Soviet Occupation of Romania, Hungary, and Austria 1944/45–1948/49

László Borhi

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Soviet Occupation of Romania, Hungary, and Austria 1944/45–1948/49

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Language: English

Published/Copyright: 2015

About this book

This book compares the various aspects – political, military economic – of Soviet occupation in Austria, Hungary and Romania. Using documents found in Austrian, Hungarian, Romanian and Russian archives the authors argue that the nature of Soviet foreign policy has been misunderstood. Existing literature has focused on the Soviet foreign policy from a political perspective; when and why Stalin made the decision to introduce Bolshevik political systems in the Soviet sphere of influence. This book will show that the Soviet conquest of East-Central Europe had an imperial dimension as well and allowed the Soviet Union to use the territory it occupied as military and economic space. The final dimension of the book details the tragically human experiences of Soviet occupation: atrocities, rape, plundering and deportations.

Author / Editor information

Borhi László :

László Borhi is the Peter A. Kadas Chair and associate professor in the Department of Central Eurasian Studies at the IU Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies.

Ruggenthaler Peter :

Peter Ruggenthaler is Research Fellow at the Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Kriegsfolgen-Forschung, Graz, Austria

Békés Csaba :

Csaba Békés is Founding Director of the Cold War History Research Center, Budapest, Hungary. He is Professor of History, Corvinus University of Budapest, Institute of International Studies.

Topics

History Regional and National History Europe General European History

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Frontmatter
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Table of Contents
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Foreword
xi

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Introduction
1
Csaba Békés, László Borhi, Peter Ruggenthaler and Ottmar Traşcă

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Documents
Romania
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No. 1: Memorandum on Atrocities Committed by Soviet Troops, September 12, 1944
29

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No. 2: Note on Soviet Abuses, September 13, 1944
35

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No. 3: Romanian–Soviet Memorandum regarding Romanian Participation in the War against Germany and Hungary, September 28, 1944
39

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No. 4: Report No. 30.001 from the Intelligence Service (SI) of the War Ministry Presented to the Minister of War, General Mihail Racovitză, on the Surveillance of the SI’s Activities and Personnel by Special Soviet Authorities, October 4, 1944
44

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No. 5: Romanian Note to the ACC regarding the Implementation of the Armistice Agreement, November 11, 1944
47

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No. 6: Report on the Interrogation of Intelligence Officers by SMERSH regarding Romanian Intelligence Activities on the Eastern Front, October 12, 1944
50

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No. 7: Letter by the Deputy Chairman of the Allied Control Commission in Romania, Lieutenant-General V.P. Vinogradov, to the President of the Council of Ministers, Army Corps Adjutant General Constantin Sănătescu, regarding the Armistice Agreement, November 2, 1944
53

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No. 8: Note by Marshal Rodion Malinovskii on the Administration of Northern Transylvania, November 20, 1944
57

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No. 9: Order of the Allied Control Commission in Romania on Relations between the Red Army and the Romanian Authorities, November 29, 1944
58

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No. 10: Note regarding Conduct of Police and Gendarmerie Personnel vis-à-vis Representatives of the Soviet Armed Forces, February 2, 1945
60

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No. 11: Note by Chief of Staff Army Corps Adjutant General Constantin Sănătescu to Lieutenant-General Vinogradov regarding Disarmament of Romanian Units, March 5, 1945
63

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No. 12: Report to L.P. Beria on the Political Situation in Romania, March 5, 1945
65

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No. 13: Agreement of Economic Cooperation between the Kingdom of Romania and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, May 8, 1945
70

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No. 14: Memorandum of Agreement on Economic Cooperation between the Kingdom of Romania and the USSR, May 8, 1945
75

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No. 15: Romanian Position on the Establishment of a Joint Romanian-Soviet Timber Company, Undated [1945]
81

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No. 16: Note by General Vinogradov to Minister of Internal Affairs Teohari Georgescu regarding the Quartering of Soviet Troops, December 6, 1945
86

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No. 17: Meeting of the Council of Ministers regarding the Establishment of the Soviet-Romanian Forestry Company, February 14, 1946
88

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No. 18: Report of the Meeting between Stalin and the Romanian Communist Party Leaders on the Situation in Romania, April 2–3, 1946, Moscow, April 2–3, 1946
102

