managed a range of research projects involving corrosion. Over recent years, his research has focused on biomedical corrosion, particularly with regard to passivation and localized corrosion. Dr. Pound has published over 60 journal papers as well as chapters in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry and the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry.

References

ASTM Standard F1058-08. Standard specification for wrought 40cobalt-20chromium-16iron-15nickel-7molybdenum alloy wire and strip for surgical implant applications (UNS R30003 and UNS R30008). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2008.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM Standard F138-13a. Standard specification for wrought 18chromium-14nickel-2.5molybdenum stainless steel bar and wire for surgical implants (UNS S31673). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2013.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM Standard F1537-11. Standard specification for wrought cobalt-28chromium-6molybdenum alloys for surgical implants (UNS R31537, UNS R31538, and UNS R31539). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2011.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM Standard F2129-08. Standard test method for conducting cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements to determine the corrosion susceptibility of small implant devices. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2008.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM Standard F562-13. Standard specification for wrought 35cobalt-35nickel-20chromium-10molybdenum alloy for surgical implant applications (UNS R30035). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2013.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM Standard F746-04(2009)e1. Standard test method for pitting and crevice corrosion of metallic surgical implant materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2004.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM Standard F75-12. Standard specification for cobalt-28chromium-6molybdenum alloy castings and casting alloy for surgical implants (UNS R30075). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2012.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM Standard F90-09. Standard specification for wrought cobalt-20chromium-15tungsten-10nickel alloy for surgical implant applications (UNS R30605). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2009.Suche in Google Scholar

Bai Z, Rotermund HH. The intrinsically high pitting corrosion resistance of mechanically polished nitinol in simulated physiological solutions. J Biomed Mater Res B 2011; 99B: 1–13.Suche in Google Scholar

Barbosa MA. The pitting resistance of AISI 316 stainless steel passivated in diluted nitric acid. Corros Sci 1983; 23: 1293–1305.Suche in Google Scholar

Barrett RD, Bishara SE, Quinn JK. Biodegradation of orthodontic appliances. Part I. Biodegradation of nickel and chromium in vitro. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993; 103: 8–14.Suche in Google Scholar

Bastek PD, Newman RC, Kelly RG. Measurement of passive film effects on scratched electrode behavior. J Electrochem Soc 1993; 140: 1884–1889.Suche in Google Scholar

Black J, Maitin EC, Gelman H, Morris DM. Serum concentrations of chromium, cobalt and nickel after total hip replacement: a six month study. Biomaterials 1983; 4: 160–164.Suche in Google Scholar

Blackwood DJ, Pereira BP. No corrosion of 304 stainless steel implant after 40 years of service. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004; 15: 755–758.Suche in Google Scholar

Brown SA, Merritt K. Electrochemical corrosion in saline and serum. J Biomed Mater Res 1980; 14: 173–175.Suche in Google Scholar

Brown SA, Merritt K. In vivo and in vitro considerations of corrosion testing. Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs 1981a; 9: 57–63.Suche in Google Scholar

Brown SA, Merritt K. Fretting corrosion in saline and serum. J Biomed Mater Res 1981b; 15: 479–488.Suche in Google Scholar

Brown SA, Simpson JP. Crevice and fretting corrosion of stainless steel plates and screws. J Biomed Mater Res 1981; 15: 867–878.Suche in Google Scholar

Brown SA, Hughes PJ, Merritt K. In vitro studies of fretting corrosion of orthopaedic materials. J Orthop Res 1988; 6: 572–579.Suche in Google Scholar

Brown SA, Flemming CAC, Kawalec JS, Placko HE, Vassaux C, Merritt K, Payer JH, Kraay MJ. Fretting corrosion accelerates crevice corrosion of modular hip tapers. J Appl Biomater 1995; 6: 19–26.Suche in Google Scholar

Bundy KJ, Vogelbaum MA, Desai VH. The influence of static stress on the corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in Ringer’s solution. J Biomed Mater Res 1986; 20: 493–505.Suche in Google Scholar

Bundy KJ, Williams CJ, Luedemann RE. Stress-enhanced ion release – the effect of static loading. Biomaterials 1991; 12: 627–639.Suche in Google Scholar

