Abstract
This essay re-interprets the ruler and their rulership in classical Chinese Legalism (Fǎjiā 法家) and its main work, the Hán Fēizǐ 韓非子 attributed to Han Fei 韓非 (c. 280–233 BCE). The re-interpretation takes late 19th and early 20th century New Legalism’s (Xīn Fǎjiā 新法家) focus on the ruler’s instruments of governance as a starting point. My essay raises this instrumental idea to a new level by re-conceptualizing the ruler (zhǔ 主 or jūn 君) as a dynamic figure and office. First, the legalist ruler becomes procedural. Their rulership is not a static property vested in a fixed unit. Rather, the ruler must create and sustain their office by applying the three action modes: fǎ 法 (general, standardized, public laws), shì 勢 (positional power surrounding the ruler), and shù 術 (administrative tactics kept internal and secret). Secondly, the ruler becomes relative. Their rulership is not an absolute feature pertaining to one single institution or person. Rather, every unit in state hierarchy – whether monarch, minister (chén 臣), or citizen (mín 民) – can turn into a ruler with respect to other units acting as its ministers. This re-conception of rulership renders Han Feis 2,200-year-old theory of rulership a neither out-of-date nor authoritarian analytical framework. Using this framework developed by my essay, prospective analyses can potentially apply Chinese Legalism not only to Ancient China but also to other epochs and other countries, and that in various disciplines.
Literaturverzeichnis
Allan, Sarah (2016): The Heir and the Sage. Dynastic Legend in Early China. Überarb. und erw. Aufl. New York: SUNY.Search in Google Scholar
Barmé, Geremie R. (2020): “Chairman Xi Jinping’s New Clothes. An Editorial Postscript”. China Heritage (Journal). http://chinaheritage.net/journal/chinas-heart-of-darkness-part-iv/ (4.11.2021).Search in Google Scholar
Bauer, Wolfgang (2001): Geschichte der chinesischen Philosophie. Konfuzianismus, Daoismus, Buddhismus. Hrsg. von Hans van Ess. München: C.H. Beck.Search in Google Scholar
Böhret, Carl (2005): „Verwaltungspolitik als Führungsauftrag“. In: Handbuch zur Verwaltungsreform. 3. Aufl. Hrsg. von Bernhard Blanke·et al. Wiesbaden: VS, 44–50.10.1007/978-3-531-90340-8_6Search in Google Scholar
Cai, Zongcheng (übers. David Ball) (2021): “How Emperor Qin Shi Huang Got His New Clothes”. Sixth Tone. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006665/how-emperor-qin-shi-huang-got-his-new-clothes (4.11.2021).Search in Google Scholar
Callahan, William A. (2012): “Sino-speak: Chinese Exceptionalism and the Politics of History”. The Journal of Asian Studies 71.1: 33–55.10.1017/S0021911811002919Search in Google Scholar
Chang, Wejen (2016): In Search of the Way. Legal Philosophy of the Classic Chinese Thinkers. Edinburgh: EUP.10.1515/9780748669578Search in Google Scholar
Chen, Xiuping 陈秀平 (2005): „Xianqin Ru, Mo, Dao, Fajia junchen guanxi lilun qianxi 先秦儒、墨、道、法家君臣关系理论浅析“ (Elementare Analyse der Theorien der Herrscher-Minister-Beziehungen im vor-Qin-zeitlichen Konfuzianismus, Mohismus, Daoismus und Legalismus). Sanxia daxue xuebao (renwen shehui kexue ban) 27.5: 91–95.Search in Google Scholar
Chung, Jae Ho (2016): Centrifugal Empire. Central-Local Relations in China. New York: Columbia UP.10.7312/chun17620Search in Google Scholar
Cui, Wei (2017): “The Legal Maladies of ‘Federalism, Chinese Style’”. In: The Beijing Consensus? How China Has Changed Western Ideas of Law and Economic Development. Hrsg. von Weitseng Chen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 97–118.10.1017/9781316481370.005Search in Google Scholar
