Freedom as Satisfaction? A Critique of Frankfurt's Hierarchical Theory of Freedom
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Christian F. Rostbøll
Abstract
This article is a critical assessment of Harry Frankfurt's hierarchical theory of freedom. It spells out and distinguishes several different and irreconcilable conceptions of freedom present in Frankfurt's work. I argue that Frankfurt is ambiguous in his early formulation as to what conception of freedom of the will the hierarchical theory builds on, an avoidability or a satisfaction conception. This ambiguity causes problems in his later attempts to respond to the objections of wantonness of second-order desires and of infinite regress. With his more recent idea of freedom as being satisfied with harmony in one's entire volitional system, Frankfurt may solve the infinite regress objection but he does so at the cost of ending up with a description of freedom, which comes very close to being identical to his own description of the wanton. Frankfurt's account leaves open the question of whether the satisfactory harmony is caused by the inability to do otherwise, or is independent of it. To answer this question, Frankfurt's hierarchical theory needs to be complemented with a number of “autonomy variables” (Double). Satisfaction may be a necessary condition of freedom, but it is not sufficient. We also need to know how the person came to be satisfied. If being satisfied is merely something that happens to one, it fails to be an adequate description of a free person – and it also contradicts some of Frankfurt's own earlier insights.
© Philosophia Press 2004
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial Remark
- Hermeneutic Practice and Theories of Meaning
- On the possibility of a philosophical justifi cation for universally binding principles. in an age of one-state supremacy and shrinking interstate institutions
- Mündigkeit und Tugend. – David Hume, Immanuel Kant und Adam Smith über Dispositionen zu moralischem Handeln und Strategien, sich der moralischen Verpfl ichtung zu entziehen
- Kant and Plato
- “This all but universal illusion …”. Remarks on the question: Why did Mill write On Liberty?
- A defense of the causal efficacy of dispositions
- Freedom as Satisfaction? A Critique of Frankfurt's Hierarchical Theory of Freedom
- Smilansky's Baseline Objection to Choice-Egalitarianism
- Reply to Lippert-Rasmussen On the Paradox of the Baseline
- Review Essay
- Heidegger on Subjectivity and Self-Consciousness
- Book Reviews
- Stephen Darwall, Welfare and Rational Care, Princeton Monographs in Philosophy, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2002. 135 pp.
- Review of Steen Brock: Niels Bohr's Philosophy of Quantum Physics in the Light of the Helmholtzian Tradition of Theoretical Physics, Berlin: Logos Verlag, 2003, 303 pp.
- Fredrik Sundqvist, Perceptual Dynamics: Theoretical Foundations and Philosophical Implications of Gestalt Psychology, Acta Philosophica Gothoburgensia 16, Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2003. 248 pp.
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial Remark
- Hermeneutic Practice and Theories of Meaning
- On the possibility of a philosophical justifi cation for universally binding principles. in an age of one-state supremacy and shrinking interstate institutions
- Mündigkeit und Tugend. – David Hume, Immanuel Kant und Adam Smith über Dispositionen zu moralischem Handeln und Strategien, sich der moralischen Verpfl ichtung zu entziehen
- Kant and Plato
- “This all but universal illusion …”. Remarks on the question: Why did Mill write On Liberty?
- A defense of the causal efficacy of dispositions
- Freedom as Satisfaction? A Critique of Frankfurt's Hierarchical Theory of Freedom
- Smilansky's Baseline Objection to Choice-Egalitarianism
- Reply to Lippert-Rasmussen On the Paradox of the Baseline
- Review Essay
- Heidegger on Subjectivity and Self-Consciousness
- Book Reviews
- Stephen Darwall, Welfare and Rational Care, Princeton Monographs in Philosophy, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2002. 135 pp.
- Review of Steen Brock: Niels Bohr's Philosophy of Quantum Physics in the Light of the Helmholtzian Tradition of Theoretical Physics, Berlin: Logos Verlag, 2003, 303 pp.
- Fredrik Sundqvist, Perceptual Dynamics: Theoretical Foundations and Philosophical Implications of Gestalt Psychology, Acta Philosophica Gothoburgensia 16, Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2003. 248 pp.