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No. 19: Transcript of Meeting of Romanian–Soviet Commission of Economic Cooperation, January 28, 1947
119

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No. 20: Aide-memoire Drafted by British Oil Companies Operating in Romania [Excerpt], April 15, 1947
124

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No. 21: Note regarding Soviet Claims on Formerly German- Owned Insurance Companies, April 1948
126

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No. 22: Soviet and Romanian Speeches Delivered on the Occasion of Signing Agreements on Joint Soviet–Romanian Companies in Bucharest, November 1, 1948
128

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No. 23: Founding the Soviet–Romanian Film Company, Sovrom Film, August 9, 1947
134

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No. 24: Transcript of CC Romanian Workers’ Party Session regarding the Fate of Sovroms [Excerpts], March 7, 1953
138

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Hungary
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No. 25: Letter by the Archbishop of Szatmár to the Apostolic Nuncio on Soviet Deportations from Hungarian Territory, January 25, 1945
143

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No. 26: Letter by the Lord Lieutenant of Szabolcs and Ung Counties to the Minister of Interior on the Roundup of Civilians, January 25, 1945
150

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No. 27: Letter to the Foreign Ministry on Behalf of an Individual Deported by the Soviets, Undated [1945]
153

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No. 28: Letter to the Foreign Ministry regarding the Soviet Deportation of Civilians, Undated [1945]
154

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No. 29: Report to the Sixth Hungarian Army Headquarters on Soviet Deportations, May 24, 1945
156

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No. 30: Note regarding Soviet Removal of United Incandescent Bulb and Electrical Company, June 22, 1945
158

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No. 31: Memorandum by the Allied Control Commission regarding Provisions for the Red Army for the Fourth Quarter of 1945, Undated [1945]
163

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No. 32: The Hungarian Foreign Ministry’s Note Verbale to the ACC and Georgii Pushkin, the Soviet Representative in Hungary, July 9, 1945
169

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No. 33: Note by the Ministry of Defense Requesting Foreign Ministry Intervention on Behalf of Deported Persons, August 1, 1945
171

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No. 34: Agreement on the Establishment of Hungarian– Soviet Bauxite-Aluminum Companies, April 8, 1946
172

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No. 35: Report of Mátyás Rákosi at the Meeting of the HCP Central Committee, May 17, 1946
185

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No. 36: Note by the Supreme Economic Council on Provisioning and Quartering the Soviet Army, November 19, 1946
222

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No. 37: Memorandum on the Economic and Financial Situation of Hungary, May 17, 1947
225

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No. 38: Memorandum on Expenses Related to the Maintenance of the Soviet Army, March 8, 1948
240

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No. 39: Transcript of Soviet–Hungarian Negotiations regarding Payment of Services Rendered for the Soviet Occupation Forces, May 1949
242

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No. 40: Briefing by the Main Administration of Prisoners of War and Internees of the Interior Ministry of the Soviet Union on Hungarian Prisoners of War, December 20, 1949
248

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Austria
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No. 41: NKVD Decree regarding Struggle against Saboteurs, Spies, and Bandits, [April 28, 1942]
251

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No. 42: Report by M.M. Litvinov to V.M. Molotov regarding the Soviet Position on Germany and Its Allies in Europe [Excerpts], October 9, 1943
255

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No. 43: Appeal by Austrian Prisoners of War in the USSR to the Austrian People, January 1945
260

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No. 44: Speech by NKVD Brigadier I. Pavlov regarding Espionage Activity, March 1945
262

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No. 45: Stavka Directive on the Publication of an Appeal to the Austrian Public, April 2, 1945
271

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No. 46: Stavka Directive on Karl Renner, April 4, 1945
273

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No. 47: Report by L. Beria to G. Malenkov on the Austrian Oil Industry, April 13, 1945
274

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No. 48: Telegram by Marshal F. Tolbukhin to I.V. Stalin regarding a Temporary Government for Austria, April 15, 1945
276

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No. 49: Telegram by Fyodor Tolbukhin to I.V. Stalin on Meeting with Karl Renner, April 21, 1945
279

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No. 50: Operational Plan for Securing Rear of the Third Ukrainian Front by NKVD Troops [Excerpts], May 3, 1945
280