Burstein GT, Gao G. Verification of the validity of peak bare surface current densities obtained from the scratched electrode. J Electrochem Soc 1991; 138: 2627–2630.Suche in Google Scholar

Burstein GT, Liu C. Nucleation of corrosion pits in Ringer’s solution containing bovine serum. Corros Sci 2007; 49: 4296–4306.Suche in Google Scholar

Cahoon JR, Holte RN. Corrosion fatigue of surgical stainless steel in synthetic physiological solution. J Biomed Mater Res 1981; 15: 137–145.Suche in Google Scholar

Castleman LS, Motzkin SM, Alicandri FP, Bonawit VL. Biocompatibility of nitinol alloy as an implant material. J Biomed Mater Res 1976; 10: 695–731.Suche in Google Scholar

Chawla SK, Brown SA, Merritt K, Payer JH. Serum protein effects on polarization behavior of 316L stainless steel. Corrosion 1990; 46: 147–152.Suche in Google Scholar

Choules B, Metcalf J, Merk J. Can a breakdown potential be established for electrochemical corrosion testing of medical devices according to ASTM F2129? In: Gilbert J, editor. Medical Device Materials V: Proceedings of the Materials and Processes for Medical Devices Conference 2009. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 2010: 19–22.Suche in Google Scholar

Clark GC, Williams DF. The effect of proteins on metallic corrosion. J Biomed Mater Res 1982; 16: 125–134.Suche in Google Scholar

Cogan SF, Jones GS, Hills DV, Walter JS, Riedy LW. Comparison of 316LVM and MP35N alloys as charge injection electrodes. J Biomed Mater Res 1994; 28: 233–240.Suche in Google Scholar

Cohen J. Corrosion testing of orthopedic implants. J Bone Joint Surg 1962; 44A: 307–316.Suche in Google Scholar

Colangelo VJ, Greene ND. Corrosion and fracture of type 316 SMO orthopedic implants. J Biomed Mater Res 1969; 3: 247–265.Suche in Google Scholar

Collier JP, Mayor MB, Jensen RE, Surprenant VA, Surprenant HP, McNamar JL, Belec L. Mechanisms of failure of modular prostheses. Clin Orthop 1992; 285: 129–139.Suche in Google Scholar

Collier JP, Suprenant VA, Jensen RE, Mayor MB, Suprenant HP. Corrosion between the components of modular femoral hip prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg 1992; 74B: 511–517.Suche in Google Scholar

Contu F, Elsener B, Böhni H. Corrosion behavior of CoCrMo implant alloy during fretting in bovine serum. Corros Sci 2005; 47: 1863–1875.Suche in Google Scholar

Cook SD, Thomas KA, Harding AF, Collins CL, Haddad Jr RJ, Milicic M, Fischer WL. The in vivo performance of 250 internal fixation devices: a follow-up study. Biomaterials 1987; 8: 177–184.Suche in Google Scholar

Covino BS Jr, Craig CH, Cramer SD, Bullard SJ, Ziomek-Moroz M, Jablonksi PD, Turner PC, Radisch HR Jr, Gokcen NA, Friend CM, Edwards MR. Corrosion behavior of platinum-enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS®) for dilation-balloon expandable coronary stents. In: Winters GL, Nutt MJ, editors. Stainless Steels for Medical and Surgical Applications. ASTM STP 1438. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 1979: 176–193.Suche in Google Scholar

Crolet JL. Reply to “The effect of chromium enrichment in the film formed by surface treatments on the corrosion resistance of type 430 stainless steel.” Corros Sci 1997; 39: 1137–1139.Suche in Google Scholar

Datye AV, Jaramillo M, Wu KH. Corrosion behavior of cardiovascular stents. In: Proceedings of the Second LACCEI International Latin American and Caribbean Conference for Engineering and Technology, 2004. Paper No. 122.Suche in Google Scholar

Devine TM, Wulff J. The comparative crevice corrosion resistance of Co-Cr base surgical implant alloys. J Electrochem Soc 1976; 123: 1433–1437.Suche in Google Scholar

Drogowska M, Ménard H, Brossard L. Pitting of AISI 304 stainless steel in bicarbonate and chloride solutions. J Appl Electrochem 1997; 27: 169–177.Suche in Google Scholar

Dutta RS, Madangopal K, Gadiyar HS, Banerjee S. Biocompatibility of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy. Br Corros J 1993; 28: 217–221.Suche in Google Scholar

