Evaluating growth strain of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. from SilviScan measurements
-
Jun Li Yang
Abstract
Longitudinal surface strain was measured or estimated using three different methods along the stems of nine trees of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Wood samples were collected close to the location where the strain was measured or estimated. Microfibril angle (MFA), cellulose crystallite width (Wcryst), microdensity and Young's modulus along the grain (EL) were determined using the SilviScan-2 technology at high spatial resolution. Relationships of measured strain and estimated strain to wood properties were established. The quality of the relationships depends on a particular wood property. Strain was more closely related to mean Wcryst than to any other wood properties. Its relationship with MFA was the next closest. Based on the results of regression analysis, we propose that Wcryst may be suitable for the prediction of surface strain at a moderate level of reliability. Adding measurement of MFA, microdensity and EL does not significantly improve the prediction quality. The strain measurement method also affects the results. The best relationships were obtained with longitudinal displacement measured by the CIRAD method. Strain measured by the strain gauge method gave weak relationships, possibly owing to variation in the cambium age of the specimens.
References
Archer, R.R. Growth Stresses and Strains in Trees. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986.10.1007/978-3-662-02511-6Search in Google Scholar
Baillères, H. (1994) Précontraintes de croissance et propriétés mécano-physiques de clones d'Eucalyptus (Pointe Noire – Congo): hétérogénéités, corrélations et interprétations histologiques. Ph.D. thesis, L'Université de Bordeaux I.Search in Google Scholar
Baillères, H., Chanson, B., Fournier, M., Tollier, M.T., Monties, B. (1995) Structure, composition chimique et retraits de maturation du bois chez des clones d'Eucalyptus. Ann. Sci. For.52:157–173.10.1051/forest:19950206Search in Google Scholar
Baillères, H., Yang, J.L., Muneri, A., Ognouabi, N. (2003) Growth strains assessment of various Eucalyptus species by near infrared spectroscopy. In: Proceedings of IUFRO All Division 5 Conference: Forest Products Research – Providing for Sustainable Choices, Rotorua, New Zealand. p. 216.Search in Google Scholar
Boyd, J.D. (1950) Tree growth stresses I. Growth stress evaluation. Aust. J. Sci. Res. B (Biol. Sci.)3:270–293.Search in Google Scholar
Boyd, J.D. (1980) Relationships between fibre morphology, growth strains and physical properties of wood. Aust. For. Res.10:337–360.Search in Google Scholar
Chafe, S.C. (1990) Relationships among growth strain, density and strength properties in two species of Eucalyptus. Holzforschung44:431–437.10.1515/hfsg.1990.44.6.431Search in Google Scholar
de Fégely, R. (2003) Sawing regrowth and plantation hardwoods with particular reference to growth stresses. FWPRDC project report no. PN02.1308.Search in Google Scholar
EU project FAIR CT98-9579 (2001) Sawmilling systems suitable for Europeans Eucalyptusglobulus affected by growing stresses. CIS-Madera, Spain.Search in Google Scholar
Evans, R. (1999) A variance approach to the X-ray diffractometric estimation of microfibril angle in wood. Appita J.52:283–289, 294.Search in Google Scholar
Evans, R. (2006) Wood stiffness by X-ray diffractometry. In: Characterisation of the Cellulosic Cell Wall. Eds. Stokke, D.D., Groom, L.H. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, USA. pp. 138–146.10.1002/9780470999714.ch11Search in Google Scholar
Evans, R., Downes, G.M., Menz, D.N.J., Stringer, S.L. (1995) Rapid measurement of variation in tracheid transverse dimensions in a radiata pine tree. Appita J.48:134–138.Search in Google Scholar
Evans, R., Kibblewhite, R.P., Stringer, S. (1999a) Variation of microfibril angle, density and fibre orientation in twenty-nine Eucalyptus nitens trees. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Appita Annual Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand. pp. 487–494.Search in Google Scholar
Evans, R., Hughes, M.A., Menz, D.J. (1999b) Microfibril angle variation by scanning X-ray diffractometry. Appita J.52:363–367.Search in Google Scholar
Fengel, D., Wegener, G. Wood – Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. De Gruyter, Berlin, 1984.10.1515/9783110839654Search in Google Scholar