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No. 51: NKVD Order regarding Alcohol Abuse by Red Army Personnel, May 13, 1945
282

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No. 52: Minutes of Meeting of Soviet Military Representatives and Communist Members of the Austrian Government, May 16, 1945
284

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No. 53: Order by the Fourth Guard Army regarding Summer Routine, May 21, 1945
291

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No. 54: NKVD Report on the Investigation and Arrest of Austrians, June 4, 1945
293

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No. 55: NKVD Directive regarding Ideological Training among the Third Ukrainian Front Staff, July 4, 1945
298

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No. 56: A. Vyshinskii’s Telegram to Marshal Konev regarding Elections in Austria, November 21, 1945
300

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No. 57: Draft Decree by the Council of Ministers on the Transfer of Austrian Assets to the Soviet Union, March 1946
301

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No. 58: Memorandum by Kiselev on the Political Situation in Austria, June 5, 1946
306

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No. 59: Report on the Moral Discipline of MVD Troops in Austria, October 10, 1946
318

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No. 60: Letter from the Chief of GUPVI M. Krivenko, to the Minister of the Interior, S. Kruglov, on the Repatriation of 5,000 Austrians, January 20, 1947
326

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No. 61: From the Personal File of an Austrian POW, February 9, 1947
328

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No. 62: The GOSPLAN’s Report to V. Molotov on Dismantling in Austria, March 7, 1947
330

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No. 63: Order by the Deputy Minister of the Interior, I. Serov, on the Repatriation of Austrian POWs, November 8, 1947
332

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No. 64: Military Order by the Central Army Group Command on the Burial of Soviet Troops Killed in Action, November 13, 1947
336

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No. 65: Report by the Military Commander of Burgenland on Family Members of Military Personnel, January 20, 1948
339

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No. 66: Final Report by the Soviet Section of the AC on Austria for 1947—Summary, Undated [not before January 1948]
340

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No. 67: Record of Conversation between A.A. Zhdanov and the Leader of the Communist Party of Austria, Johann Koplenig, and Friedl Fürnberg, February 13, 1948
346

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No. 68: Report by Smirnov to A. Vyshinskii on the Soviet Position on the Austrian Treaty, Undated [after May 6, 1948]
353

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No. 69: Resolution by the Council of Ministers of the Politburo of the CC of the VKP(b), on the Repatriation of Austrian POWs, June 23, 1948
355

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No. 70: Report on Setting up a Christmas Tree at the Soviet Command Post in Rohrbach, January 4, 1949
358

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No. 71: Report by V. Merkulov to I.V. Stalin on the Employment of Experts after Foreign Assignment, June 11, 1949
360

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No. 72: Report by V. Merkulov to I.V. Stalin on the Value of Oil Deposits in Austria, September 23, 1949
362

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No. 73: Report by A. Gromyko to I. Stalin on the Status of Negotiations on the Austrian State Treaty, October 21, 1949
363

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No. 74: Resolution by the CC CPSU Politburo on the Interruption of Austrian State Treaty Talks, October 24, 1949
366

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No. 75: Report by the Soviet Political Representative in Austria, A. Koptelov, on the Effect of the Marshall Plan on Austria, June 10, 1950
367

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Index of Geographical Names
379

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Index of Personal Names
385

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Publishing information

Pages and Images/Illustrations in book

eBook published on:

July 10, 2015

eBook ISBN:

9789633860762

Pages and Images/Illustrations in book

Main content:

402

https://doi.org/10.1515/9789633860762

eBook ISBN: 9789633860762

Keywords for this book

Cold War; Eastern Europe; Foreign relations; History; Sources; Territorial expansion; World War II

Audience(s) for this book

Professional and scholarly;

Central European University Press

Soviet Occupation of Romania, Hungary, and Austria 1944/45–1948/49

Overview

About this book

Author / Editor information

Topics

Table of contents

Frontmatter

Table of Contents

Foreword

Introduction

No. 1: Memorandum on Atrocities Committed by Soviet Troops, September 12, 1944

No. 2: Note on Soviet Abuses, September 13, 1944

No. 3: Romanian–Soviet Memorandum regarding Romanian Participation in the War against Germany and Hungary, September 28, 1944