Edie JW, Andreasen GF, Zaytoun MP. Surface corrosion of nitinol and stainless steel under clinical conditions. Angle Orthodont 1981; 51: 319–324.Suche in Google Scholar

Fadl-allah SA, Mohsen Q, El-Shenawy NS. Stainless steel implantation-induced changes in surface characteristics, corrosion resistance, and hemato-biochemical parameters of male rat. J Am Sci 2011; 7: 84–91.Suche in Google Scholar

Figueira N, Silva TM, Carmezim MJ, Fernandes JCS. Corrosion behavior of NiTi alloy. Electrochim Acta 2009; 54: 921–926.Suche in Google Scholar

Foelske A, Strehblow H-H. Passivity of cobalt in borate buffer at pH 9.3 studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surf Interface Anal 2000; 29: 548–555.Suche in Google Scholar

Gilbert JL. Step-polarization impedance spectroscopy of implant alloys in physiologic solutions. J Biomed Mater Res 1998; 40: 233–243.Suche in Google Scholar

Gilbert JL, Jacobs JJ. The mechanical and electrochemical processes associated with taper fretting crevice corrosion: a review. In: Marlowe DE, Parr JE, Mayor MB, editors. Modularity of orthopedic implants. STP 1301. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 1997: 45–59.Suche in Google Scholar

Gilbert JL, Buckley CA, Jacobs JJ. In vivo corrosion of modular hip prosthesis components in mixed and similar metal combinations. The effect of crevice, stress, motion, and alloy coupling. J Biomed Mater Res 1993; 27: 1533–1544.Suche in Google Scholar

Gilbert JL, Buckley CA, Jacobs JJ, Bertin KC, Zernich MR. Intergranular corrosion-fatigue failure of cobalt-alloy femoral stems. J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76-A: 110–115.Suche in Google Scholar

Gilbert JL, Bai Z, Bearinger J, Megremis S. The dynamics of oxide films on metallic biomaterials. In: Shrivastava S, editor. Medical Device Materials. Proceedings of Materials and Processes for Medical Devices Conference. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 2004: 139–143.Suche in Google Scholar

Goldberg JR, Gilbert JL. Electrochemical response of CoCrMo to high-speed fracture of its metal oxide using an electrochemical scratch test method. J Biomed Mater Res 1997; 37: 421–431.Suche in Google Scholar

Goldberg JR, Buckley CA, Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL. Corrosion testing of modular hip implant. In: Marlowe DE, Parr JE, Mayor MB, editors. Modularity of Orthopedic Implants. ASTM STP 1301. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM International, 1997: 157–176.Suche in Google Scholar

Goldberg JR, Gilbert JL, Jacobs JJ, Bauer TW, Paprosky W, Leurgans S. A multicenter retrieval study of the taper interfaces of modular hip prostheses. Clin Orthop 2002; 401: 149–161.Suche in Google Scholar

Hallab NJ, Mikecz K, Vermes C, Skipor A, Jacobs JJ. Differential lymphocyte reactivity to serum-derived metal-protein complexes produced from cobalt-based and titanium-based implant alloy degradation. J Biomed Mater Res 2001; 56: 427–436.Suche in Google Scholar

Halwani DO, Anderson PG, Brott BC, Anayiotos AS, Lemons JE. Clinical device-related article surface characterization of explanted endovascular stents: evidence of in vivo corrosion. J Biomed Mater Res 2010; 95B: 225–238.Suche in Google Scholar

Hanawa T, Hiromoto S, Asami K. Characterization of the surface oxide film of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy after being located in quasi-biological environments using XPS. Appl Surf Sci 2001; 183: 68–75.Suche in Google Scholar

Hansen DC. The effect of a novel biopolymer on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloys in a physiologically relevant electrolyte. CORROSION 2007. Houston, TX: NACE International, 2007. Paper No. 07677.Suche in Google Scholar

Herting G, Odnevall Wallinder I, Leygraf C. Metal release from various grades of stainless steel exposed to synthetic body fluids. Corros Sci 2007; 49: 103–111.Suche in Google Scholar

Hiromoto S, Hanawa T. pH near cells on stainless steel and titanium. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 2004; 7: B9–B11.Suche in Google Scholar

