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Effects of sea urchin and herbivorous gastropod removal, coupled with transplantation, on seaweed forest restoration

  • Seokwoo Hong

    Seokwoo Hong is currently a PhD student at Sungkyunkwan University, JHKim Lab. His research focuses on restoration and conservation of kelp forests as well as population dynamics and responses of kelp forest to biological (herbivory) and environmental (disturbance) factors.

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    , Junsu Kim

    Junsu Kim is currently a PhD student at Sungkyunkwan University, JHKim Lab. His research includes restoration and conservation of kelp forest in Korean coasts, particularly focusing on population dynamics of Ecklonia bicyclis.

    , Young Wook Ko , Kwon Mo Yang

    Kwon Mo Yang obtained his MSc and PhD degree from Sungkyunkwan University, JHKim Lab. His research includes intertidal and subtidal algal community dynamics and feeding behavior of sea urchin and their role in the phase shift between algal forest and barrens.

    , Daniela Macias

    Daniela Macias is currently a PhD student at Sungkyunkwan University, JHKim Lab. Her research focuses on environmental impacts on soft coral and macroalgal communities as well as meiofauna assemblage changes in response to higher temperature conditions from human induced activities.

    and Jeong Ha Kim

    Jeong Ha Kim is a Professor at Sungkyunkwan University since 1997. He obtained his PhD from University of British Columbia, Canada. His research focuses on ecological monitoring of marine benthic habitats. He was the organizer of 2019 International Seaweed Symposium, Jeju, Korea.

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Published/Copyright: October 7, 2021

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relative effects of urchin removal, non-urchin gastropod herbivores removal, and transplantation on macroalgal forest restoration using an additive manipulation design. A field experiment was conducted in subtidal urchin barren rocks in the eastern coast of South Korea from August 2017 to June 2020 with three experimental treatments: no urchins (NU), NU plus no herbivorous gastropods (NH), NH plus Ecklonia bicyclis transplant (NHT). Six months after experiment initiation, seaweed abundance rapidly increased in all three experimental treatments. The highest peak was found in the spring season of the first year (2018). The year-to-year variations became smaller throughout the survey period. The results of comparing NU and control site indicated that urchin removal had an exclusive effect on algal recovery while additional removal of herbivorous gastropods did not affect algal recovery quantitatively. With the successful establishment of E. bicyclis, the community assemblages of the three treatments became more distinct in the subsequent years, showing diverse dominance in NU, red algal dominance in NH, and dominance of E. bicyclis canopy and understory groups in NHT. This study provides evidence that urchin removal on its own from barren grounds can lead to rapid restoration of seaweed forest in subtidal habitats.


Corresponding author: Jeong Ha Kim, Marine Ecology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea, E-mail:
Seokwoo Hong and Junsu Kim equally contributed to this work.

Funding source: National Research Foundation of Korea http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725

Award Identifier / Grant number: 2018R1D1A1B07048996

Funding source: FIRA

Award Identifier / Grant number: 20150712

About the authors

Seokwoo Hong

Seokwoo Hong is currently a PhD student at Sungkyunkwan University, JHKim Lab. His research focuses on restoration and conservation of kelp forests as well as population dynamics and responses of kelp forest to biological (herbivory) and environmental (disturbance) factors.

Junsu Kim

Junsu Kim is currently a PhD student at Sungkyunkwan University, JHKim Lab. His research includes restoration and conservation of kelp forest in Korean coasts, particularly focusing on population dynamics of Ecklonia bicyclis.

Kwon Mo Yang

Kwon Mo Yang obtained his MSc and PhD degree from Sungkyunkwan University, JHKim Lab. His research includes intertidal and subtidal algal community dynamics and feeding behavior of sea urchin and their role in the phase shift between algal forest and barrens.

Daniela Macias

Daniela Macias is currently a PhD student at Sungkyunkwan University, JHKim Lab. Her research focuses on environmental impacts on soft coral and macroalgal communities as well as meiofauna assemblage changes in response to higher temperature conditions from human induced activities.

Jeong Ha Kim

Jeong Ha Kim is a Professor at Sungkyunkwan University since 1997. He obtained his PhD from University of British Columbia, Canada. His research focuses on ecological monitoring of marine benthic habitats. He was the organizer of 2019 International Seaweed Symposium, Jeju, Korea.

Acknowledgements

This contribution is in honor of Robert E. DeWreede, with gratitude. Authors are grateful to two reviewers for useful and constructive comments on the earlier version of this manuscript.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: This study was supported by the NRF grant (2018R1D1A1B07048996) and FIRA grant (20150712) in part to JHK.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2021-05-06
Accepted: 2021-09-09
Published Online: 2021-10-07
Published in Print: 2021-10-26

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