No. 4: Report No. 30.001 from the Intelligence Service (SI) of the War Ministry Presented to the Minister of War, General Mihail Racovitză, on the Surveillance of the SI’s Activities and Personnel by Special Soviet Authorities, October 4, 1944

No. 5: Romanian Note to the ACC regarding the Implementation of the Armistice Agreement, November 11, 1944

No. 6: Report on the Interrogation of Intelligence Officers by SMERSH regarding Romanian Intelligence Activities on the Eastern Front, October 12, 1944

No. 7: Letter by the Deputy Chairman of the Allied Control Commission in Romania, Lieutenant-General V.P. Vinogradov, to the President of the Council of Ministers, Army Corps Adjutant General Constantin Sănătescu, regarding the Armistice Agreement, November 2, 1944

No. 8: Note by Marshal Rodion Malinovskii on the Administration of Northern Transylvania, November 20, 1944

No. 9: Order of the Allied Control Commission in Romania on Relations between the Red Army and the Romanian Authorities, November 29, 1944

No. 10: Note regarding Conduct of Police and Gendarmerie Personnel vis-à-vis Representatives of the Soviet Armed Forces, February 2, 1945

No. 11: Note by Chief of Staff Army Corps Adjutant General Constantin Sănătescu to Lieutenant-General Vinogradov regarding Disarmament of Romanian Units, March 5, 1945

No. 12: Report to L.P. Beria on the Political Situation in Romania, March 5, 1945

No. 13: Agreement of Economic Cooperation between the Kingdom of Romania and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, May 8, 1945

No. 14: Memorandum of Agreement on Economic Cooperation between the Kingdom of Romania and the USSR, May 8, 1945

No. 15: Romanian Position on the Establishment of a Joint Romanian-Soviet Timber Company, Undated [1945]

No. 16: Note by General Vinogradov to Minister of Internal Affairs Teohari Georgescu regarding the Quartering of Soviet Troops, December 6, 1945

No. 17: Meeting of the Council of Ministers regarding the Establishment of the Soviet-Romanian Forestry Company, February 14, 1946

No. 18: Report of the Meeting between Stalin and the Romanian Communist Party Leaders on the Situation in Romania, April 2–3, 1946, Moscow, April 2–3, 1946

No. 19: Transcript of Meeting of Romanian–Soviet Commission of Economic Cooperation, January 28, 1947

No. 20: Aide-memoire Drafted by British Oil Companies Operating in Romania [Excerpt], April 15, 1947

No. 21: Note regarding Soviet Claims on Formerly German- Owned Insurance Companies, April 1948

No. 22: Soviet and Romanian Speeches Delivered on the Occasion of Signing Agreements on Joint Soviet–Romanian Companies in Bucharest, November 1, 1948

No. 23: Founding the Soviet–Romanian Film Company, Sovrom Film, August 9, 1947

No. 24: Transcript of CC Romanian Workers’ Party Session regarding the Fate of Sovroms [Excerpts], March 7, 1953

No. 25: Letter by the Archbishop of Szatmár to the Apostolic Nuncio on Soviet Deportations from Hungarian Territory, January 25, 1945

No. 26: Letter by the Lord Lieutenant of Szabolcs and Ung Counties to the Minister of Interior on the Roundup of Civilians, January 25, 1945

No. 27: Letter to the Foreign Ministry on Behalf of an Individual Deported by the Soviets, Undated [1945]

No. 28: Letter to the Foreign Ministry regarding the Soviet Deportation of Civilians, Undated [1945]

No. 29: Report to the Sixth Hungarian Army Headquarters on Soviet Deportations, May 24, 1945

No. 30: Note regarding Soviet Removal of United Incandescent Bulb and Electrical Company, June 22, 1945

No. 31: Memorandum by the Allied Control Commission regarding Provisions for the Red Army for the Fourth Quarter of 1945, Undated [1945]

No. 32: The Hungarian Foreign Ministry’s Note Verbale to the ACC and Georgii Pushkin, the Soviet Representative in Hungary, July 9, 1945

No. 33: Note by the Ministry of Defense Requesting Foreign Ministry Intervention on Behalf of Deported Persons, August 1, 1945