Hiromoto S, Hanawa T. Electrochemical properties of 316L stainless steel with culturing L929 fibroblasts. J R Soc Interface 2006; 3: 495–505.Suche in Google Scholar

Hoar TP, Mears DC. Corrosion resistant alloys in chloride solutions. Proc R Soc A 1966; 294: 486–510.Suche in Google Scholar

Hodgson AWE, Kurz S, Virtanen S, Fervel V, Olsson C-OA, Mischler S. Passive and transpassive behavior of CoCrMo in simulated biological solutions. Electrochim Acta 2004; 49: 2167–2178.Suche in Google Scholar

Hu R, Ornberg A, Pan J. Investigation of influence of small particles in MP35N on the corrosion resistance in synthetic biological environment. J Electrochem Soc 2009; 156: C341–C344.Suche in Google Scholar

Hughes PJ, Brown SA, Payer JH, Merritt K. The effects of heat treatments and bead size on the corrosion of porous F75 in saline and serum. J Biomed Mater Res 1990; 24: 79–94.Suche in Google Scholar

Igual Muñoz A, Mischler S. Interactive effects of albumin and phosphate ions on the corrosion of CoCrMo implant alloy. J Electrochem Soc 2007; 154: C562–C570.Suche in Google Scholar

Jacobs JJ, Skipor AK, Patterson LM, Hallab NJ, Paprosky WG, Black J, Galante JO. Metal release in patients who have had a primary total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998; 80: 1447–1458.Suche in Google Scholar

Kajzer W, Krauze A, Walke W, Marciniak J. Corrosion resistance of Cr-Ni-Mo steel in simulated body fluids. J Achiev Mater Manufac Eng 2006; 18: 115–118.Suche in Google Scholar

Kaneko K, Yokoyama K, Moriyama K, Asaoka K, Sakai J. Degradation in performance of orthodontic wires caused by hydrogen absorption during short-term immersion in 20% acidulated phosphate fluoride solution. Angle Orthdon 2004; 74: 487–495.Suche in Google Scholar

Kocijan A, Milosev I, Pihlar B. The influence of complexing agent and proteins on the corrosion of stainless steels and their metal components. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2003; 14: 69–77.Suche in Google Scholar

Kocijan A, Milosev I, Pihlar B. Cobalt-based alloys for orthopedic applications studied by electrochemical and XPS analysis. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004; 15: 643–650.Suche in Google Scholar

Lan N, Daroux M, Mortimer JT. Pitting corrosion of high strength alloy stimulation electrodes under dynamic conditions. J Electrochem Soc 1989; 136: 947–954.Suche in Google Scholar

Lewis AC, Kilburn MR, Papageorgiou I, Allen GC, Case CP. Effect of synovial fluid, phosphate-buffered saline solution, and water on the dissolution and corrosion properties of CoCrMo alloys as used in orthopedic implants. J Biomed Mater Res 2005; 73A: 456–467.Suche in Google Scholar

Li YS, Wang K, He P, Huang BX, Kovacs P. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroelectrochemical studies of corrosion films on implant Co-Cr-Mo alloy in biosimulating solutions. J Raman Spectrosc 1999; 30: 97–103.Suche in Google Scholar

Lucas LC, Buchanan RA, Lemons JE, Griffin CD. Susceptibility of surgical cobalt-base alloy to pitting corrosion. J Biomed Mater Res 1982; 16: 799–810.Suche in Google Scholar

Mathiesen EB, Lindgren JU, Blomgren GG, Reinholt FP. Corrosion of modular hip prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg 1991; 73B: 569–575.Suche in Google Scholar

McHardy J, Geller D, Brummer SB. An approach to corrosion control during electrical stimulation. Annal Biomed Eng 1977; 5: 144–149.Suche in Google Scholar

Merritt K, Brown SA. Release of hexavalent chromium from corrosion of stainless steel and cobalt-chromium alloys. J Biomed Mater Res 1995; 29: 627–633.Suche in Google Scholar

Michel R, Nolte M, Reich M, Loer F. Systemic effects of implanted prostheses made of cobalt-chromium alloys. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1991; 110: 61–74.Suche in Google Scholar

Milosev I, Strehblow H-H. The behavior of stainless steels in physiological solution containing complexing agent studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 52: 404–412.Suche in Google Scholar