Jacobs, M.R. (1938) The fibre tension of woody stems, with special reference to the genus Eucalyptus. Bulletin no. 2. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Australia.Search in Google Scholar
Kubler, H. (1959) Studies on growth stresses in trees. Part II. Longitudinal stresses. Holz Roh Werkst.17:44–54.Search in Google Scholar
Malan, F.S. (1995) Eucalyptus improvement for lumber production. In: Proceedings of IUFRO Conference: International Workshop on Utilization of Eucalypts. Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais, San Paulo, Brazil. pp. 1–19.Search in Google Scholar
Malan, F.S., Gerischer, G.F.R. (1987) Wood property differences in South African grown Eucalyptus grandis trees of different growth stress intensity. Holzforschung41:331–335.10.1515/hfsg.1987.41.6.331Search in Google Scholar
Maree, B., Malan, F.S. (2000) Growing for solid hardwood products – a South African experience and perspective. In: Proceedings of IUFRO Conference: The Future of Eucalypts for Wood Products, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia. pp. 319–327.Search in Google Scholar
Muneri, A., Leggate, W., Palmer, G. (1999) Relationships between surface growth strain and some tree, wood and sawn timber characteristics of Eucalyptus cloeziana trees. South. Afr. For.186:41–49.Search in Google Scholar
Nicholson, J.E. (1971) A rapid method for estimating longitudinal growth stresses in logs. Wood Sci. Technol.5:40–48.10.1007/BF00363119Search in Google Scholar
Nicholson, J.E., Campbell, G.S., Bland, D.E. (1972) Association between wood characteristics and growth stress level: A preliminary study. Wood Sci.5:109–112.Search in Google Scholar
Nicholson, J.E., Hillis, W.E., Ditchburne, N. (1975) Some tree growth-wood property relationships of eucalypts. Can. J. For. Res.5:424–432.10.1139/x75-059Search in Google Scholar
Okuyama, T., Kikata, Y. (1975) The residual stress distributions in wood log measured by “thin layer removal method”. J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn.24:845–848.10.2472/jsms.24.845Search in Google Scholar
Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., Iguchi, M., Yoshida, M. (1990) Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls II. Growth stresses in tension wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi36:797–803.Search in Google Scholar
Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., Yoshida, M., Hattori, Y., Archer, R.R. (1994) Growth stresses in tension wood: role of microfibrils and lignification. Ann. Sci. For.51:291–300.10.1051/forest:19940308Search in Google Scholar
Panshin, A.J., de Zeeuw, C. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1980.Search in Google Scholar
Plomion, C., Pionneau, C., Baillères, H. (2003) Identification of tension-wood responsive proteins in the developing xylem of Eucalyptus. Holzforschung57:353–358.10.1515/HF.2003.053Search in Google Scholar
Sassus, F. (1998) Déformations de maturation et propriétés du bois de tension chez le hêtre et le peuplier: mesures et modèles. Sciences du bois Thesis, ENGREF, Montpellier, France.Search in Google Scholar
Sugiyama, K., Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., Yoshida, M. (1993) Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls: Relation between longitudinal released strain and chemical composition. Wood Sci. Technol.27:257–262.10.1007/BF00195301Search in Google Scholar
Wahyudi, I., Okuyama, T., Hadi, Y.S., Yamamoto, H., Yoshida, M., Watanabe, H. (1999) Growth stresses and strains in Acacia mangium. For. Prod. J.49(2):77–81.Search in Google Scholar
Yamamoto, H., Okuyama, T., Sugiyama, K., Yoshida, M. (1992) Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls IV. Action of the cellulose microfibril upon the generation of the tensile stresses. Mokuzai Gakkaishi38:107–113.Search in Google Scholar
Yamamoto, H., Okuyama, T., Yoshida, M. (1993) Method of determining the mean microfibril angle of wood over a wide range by the improved Cave's method. Mokuzai Gakkaishi39:375–381.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, J.L. (2005) The impact of log-end splits and spring on sawn recovery of 32-year-old plantation Eucalyptus globulusLabill. Holz Roh Werkst.63:442–448.10.1007/s00107-005-0035-2Search in Google Scholar
Yang, J.L., Ilic, J. (2003) A new method of determining growth stress and relationships between associated wood properties of Eucalyptus globulusLabill. Aust. For.66:153–157.10.1080/00049158.2003.10674905Search in Google Scholar
Yang, J.L., Fife, D., Waugh, G., Downes, G., Blackwell, P. (2002) The effect of growth strain and other defects on the sawn timber quality of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulusLabill. Aust. For.65:31–37.10.1080/00049158.2002.10674850Search in Google Scholar
Yoshida, M., Okuyama, T. (2002) Techniques for measuring growth stress on the xylem surface using strain and dial gauges. Holzforschung56:461–467.10.1515/HF.2002.071Search in Google Scholar
Zobel, B.J., van Buijtenen, J.P. Wood Variation, Its Causes and Control. Springer, Berlin, 1989.10.1007/978-3-642-74069-5Search in Google Scholar
©2006 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Articles in the same Issue
- A report from the 2005 Japanese-European Workshop on “Cellulose and Functional Polysaccharides”
- Determination of substituent distribution of viscoses by GPC
- Direct investigation of the structural properties of tension wood cellulose microfibrils using microbeam X-ray fibre diffraction
- Influence of amide content on the crystal structure of chitin
- Stepwise synthesis of chitooligosaccharides through a transition-state analogue substrate catalyzed by mutants of chitinase A1 from Bacillus circulans WL-12
- Synthesis of plantamajoside, a bioactive dihydroxyphenylethyl glycoside from Plantago major L.
- Diffusion of sulfide into Southern pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) particles and chips
- Laccase-catalysed functionalisation of TMP with tyramine
- Wood liquefaction by ionic liquids
- Studies on the dehydrogenative polymerizations of monolignol β-glycosides. Part 2: Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed dehydrogenative polymerization of isoconiferin
- Phenolic compounds in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood
- Analysis of fragrance compositions of precious coniferous woods grown in Taiwan
- Influences of hot pressing temperature and surface structure on VOC emissions from OSB made of Scots pine
- Dimensional stability and photostability of octanoylated wood
- Measurement of the shear modulus of wood by the square-plate twist method
- Dielectric relaxation of water adsorbed on chemically treated woods
- Influences of drying on internal checking of spruce (Picea abies L.) heat-treated at 212°C
- The role of resol fortifiers in latex wood adhesives
- A simple anisotropy correction procedure for acoustic wood tomography
- Evaluating growth strain of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. from SilviScan measurements
- Density assessment of radiata pine: Sampling strategy revisited
Articles in the same Issue
- A report from the 2005 Japanese-European Workshop on “Cellulose and Functional Polysaccharides”
- Determination of substituent distribution of viscoses by GPC
- Direct investigation of the structural properties of tension wood cellulose microfibrils using microbeam X-ray fibre diffraction
- Influence of amide content on the crystal structure of chitin
- Stepwise synthesis of chitooligosaccharides through a transition-state analogue substrate catalyzed by mutants of chitinase A1 from Bacillus circulans WL-12
- Synthesis of plantamajoside, a bioactive dihydroxyphenylethyl glycoside from Plantago major L.
- Diffusion of sulfide into Southern pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) particles and chips
- Laccase-catalysed functionalisation of TMP with tyramine
- Wood liquefaction by ionic liquids
- Studies on the dehydrogenative polymerizations of monolignol β-glycosides. Part 2: Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed dehydrogenative polymerization of isoconiferin
- Phenolic compounds in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood
- Analysis of fragrance compositions of precious coniferous woods grown in Taiwan
- Influences of hot pressing temperature and surface structure on VOC emissions from OSB made of Scots pine
- Dimensional stability and photostability of octanoylated wood
- Measurement of the shear modulus of wood by the square-plate twist method
- Dielectric relaxation of water adsorbed on chemically treated woods
- Influences of drying on internal checking of spruce (Picea abies L.) heat-treated at 212°C
- The role of resol fortifiers in latex wood adhesives
- A simple anisotropy correction procedure for acoustic wood tomography
- Evaluating growth strain of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. from SilviScan measurements
- Density assessment of radiata pine: Sampling strategy revisited
