The Condition, after 31 Years Exposure, of Pine Stakes Treated with Ammoniacal Copper-Based Preservatives
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Bror Häger
Summary
Pinus sylvestris sapwood stakes were treated with various copper–containing waterborne and oilborne preservatives and exposed in ground for 31 years at Walpeup, Australia. Most of the waterborne preservative treatments contained basic copper carbonate and one or more of the following additives: arsenic pentoxide, pyridine, sodium pentachlorophenate, tannin and benzoic, boric, chromic, salicylic and sorbic acids. Basic copper carbonate and sulphate, at 0.95 kg m−3 of copper, protected the stakes from significant subterranean termite attack at a site in Australia providing a moderate termite hazard. Three additives (arsenic pentoxide at 0.95 kg m−3, sodium pentachlorophenate at 0.93 kg m−3 and fluoride at 0.9 kg m−3) significantly improved the efficacy of basic copper carbonate when used at retentions of 1.7 to 2.0 kg m−3 of copper. The six waterborne preservative combinations that performed best (i.e. rating greater than 6.5 out of 8) against both the termite and decay hazards over the 31 year period contained basic copper carbonate (at least 1.79 kg m−3 of copper) plus arsenic pentoxide (at least 0.92 kg m−3). Three of the six combinations also contained chromic acid. The oilborne preservative combination performing best contained basic copper carbonate (1.33 kg m−3) and pentachlorophenol (6.64 kg m−3) in tall oil. A treatment containing a similar amount of pentachlorophenol in tall oil, but no basic copper carbonate was significantly less effective. Other treatments containing basic copper carbonate and pentachlorophenol in tall oil or the copper compound with sodium pentachlorophenate in oil emulsion performed well. The implications of these results for the current generation of copper-based preservatives are discussed.
Copyright © 2001 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG
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- The Condition, after 31 Years Exposure, of Pine Stakes Treated with Ammoniacal Copper-Based Preservatives
- The Further Chemistry of Ellagic Acid: I. Synthesis of Tetramethylellagic Acid and Associated Polymer Precursors
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Articles in the same Issue
- William E. (Ted) Hillis 80 Years Old!
- Cellular UV Microspectrophotometric Investigation of Sapelli Heartwood (Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague) from Natural Provenances in Africa
- Leeuwenhoek's Observations on the Anatomy of Bark
- Seasonal Variations in Endogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Abscisic Acid in the Cambial Region of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. Stems in Relation to Earlywood-Latewood Transition and Cessation of Tracheid Production
- Non-Structural Carbohydrates and Catalytic Activities of Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes in Trunks of Two Juglans Species and their Role in Heartwood Formation
- Immunolocalization of O-Methyltransferase and Peroxidase in Differentiating Xylem of Poplar
- Annual Rhythm of Xylem Growth in Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) Trees Grown in Malaysia
- Mycelium Growth Promotion by Water Extractives from the Inner Bark of Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D. Don)
- Fibre Length and Microfibril Angle in Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth)
- The Condition, after 31 Years Exposure, of Pine Stakes Treated with Ammoniacal Copper-Based Preservatives
- The Further Chemistry of Ellagic Acid: I. Synthesis of Tetramethylellagic Acid and Associated Polymer Precursors
- Relationships between Density, Shrinkage, Extractives Content and Microfibril Angle in Tension Wood from Three Provenances of 10-Year-Old Eucalyptus globulus Labill
- Bending Strength Properties of Regrowth Eucalypt Brittleheart
- Characterization of Residual Lignins from Chemical Pulps of Spruce (Picea abies L.) and Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) by Analytical Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
- Effects of Acetylation and Hydrothermal Treatment on Lignin as Revealed by Cellular UV-Spectroscopy in Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)
- Furfural and Hydroxymethylfurfural as By-Products of FORMACELL Pulping
- Chemical Structures of (+)-Catechin-Formaldehyde Reaction Products (Stiasny Precipitates) Under Strong Acid Conditions: Part 1. Solid-State 13C-NMR Analysis
- Thermomechanical (TMP) and Chemo-Thermomechanical Pulps (CTMP) for Medium Density Fibreboards (MDF)
- Non-Wood Fiber as an Alternative to Wood Fiber in Chinas Pulp and Paper Industry