Milosev I, Strehblow H-H. The composition of the surface passive film formed on CoCrMo alloys in simulated physiological solution. Electrochim Acta 2003; 48: 2767–2774.Suche in Google Scholar

Morita M, Sasada T, Hayashi H, Tsukamoto Y. The corrosion fatigue properties of surgical implants in a living body. J Biomed Mater Res 1988; 22: 529–540.Suche in Google Scholar

Mudali UK, Ningshen S, Tyagi AK, Dayal RK. Influence of metallurgical and chemical variables on the pitting corrosion behavior of nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steels. Mater Sci Forum 1999; 318–320: 495–502.Suche in Google Scholar

Mueller HJ, Greener EH. Polarization studies of surgical materials in Ringer’s solution. J Biomed Mater Res 1970; 4: 29–41.Suche in Google Scholar

Nakayama Y, Yamamuro T, Kotoura Y, Oka M. In vivo measurement of anodic polarization of orthopaedic implant alloys: comparative study of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Biomaterials 1989; 10: 420–424.Suche in Google Scholar

Noh JS, Laycock NJ, Gao W, Wells DB. Effects of nitric acid passivation on the pitting resistance of 316 stainless steel. Corros Sci 2000; 42: 2069–2084.Suche in Google Scholar

Ogundele GI, White WE. Polarization studies on surgical grade stainless steels in Hanks’ physiological solution. In: Fraker AC, Griffin CD, editors. Corrosion and degradation of implant materials: second symposium, ASTM STP 859. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM International, 1985: 117–135.Suche in Google Scholar

Olander AF, Marek MI. In vitro electrode behavior of implant-grade stainless steel and a Co-Cr-Ni-Mo alloy as a function of passivation treatment variables. In: Kovacs P, Istephanous NS, editors. Proceedings of the Symposium on Compatibility of Biomedical Implants. Vol 94–15. Pennington, NJ: The Electrochemical Society, 1994: 196–206.Suche in Google Scholar

Ornberg A, Pan J, Herstedt M, Leygraf C. Corrosion resistance, chemical passivation, and metal release of 35N LT and MP35N for biomedical material application. J Electrochem Soc 2007; 154: C546-C551.Suche in Google Scholar

Pan J, Karlen C, Ulfvin C. Electrochemical study of resistance to localized corrosion of steels for biomaterial applications. J Electrochem Soc 2000; 147: 1021–1025.Suche in Google Scholar

Pohler OEM, Straumann F. Fatigue and corrosion fatigue studies on stainless steel implant material. In: Winter GD, Leray JL, de Groot K, editors. Evaluation of Biomaterials. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980: 89–113.Suche in Google Scholar

Pound BG. Corrosion behavior of metallic materials in biomedical applications. I. Ti and its alloys. Corros Rev 2014; 32: 1–20.Suche in Google Scholar

Pound BG. Electrochemical behavior of cobalt-chromium alloys in a simulated physiological solution. J Biomed Mater Res 2010; 94A: 93–102.Suche in Google Scholar

Revie RW, Greene ND. Comparison of the in-vivo and in-vitro corrosion of 18–8 stainless steel and titanium. J Biomed Mater Res 1969a; 3: 465–470.Suche in Google Scholar

Revie RW, Greene ND. Corrosion behavior of surgical implant materials. I. Effects of sterilization. Corros Sci 1969b; 9: 755–762.Suche in Google Scholar

Riedy LW, Walter JS. Comparison of electrical transients and corrosion responses of pulsed MP35N and 316LVM electrodes. J Biomed Engr 1994; 22: 202–211.Suche in Google Scholar

Rondelli G. Corrosion resistance tests on NiTi shape memory alloy. Biomaterials 1996; 17: 2003–2008.Suche in Google Scholar

Rostoker W, Galante JO, Lereim P. Evaluation of couple/crevice corrosion by prosthetic alloys under in vivo conditions. J Biomed Mater Res 1978; 12: 823–829.Suche in Google Scholar

Schmuki P, Virtanen S, Davenport AJ, Vitus CM. Transpassive dissolution of Cr and sputter-deposited Cr oxide studied by in situ x-ray near-edge spectroscopy. J Electrochem Soc 1996; 143: 3997–4005.Suche in Google Scholar