No. 34: Agreement on the Establishment of Hungarian– Soviet Bauxite-Aluminum Companies, April 8, 1946

No. 35: Report of Mátyás Rákosi at the Meeting of the HCP Central Committee, May 17, 1946

No. 36: Note by the Supreme Economic Council on Provisioning and Quartering the Soviet Army, November 19, 1946

No. 37: Memorandum on the Economic and Financial Situation of Hungary, May 17, 1947

No. 38: Memorandum on Expenses Related to the Maintenance of the Soviet Army, March 8, 1948

No. 39: Transcript of Soviet–Hungarian Negotiations regarding Payment of Services Rendered for the Soviet Occupation Forces, May 1949

No. 40: Briefing by the Main Administration of Prisoners of War and Internees of the Interior Ministry of the Soviet Union on Hungarian Prisoners of War, December 20, 1949

No. 41: NKVD Decree regarding Struggle against Saboteurs, Spies, and Bandits, [April 28, 1942]

No. 42: Report by M.M. Litvinov to V.M. Molotov regarding the Soviet Position on Germany and Its Allies in Europe [Excerpts], October 9, 1943

No. 43: Appeal by Austrian Prisoners of War in the USSR to the Austrian People, January 1945

No. 44: Speech by NKVD Brigadier I. Pavlov regarding Espionage Activity, March 1945

No. 45: Stavka Directive on the Publication of an Appeal to the Austrian Public, April 2, 1945

No. 46: Stavka Directive on Karl Renner, April 4, 1945

No. 47: Report by L. Beria to G. Malenkov on the Austrian Oil Industry, April 13, 1945

No. 48: Telegram by Marshal F. Tolbukhin to I.V. Stalin regarding a Temporary Government for Austria, April 15, 1945

No. 49: Telegram by Fyodor Tolbukhin to I.V. Stalin on Meeting with Karl Renner, April 21, 1945

No. 50: Operational Plan for Securing Rear of the Third Ukrainian Front by NKVD Troops [Excerpts], May 3, 1945

No. 51: NKVD Order regarding Alcohol Abuse by Red Army Personnel, May 13, 1945

No. 52: Minutes of Meeting of Soviet Military Representatives and Communist Members of the Austrian Government, May 16, 1945

No. 53: Order by the Fourth Guard Army regarding Summer Routine, May 21, 1945

No. 54: NKVD Report on the Investigation and Arrest of Austrians, June 4, 1945

No. 55: NKVD Directive regarding Ideological Training among the Third Ukrainian Front Staff, July 4, 1945

No. 56: A. Vyshinskii’s Telegram to Marshal Konev regarding Elections in Austria, November 21, 1945

No. 57: Draft Decree by the Council of Ministers on the Transfer of Austrian Assets to the Soviet Union, March 1946

No. 58: Memorandum by Kiselev on the Political Situation in Austria, June 5, 1946

No. 59: Report on the Moral Discipline of MVD Troops in Austria, October 10, 1946

No. 60: Letter from the Chief of GUPVI M. Krivenko, to the Minister of the Interior, S. Kruglov, on the Repatriation of 5,000 Austrians, January 20, 1947

No. 61: From the Personal File of an Austrian POW, February 9, 1947

No. 62: The GOSPLAN’s Report to V. Molotov on Dismantling in Austria, March 7, 1947

No. 63: Order by the Deputy Minister of the Interior, I. Serov, on the Repatriation of Austrian POWs, November 8, 1947

No. 64: Military Order by the Central Army Group Command on the Burial of Soviet Troops Killed in Action, November 13, 1947

No. 65: Report by the Military Commander of Burgenland on Family Members of Military Personnel, January 20, 1948

No. 66: Final Report by the Soviet Section of the AC on Austria for 1947—Summary, Undated [not before January 1948]

No. 67: Record of Conversation between A.A. Zhdanov and the Leader of the Communist Party of Austria, Johann Koplenig, and Friedl Fürnberg, February 13, 1948

No. 68: Report by Smirnov to A. Vyshinskii on the Soviet Position on the Austrian Treaty, Undated [after May 6, 1948]

No. 69: Resolution by the Council of Ministers of the Politburo of the CC of the VKP(b), on the Repatriation of Austrian POWs, June 23, 1948