Ding, Chen 丁晨 (2005): „Cong ‚fa, shu, shi‘ jiaodu tanyuan Han Fei Fajia sixiang 从“法、术、势”角度探源韩非法家思想“ (Untersuchung der Ursprünge legalistischen Denkens aus der Perspektive „Gesetze, Verwaltungstaktiken und Positionsmacht“). Jiyuan zhiye jishu xueyuan xuebao 4.4: 57–60.Search in Google Scholar
Elstein, David (2011): “Han Feizi’s Thought and Republicanism”. Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy 10.2: 167–185.10.1007/s11712-011-9220-7Search in Google Scholar
Etz Donald, V. (1964): „Han Fei Tzu: Management Pioneer“. Public Administration Review 24.1: 36–38.10.2307/973563Search in Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel (1980): Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977. Hrsg. von Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books.Search in Google Scholar
Fu, Zhengyuan (1993): Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Search in Google Scholar
Fu, Zhengyuan (1996): China’s Legalists: The Earliest Totalitarians and Their Art of Ruling. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.Search in Google Scholar
Goldin, Paul R. (2011): “Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese ‘Legalism’”. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 38.1: 88–104.10.1111/j.1540-6253.2010.01629.xSearch in Google Scholar
Goldin, Paul R. (2013): “Introduction: HAN Fei and the Han Feizi”. In: Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. Hrsg. von Paul R. Goldin. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, 1–21.10.1007/978-94-007-4318-2_1Search in Google Scholar
Graham, A. C. (Angus Charles) (1989): Disputers of the Tao. Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. LaSalle, IL: Open Court Publishing.Search in Google Scholar
Graziani, Romain (2015): “Monarch and Minister: The Problematic Partnership in the Building of Absolute Monarchy in the Han Feizi”. In: Ideology of Power and Power of Ideology in Early China. Hrsg. von Yuri Pines et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 155–180.10.1163/9789004299337_007Search in Google Scholar
Guo, Moruo 郭沫若 (1979): Gao Jianli 高渐离. Bühnenspiel von 1942, erstveröffentlicht 1946 unter dem Titel Zhu 筑 (antike dreizehnsaitige Laute). Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe.Search in Google Scholar
Hager, Lutz (2005): Wie demokratisch ist direkte Demokratie? Eine Wachstumstheorie der Demokratie – Volksinitiativen in Kalifornien. Dissertation, Freie Univ. Berlin 2005. Wiesbaden: VS.10.1007/978-3-322-80739-7Search in Google Scholar
Han, Wei 韩伟 (2015): „Fajia zhidao de fansi yu chonggou 法家治道的反思与重构“ (Reflexion und Rekonstruktion des legalistischen Wegs des Regierens). Nantong daxue xuebao·shehui kexue ban 31.4: 45–53.Search in Google Scholar
Harris, Eirik Lang (2011): “Is the Law in the Way? On the Source of Han Fei’s Laws”. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 38.1: 73–87.10.1111/j.1540-6253.2010.01631.xSearch in Google Scholar
Harris, Eirik Lang (2016): The Shenzi Fragments: A Philosophical Analysis and Translation. New York: Columbia UP.10.7312/columbia/9780231177665.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
He, Peng (2011): “The Difference of Chinese Legalism and Western Legalism”. Frontiers of Law in China 6.4: 645–669.10.1007/s11463-011-0148-ySearch in Google Scholar
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1979): Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Geschichte I (1833–1836). Hrsg. von Eva Moldenhauer/Karl Markus Michel. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp.Search in Google Scholar
Helliksen, Lars Tore (2002): Autocratic Bureacratism: Han Fei’s Ancient Chinese Strategies of Governance as Contrasted with Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy. Masterarbeit, Univ. Oslo 2002. https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/14116 (4.11.2021).Search in Google Scholar