Serhan H, Slivka M, Albert T, Kwak SD. Is galvanic corrosion between titanium alloy and stainless steel spinal implants a clinical concern? Spine J 2004; 4: 379–387.Suche in Google Scholar

Shahryari A, Omanovic S, Szpunar JA. Electrochemical passivation of a biomedical-grade 316LVM stainless steel. CORROSION 2007. Houston, TX: NACE International, 2007. Paper No. 7672.Suche in Google Scholar

Shreir LL, Jarman RA, Burstein GT, editors. Corrosion, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Butterworth Heinemann, 1994: 21: 29.Suche in Google Scholar

Shih C-C, Lin S-J, Chung K-H, Chen Y-L, Su Y-Y. Increased corrosion resistance of stent materials by converting current surface film of polycrystalline oxide into amorphous oxide. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 52: 323–332.Suche in Google Scholar

Shih C-C, Shih C-M, Chou K-Y, Lin S-J, Su Y-Y. Electrochemical behavior of MP35N implant alloy in simulated physiological media. J Electrochem Soc 2006; 153: B403–B410.Suche in Google Scholar

Sousa SR, Barbosa MA. Electrochemistry of AISI 316L stainless steel in calcium phosphate and protein solutions. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1991; 2: 19–26.Suche in Google Scholar

Speck KM, Fraker AC. Anodic polarization behavior of Ti-Ni and Ti-6Al-4V in simulated physiological solutions. J Dent Res 1980; 59: 1590–1595.Suche in Google Scholar

Sunderman Jr FW, Hopfer SM, Swit T, Rezuke WN, Ziebka L, Highman P, Edwards B, Folcik M, Gossling HR. Cobalt, chromium, and nickel concentrations in body fluids with porous-coated knee or hip prostheses. J Orthop Res 1989; 7: 307–315.Suche in Google Scholar

Sundgren J-E, Bodö P, Lundström I, Berggen A, Hellem S. Auger electron spectroscopic studies of stainless-steel implants. J Biomed Mater Res 1985; 19: 663–671.Suche in Google Scholar

Sutow EJ, Jones DW. A crevice corrosion cell configuration. J Dent Res 1979; 58: 1358–1363.Suche in Google Scholar

Sutow EJ, Pollack SR, Korostoff E. An in vitro investigation of the anodic polarization and capacitance behavior of 316-L stainless steel. J Biomed Mater Res 1976; 10: 671–693.Suche in Google Scholar

Sutow EJ, Jones DW, Milne EL. In vitro crevice corrosion behavior of implant materials. J Dent Res 1985; 64: 842–847.Suche in Google Scholar

Syrett BC. The application of electrochemical techniques to the study of corrosion of metallic implant materials. In: Baboian R, editor. Electrochemical techniques for corrosion. Houston, TX: NACE International, 1977: 93–100.Suche in Google Scholar

Syrett BC, Davis EE. Crevice corrosion of implant alloys: a comparison of in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In: Syrett BC, Acharya A, editors. Corrosion and degradation of implant materials. ASTM STP 684. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 1979: 229–244.Suche in Google Scholar

Syrett BC, Wing SS. An electrochemical investigation of fretting corrosion of surgical implant materials. Corrosion 1978; 34: 379–386.Suche in Google Scholar

Szklarska-Smialowska Z. Pitting corrosion of metals. Houston, TX: NACE International, 1986.Suche in Google Scholar

Tang Y-C, Katsuma S, Fujimoto S, Hiromoto S. Electrochemical study of type 304 and 316L stainless steels in simulated body fluids and cell cultures. Acta Biomater 2006; 2: 709–715.Suche in Google Scholar

Thamaraiselvi TV, Kannan S, Balalmurugan A, Rajeswari S. Predicting the susceptibility of HNO3 treated 316LVM alloy to localized attack – an electrochemical approach. Trends Biomater Artif Organs 2003; 17: 19–23.Suche in Google Scholar

Thierry B, Tabrizian M, Trépanier C, Savadogo O, Yahia LH. Effect of surface treatment and sterilization processes on the corrosion behavior of NiTi shape memory alloy. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 51: 685–693.Suche in Google Scholar

