Exploration of the in-vitro antibacterial-antioxidant potentials and GC-MS metabolite profiling of seaweeds from the southwest coast of India

Hafish M. Peedika Parambil; Aditya H. Kamath; Madhu N. Velappan; Cathrine S. Manohar; Jithin P. Edavalath; Nishad M. Thottingal

doi:10.1515/bot-2024-0057

Article

Exploration of the in-vitro antibacterial-antioxidant potentials and GC-MS metabolite profiling of seaweeds from the southwest coast of India

Hafish M. Peedika Parambil

Mr. Hafish M. Peedika Parambil is a Project Associate at CSIR – National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center Kochi. His research emphasizes sustainable seaweed biomass production and its biotechnological applications, alongside the ecology of seagrass and its endophytic fungi. He also specializes in extracting bioactive compounds from both seaweeds and seagrass for diverse applications.
, Aditya H. Kamath

Mr. Aditya H. Kamath is a Project Associate with expertise in intertidal and subtidal coastal ecology, focusing on marine macrophytes, particularly seaweed and its associated organisms, as well as macrobenthic fauna in coral reef ecosystems. He is actively involved in seaweed cultivation experiments at CSIR-NIO, studying seaweed growth in relation to environmental parameters. His work also spans fishery resource assessment and sea turtle mortality assessment.
, Madhu N. Velappan

Dr. Madhu N. Velappan a Principal Scientist specializing in marine biology, has expertise in microalgal ecology. His research focuses on phytoplankton ecology and biogeochemical processes in estuarine and marine ecosystems across the Indian EEZ. He has led numerous interdisciplinary projects investigating harmful algal blooms and their effects on marine environments in Indian waters.
, Cathrine S. Manohar

Dr. Cathrine S. Manohar is a Senior Principal Scientist with over 20 years of research experience in Marine Sciences, focusing on microbiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, and biological oceanography. Her research explores microbial diversity using molecular techniques and the biotechnological potential of microbes associated with mangroves, seaweeds, and corals. She has led and contributed to more than 10 research projects funded by various ministries of the Government of India.
, Jithin P. Edavalath

Mr. Jithin P. Edavalath is a Junior Research Fellow at CSIR – National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center Kochi. His research interests include microalgal diversity, planktonology, and microbial food web dynamics, contributing to the understanding of marine ecosystems.
and Nishad M. Thottingal

Published/Copyright: March 4, 2025

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From the journal Botanica Marina Volume 68 Issue 2

Abstract

The present study elucidates the bioactive metabolites, antioxidants, and antibacterial potential of selected seaweeds – Kappaphycus alvarezii, Caulerpa chemnitzia, and Sargassum tenerrimum – collected from the southwest coast of India. Biomolecules were extracted using six solvents: hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and ethanol. Among these, ethanol proved to be the most efficient extraction solvent. Notably, the ethanolic extract of S. tenerrimum exhibited high phenolic and flavonoid contents, contributing to its potent antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In contrast, the extracts of C. chemnitzia were rich in tannins, demonstrating marked antioxidant activity. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry profiling identified approximately 42 bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective properties. Key compounds included stigmasta-5, 24(28)-dien-3-ol (3β, 24Z), cholesterol margarate, arachidonic acid, squalene, 1-hexadecanol, and δ-tocopherol, all of which hold significant nutraceutical and cosmetic value. Furthermore, antibacterial susceptibility tests against nine bacterial strains revealed that K. alvarezii was particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria, while the C. chemnitzia and S. tenerrimum extracts showed considerable efficacy against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains.

Keywords: seaweed; antibacterial; antioxidant; GC-MS; bioactive compounds

Corresponding author: Madhu N. Velappan, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682018, India, E-mail: nmadhu@nio.org

Funding source: National Institute of Oceanography, India

Award Identifier / Grant number: HCP0024

About the authors

Hafish M. Peedika Parambil

Mr. Hafish M. Peedika Parambil is a Project Associate at CSIR – National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center Kochi. His research emphasizes sustainable seaweed biomass production and its biotechnological applications, alongside the ecology of seagrass and its endophytic fungi. He also specializes in extracting bioactive compounds from both seaweeds and seagrass for diverse applications.

Aditya H. Kamath

Mr. Aditya H. Kamath is a Project Associate with expertise in intertidal and subtidal coastal ecology, focusing on marine macrophytes, particularly seaweed and its associated organisms, as well as macrobenthic fauna in coral reef ecosystems. He is actively involved in seaweed cultivation experiments at CSIR-NIO, studying seaweed growth in relation to environmental parameters. His work also spans fishery resource assessment and sea turtle mortality assessment.

Madhu N. Velappan

Dr. Madhu N. Velappan a Principal Scientist specializing in marine biology, has expertise in microalgal ecology. His research focuses on phytoplankton ecology and biogeochemical processes in estuarine and marine ecosystems across the Indian EEZ. He has led numerous interdisciplinary projects investigating harmful algal blooms and their effects on marine environments in Indian waters.

Cathrine S. Manohar

Dr. Cathrine S. Manohar is a Senior Principal Scientist with over 20 years of research experience in Marine Sciences, focusing on microbiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, and biological oceanography. Her research explores microbial diversity using molecular techniques and the biotechnological potential of microbes associated with mangroves, seaweeds, and corals. She has led and contributed to more than 10 research projects funded by various ministries of the Government of India.

Jithin P. Edavalath

Mr. Jithin P. Edavalath is a Junior Research Fellow at CSIR – National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center Kochi. His research interests include microalgal diversity, planktonology, and microbial food web dynamics, contributing to the understanding of marine ecosystems.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support and facilities provided by the Director of CSIR- National institute of oceanography, Goa and SIC of regional centre Kochi. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Vaibhav A. Mantri, Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR-CSMCRI Bhavnagar, Gujarat and Dr. V. Veeragurunathan, Principal Scientist, CSIR-CSMCRI, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam for providing financial support and encouragements. This is NIO contribution number 7374.

Research ethics: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants or animals.
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Specifically: H.M.P.P.: investigation, data analysis, processing, plotting, writing. A.H.K.: investigation, data analysis, processing, plotting, writing. M.N.V.: investigation, writing, and editing. M.C.S.: investigation, editing, and financial support. J.P.E.: investigation, data analysis. M.N.T.: investigation, data analysis.
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
Research funding: This work was supported by the CSIR Mission Mode Project HCP0024.
Data availability: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-07-24

Accepted: 2025-01-31

Published Online: 2025-03-04

Published in Print: 2025-04-28

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Keywords for this article

seaweed; antibacterial; antioxidant; GC-MS; bioactive compounds