Hou, Meng 侯猛 (2011): „Zhengfa chuantong zhong de minzhu jizhongzhi 政法传统中的民主集中制“ (Demokratischer Zentralismus in der Tradition von „Politik und Recht“). Fashang yanjiu 1: 120–128.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, Chun-chieh (2015): East Asian Confucianisms: Texts in Contexts. Göttingen: V&R unipress.10.14220/9783737004084Search in Google Scholar
Ip, Eric C. (2009): “The Idea of Law in Classical Chinese Legalist Jurisprudence”. Global Jurist 9.4: Artikel 2.10.2202/1934-2640.1311Search in Google Scholar
Ivanhoe, Philip J. (2011): “Hanfeizi and Moral Self-Cultivation”. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 38.1: 31–45.10.1111/j.1540-6253.2011.01627.xSearch in Google Scholar
Jenco, Leigh (2016a): “Introduction: On the Possibility of Chinese Thought as Global Theory”. In: Chinese Thought as Global Theory. Diversifying Knowledge Production in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Hrsg. von Leigh Jenco. New York: SUNY, 1–27.10.1515/9781438460468-003Search in Google Scholar
Jenco, Leigh (2016b): “Methods from Within the Chinese Tradition”. In: The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Chinese Philosophy Methodologies. Hrsg. von Sor-hoon Tan. London: Bloomsbury, 273–288.10.5040/9781474295024.ch-014Search in Google Scholar
Jiang, Zhongyue 蒋重跃 (2000): Han Feizi de zhengzhi sixiang 韩非子的政治思想 (Das politische Denken des Han Feizi). Beijing: Beijing shifan daxue chubanshe.Search in Google Scholar
Jin, Yin (2019): Die Übertragbarkeit der deutschen Vollstreckungsgegenklage in das chinesische Zivilprozessrecht. Dissertation, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 2018. Baden-Baden: Nomos.10.5771/9783845296784Search in Google Scholar
Kelsen, Hans (2008 [1934]): Reine Rechtslehre. Einleitung in die rechtswissenschaftliche Problematik. Studienausgabe der 1. Auflage 1934. Hrsg. von Matthias Jestaedt. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Search in Google Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas S. (1970): The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2. Aufl. Chicago/London: UCP.Search in Google Scholar
Lei, Lei 雷磊 (2015): „Fa jiaoyixue de jiben lichang 法教义学的基本立场“ (Der grundlegende Standpunkt der Rechtsdogmatik). Zhongwai faxue 27.1: 198–223.Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Ming-Huei (2016): “Studies of Chinese Philosophy from a Transcultural Perspective: Contextualization and Decontextualization”. In: The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Chinese Philosophy Methodologies. Hrsg. von Sor-hoon Tan. London: Bloomsbury, 115–124.10.5040/9781474295024.ch-005Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Wing-Chiat (1995): “Han Fei”. In: Great Thinkers of the Eastern World. The Great Thinkers and the Philosophical and Religious Classics of China, India, Japan, Korea and the World of Islam. Hrsg. von Ian P. McGreal. New York: HarperCollins, 44–49.Search in Google Scholar
Leys, Simon (bürgerlich: Ryckmans, Pierre) (1971): Les Habits neufs du président Mao. Chronique de la Révolution culturelle. Paris: Champ libre.Search in Google Scholar
Liang, Qichao 梁啟超 (1904): „Xin dalu youji 新大陸遊記“ (Reisebericht aus der Neuen Welt). Xinmin congbao.Search in Google Scholar
Li, Furong 李芙蓉 (2008): „Han Feizi zhengzhi sixiang tixi chutan – fa, shu, shi guanxi yanjiu 韩非子政治思想体系初探—法、术、势关系研究“ (Erste Untersuchung zum System des politischen Denkens im Han Feizi. Erforschung der Beziehung zwischen Gesetzen, Verwaltungstaktiken und Positionsmacht). Taiyuan daxue jiaoyu xueyuan xuebao 26.Ergänzungsheft: 8–11.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Xiaogang 刘小刚 (2008): „Fa, shu, shi: Han Feizi zhengzhi zhexue de shijian lujing 法、术、势: 韩非子政治哲学的实践路径“ (Gesetze, Verwaltungstaktiken und Positionsmacht: Wege der Verwirklichung der politischen Philosophie im Han Feizi). Yunnan xingzheng xueyuan xuebao 6: 30–32.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Yongping (1998): Origins of Chinese Law. Penal and Administrative Law in its Early Development. Hong Kong/Oxford/New York: OUP.Search in Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (2012): Macht. 4. Aufl. Konstanz/München: UVK.10.36198/9783838537146Search in Google Scholar
Mittag, Achim (2001): „Han Fei“. In: Juristen. Ein biographisches Lexikon. Von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert. 2. Aufl. Hrsg. von Michael Stolleis. München: C.H. Beck, 280.Search in Google Scholar
Mögling, Wilmar (2007): Die Kunst der Staatsführung. Die Schriften des chinesischen Meisters Han Fei. Köln: Komet.Search in Google Scholar
Pines, Yuri (2013a): “From Historical Evolution to the End of History: Past, Present and Future from Shang Yang to the First Emperor”. In: Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. Hrsg. von Paul R. Goldin. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, 25–45.10.1007/978-94-007-4318-2_2Search in Google Scholar
Pines, Yuri (2013b): “Submerged by Absolute Power: The Ruler’s Predicament in the Han Feizi”. In: Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei. Hrsg. von Paul R. Goldin. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, 67–86.10.1007/978-94-007-4318-2_4Search in Google Scholar
Pines, Yuri (2013c): “The Messianic Emperor: A New Look at Qin’s Place in China’s History”. In: Birth of an Empire. The State of Qin Revisited. Hrsg. von Yuri Pines et al. Berkeley: UC Press, 258-279.Search in Google Scholar
Pines, Yuri (2017): “Legalism in Chinese Philosophy”. In: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Spring 2017 Edition. Hrsg. von Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/chinese-legalism/(4.11.2021).Search in Google Scholar
Qian, Jinyu 钱锦宇 (2015): „Zhongguo guojia zhili de xiandaixing jiangou yu Fajia sixiang de chuangzaoxing zhuanhuan 中国国家治理的现代性建构与法家思想的创造性转换“ (Die moderne Gestaltung von Chinas nationaler Governance und die kreative Veränderung des legalistischen Denkens). Faxue luntan 30.3: 13–21.Search in Google Scholar
Renninger, Philipp (2019): „Modernes deutsches Verwaltungsrecht aus Sicht des klassischen chinesischen Legalismus. Verwaltungsvorschriften als Macht–Instrumente“. Rechtstheorie 50.4, 461–491.10.3790/rth.50.4.461Search in Google Scholar
Renninger, Philipp (2020): “The ‘People’s Total War on COVID-19’: Urban Pandemic Management Through (Non-)Law in Wuhan, China”. Washington International Law Journal 30.1, 63–115.Search in Google Scholar
Renninger, Philipp (2022): “Chinese Legalist Analysis of German Administrative Law—Tripolar Action Modes and Reconceptualized Rulership”. In: Adventures in Chinese Realism: Classic Philosophy Applied to Contemporary Issues. Hrsg. von Eirik Lang Harris/Henrique Schneider. New York: SUNY, 145–170.10.2139/ssrn.4229035Search in Google Scholar
Ruskola, Teemu (2013): Legal Orientalism. China, the United States, and Modern Law. Cambridge, Mass.: HUP.10.4159/harvard.9780674075764Search in Google Scholar
Schneider, Henrique (2011): “Legalism: Chinese-Style Constitutionalism?”. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 38.1: 46–63.10.1111/j.1540-6253.2010.01630.xSearch in Google Scholar
Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (2011): „Governance-Forschung: Versuch einer Zwischenbilanz“. Die Verwaltung 44.2, 273–289.10.3790/verw.44.2.273Search in Google Scholar
Schwartz, Benjamin I. (1985): The World of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge, MA/London: Belknap HUP.10.4159/9780674043312Search in Google Scholar
von Senger, Harro (2006): „Von der Vergleichung des Rechts zur Vergleichung der Gesellschaftsführung. Deutsche Hauptmahlzeit und chinesische Nachspeise“. Zeitschrift für Europarecht, internationales Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung 47.2: 43–62.Search in Google Scholar
Shin, Kyoung (2017): “Neither Centre nor Local: Community-Driven Experimentalist Governance in China”. The China Quarterly 231: 607–633.10.1017/S0305741017000923Search in Google Scholar
Shun, Kwong-Loi (2016): “Methodological Reflections on the Study of Chinese Thought”. In: The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Chinese Philosophy Methodologies. Hrsg. von Sor-hoon Tan. London: Bloomsbury, 57–74.10.5040/9781474295024.ch-002Search in Google Scholar
Su, Jyun-Hsyong (1967): „Die Struktur des chinesischen Rechtsdenkens und ihre Wirkung auf das moderne Recht“. Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 53.3: 305–327.Search in Google Scholar
Tai, Tong-shung (1969): Der chinesische Legalismus (Fa chia) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner rechtspositivistischen Elemente. Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz 1969. Mainz: Ditters Bürodienst.Search in Google Scholar
Tan, Sor-hoon (2016): “Introduction: Why Methodology Matters”. In: The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Chinese Philosophy Methodologies. Hrsg. von Sor-hoon Tan. London: Bloomsbury, 1–33.10.5040/9781474295024-005Search in Google Scholar
Van Norden, Bryan W. (2011): Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy. Indianapolis: Hacket Publishing.Search in Google Scholar
Wawrzyniak, Bodo (2017): Das neue chinesische Verwaltungszwangsgesetz. Ein modernes Instrument zur Durchsetzung von Verwaltungspflichten im deutschen und taiwanesischen Vergleich. Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. 2017. Hamburg: Dr. Kovač.Search in Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping 习近平 (2019): „Jiaqiang dang dui quanmian yifa zhiguo de lingdao 加强党对全面依法治国的领导“ (Die Führung der Partei über das „Regieren des Landes gemäß dem Recht“ stärken). Qiushi 4. http://qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2019-02/15/c_1124114454.htm.Search in Google Scholar
Xu, Zhiyong 许志永 (2020): „Quantui shu 劝退书“ (Entlassungsschreiben). https://www.bannedbook.org/bnews/renquan/xgmyd/20200204/1270465.html (4.11.2021).Search in Google Scholar
Xu, Zhongming (2001): Shi shuo zhongguo gudai falü zhidu yanjiu fanshi zhi zhuanbian 试说中国古代法律制度研究范式之转变 ([Versuch einer] Erläuterung der Veränderung des Forschungsparadigmas des Rechtssystems des antiken China). Beida falü pinglun 4.1: 216–238.Search in Google Scholar
Yan, Grace / Almeida Santos, Carla (2009): “‘China, Forever’. Tourism Discourse and Self-Orientalism”. Annals of Tourism Research 36.2: 295–315.10.1016/j.annals.2009.01.003Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Lijing / Rutgers, Mark R. (2017): “Against the rule of man: the Confucian and Western traditions of good administration”. International Review of Administrative Sciences 83.4: 789–805.10.1177/0020852315596213Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Ling 杨玲 (2008): „Cong ‚yi‘ dao ‚dao‘ – Fajia dui juedui junzhu zhuanzhi de zhuiqiu 从“壹”到“道”—法家对绝对君主专制的追求“ (Von „Yi“ zu „Dao“. Das Streben des Legalismus nach absoluter Monarchie). Gansu lianhe daxue xuebao (shehui kexue ban) 24.6: 12–16.Search in Google Scholar
Young, Stephen (1989): “The Philosophical Foundations of Han Fei’s Political Theory by Hsiaopo Wang and Leo S. Chang”. Book Review. Philosophy East and West 39.1: 83–93.10.2307/1398883Search in Google Scholar
Yu, Zhong 喻中 (2017): „Mao Zedong de Fajia guan 毛泽东的法家观“ (Mao Zedongs legalistische Ansichten). Lilun tansuo 1: 8–14.Search in Google Scholar
Zha, Jianying 查建英 (2020): “China’s Heart of Darkness – Prince Han Fei & Chairman Xi Jinping”. China Heritage (Journal). 5 Teile (4.11.2021):– “Prologue: Qin Shihuang + Marx”. http://chinaheritage.net/journal/chinas-heart-of-darkness-prince-han-fei-chairman-xi-jinping-prologue/;– “Part I: The Dark Prince”. http://chinaheritage.net/journal/chinas-heart-of-darkness-prince-han-fei-chairman-xi-jinping-part-i/;– “Part II: Mao’s Abiding Legacy”. http://chinaheritage.net/journal/chinas-heart-of-darkness-prince-han-fei-chairman-xi-jinping-part-ii/;– “Part III: The Revenant Han Fei”. http://chinaheritage.net/journal/chinas-heart-of-darkness-part-iii/;– “Part IV: The End of the Beginning”. http://chinaheritage.net/journal/chinas-heart-of-darkness-part-iv/.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Some notes on the meaning of min 民 (and zhong 眾) in the Tsinghua manuscript *Yin gao 尹誥 (The Announcement of Yin)
- How to kill a sage: North Korean discourse on Jizi/Kija 箕子
- Female migrant workers’ theater, labor NGOs, and grassroots culture in China: variations on the theme of “home”
- 冤 Yuan! Conceptual metaphors for INJUSTICE in Chinese
- The climate downturns in China caused by volcanic eruptions in 535–40 CE and by Thera (Santorini) at the founding of the Shang dynasty (1562 BCE)
- On the history of madder (Rubia peregrina L., and Rubia tinctorum L.) in pre-modern Iran and the Caucasus
- Des Herrschers neue Kleider. Rekonzeption des zhǔ 主 bzw. jūn 君 und seiner Herrschaft im klassischen und Neuen chinesischen Legalismus
- Le maḏhab ḥanafite d’Ifrīqiya (IIe–IVe/VIIIe–Xe siècle) : Asad b. al-Furāt (m. 213/828) et la transmission du Kitāb al-aṣl d’al-Šaybānī (m. 189/805)
- Pahlavi tōšn (tušn) in Denkard VII
- Accepting reality: re-opening Manchuria to Chinese commoners (minren) in the Yongzheng era
- Book Review
- Boissière, Thierry, et Morvan, Yoann (éds): Un Moyen-Orient ordinaire. Entre consommations et mobilités. Marseille: Diacritiques Editions, 2022, 276 pp., ISBN 979-1-097-09316-7
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Some notes on the meaning of min 民 (and zhong 眾) in the Tsinghua manuscript *Yin gao 尹誥 (The Announcement of Yin)
- How to kill a sage: North Korean discourse on Jizi/Kija 箕子
- Female migrant workers’ theater, labor NGOs, and grassroots culture in China: variations on the theme of “home”
- 冤 Yuan! Conceptual metaphors for INJUSTICE in Chinese
- The climate downturns in China caused by volcanic eruptions in 535–40 CE and by Thera (Santorini) at the founding of the Shang dynasty (1562 BCE)
- On the history of madder (Rubia peregrina L., and Rubia tinctorum L.) in pre-modern Iran and the Caucasus
- Des Herrschers neue Kleider. Rekonzeption des zhǔ 主 bzw. jūn 君 und seiner Herrschaft im klassischen und Neuen chinesischen Legalismus
- Le maḏhab ḥanafite d’Ifrīqiya (IIe–IVe/VIIIe–Xe siècle) : Asad b. al-Furāt (m. 213/828) et la transmission du Kitāb al-aṣl d’al-Šaybānī (m. 189/805)
- Pahlavi tōšn (tušn) in Denkard VII
- Accepting reality: re-opening Manchuria to Chinese commoners (minren) in the Yongzheng era
- Book Review
- Boissière, Thierry, et Morvan, Yoann (éds): Un Moyen-Orient ordinaire. Entre consommations et mobilités. Marseille: Diacritiques Editions, 2022, 276 pp., ISBN 979-1-097-09316-7