Trépanier C, Pelton AR. Effect of strain on the corrosion resistance of nitinol and stainless steel in simulated physiological environment. In: Pelton AR, Duerig T, editors. SMST-2003, Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies. Menlo Park, CA: SMST Society, 2004: 393–398.Suche in Google Scholar

Trépanier C, Venugopalan R, Messer R, Zimmerman J, Pelton AR. Effect of passivation treatments on nickel release from nitinol. In: 6th World Biomaterials Congress Transactions. Mount Laurel, NJ: Society for Biomaterials, 2000: 1043.Suche in Google Scholar

Trépanier C, Gong X-Y, Ditter T, Pelton A, Neely Y, Grishaber R. Effect of wear and crevice on the corrosion resistance of overlapped stents. In: Berg B, Mitchell MR, Proft J, editors. SMST-2006, Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies. Menlo Park, CA: SMST Society, 2008: 265–275.Suche in Google Scholar

Urban RM, Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL, Skipor AK, Hallab NJ, Mikecz K, Glant TT, Marsh JL, Galante JO. Corrosion products generated from mechanically assisted crevice corrosion of stainless steel orthopedic implants. In: Winters GL, Nutt MJ, editors. Stainless steel for medical and surgical applications. ASTM STP 1438. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM International, 2003: 262–272.Suche in Google Scholar

Venugopalan R. Corrosion testing of stents: a novel fixture to hold entire device in deployed form and finish. J Biomed Mater Res 1999; 48: 829–832.Suche in Google Scholar

Venugopalan R, Trépanier C. Assessing the corrosion behavior of nitinol for minimally-invasive device design. Min Invas Ther Allied Technol 2000; 9: 67–74.Suche in Google Scholar

Venugopalan R, Trépanier C, Pelton AR, Lucas LC. Comparative electrochemical behavior of NiTi and 316L stainless steel. Trans 25th Annu Meeting Soc Biomater 1999; XXII: 144.Suche in Google Scholar

Warner CP. The effect of exposure to simulated body fluids on breakdown potentials. J Mater Eng Perform 2009; 18: 754–759.Suche in Google Scholar

Wever DJ, Veldhuizen AG, de Vries J, Busscher HJ, Uges DR, van Horn JR. Electrochemical and surface characterization of a nickel-titanium alloy. Biomaterials 1998; 19: 761–769.Suche in Google Scholar

Wilde BE, Williams E. On the correspondence between electrochemical and chemical accelerated pitting corrosion tests. J Electrochem Soc 1970; 117: 775–779.Suche in Google Scholar

Williams RL, Brown SA, Merritt K. Electrochemical studies on the influence of proteins on the corrosion of implant alloys. Biomaterials 1988; 9: 181–186.Suche in Google Scholar

Wranglen G. Pitting and sulfide inclusions in steel. Corros Sci 1974; 14: 331–349.Suche in Google Scholar

Yan Y, Neville A, Dowson D, Williams S, Fisher J. The influence of swing phase load on the electrochemical response, friction, and ion release of metal-on-metal hip prostheses in a friction simulator. Proc IMechE 2009; 223J: 303–309.Suche in Google Scholar

Yan Y, Neville A, Dowson D, Williams S, Fisher J. Tribofilm formation in biotribocorrosion – does it regulate ion release in metal-on-metal artificial hip joints? Proc IMechE 2010; 224J: 997–1006.Suche in Google Scholar

Yokoyama K, Hamada K, Moriyama K, Asaoka K. Degradation and fracture of NiTi superelastic wire in an oral cavity. Biomaterials 2001; 22: 2257–2262.Suche in Google Scholar

Zardiackas L, Williamson S, Roach M, Bogan J. Comparison of anodic polarization and galvanic corrosion of a low-nickel stainless steel to 316LS and 22Cr-13Ni-5Mn stainless steels. In: Winters G, Nutt M, editors. Stainless steels for medical and surgical application. ASTM STP 1438. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2003: 107–117.Suche in Google Scholar

Zardiackas L, Roach M, Disegi J. Galvanic corrosion of cobalt-base and titanium-base implant material couples. In: Helmus M, Medlin D, editors. Proceedings of the Materials and Processes for Medical Devices Conference. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 2004: 398–402.Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-2-18
Accepted: 2014-4-16
Published Online: 2014-5-24
Published in Print: 2014-6-1

©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 4.5.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/corrrev-2014-0008/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen