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Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system and release of new kinins through alternative cleavage of kininogens by microbial and human cell proteinases

  • Takahisa Imamura , Jan Potempa and James Travis
Published/Copyright: June 1, 2005
Biological Chemistry
From the journal Volume 385 Issue 11

Abstract

Kinins are released from kininogens through the activation of the Hageman factor-prekallikrein system or by tissue kallikrein. These peptides exert various biological activities, such as vascular permeability increase, smooth muscle contraction, pain sensation and induction of hypotension. In many instances kinins are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Recent studies have revealed that microbial and human cell proteinases activate Hageman factor and/or prekallikrein, or directly release kinin from kininogens. This review discusses the activation of the kinin-release system by mast-cell tryptase and microbial proteinases, including gingipains, which are cysteine proteinases from Porphyromonas gingivalis, the major pathogen of periodontal disease. Each enzyme is evaluated in the context of its association to allergy and infectious diseases, respectively. Furthermore, a novel system of kinin generation directly from kininogens by the concerted action of two proteinases is described. An interesting example of this system with implications to bacterial pathogenicity is the release of kinins from kininogens by neutrophil elastase and a synergistic action of cysteine proteinases from Staphylococcus aureus. This alternative production of kinins by proteinases present in diseased sites indicates a significant contribution of proteinases other than kallikreins in kinin generation. Therefore kinin receptor antagonists and proteinase inhibitors may be useful as therapeutic agents.

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Published Online: 2005-06-01
Published in Print: 2004-11-01

© Walter de Gruyter

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  14. Plasma prekallikrein/kallikrein processing by lysosomal cysteine proteases
  15. Characteristics of the caspase-like catalytic domain of human paracaspase
  16. mRNA expression analysis of a variety of apoptosis-related genes, including the novel gene of the BCL2-family, BCL2L12, in HL-60 leukemia cells after treatment with carboplatin and doxorubicin
  17. Thermoplasma acidophilum TAA43 is an archaeal member of the eukaryotic meiotic branch of AAA ATPases
  18. Lipopolysaccharide binding of an exchangeable apolipoprotein, apolipophorin III, from Galleria mellonella
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