THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF BACTERIAL SHAPE AND SIMULTANEOUS BLOCKING OF PBP 2 AND 3 IN ESCHERICHIA COLI SP 45 AND ESCHERICHIA COLI SP 63

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Preface V
3. CONTENTS VII
4. CONTRIBUTORS AND PARTICIPANTS XIX
5. INTRODUCTION
6. THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL - STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 3
7. PART I. PRIMARY AND THREE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF MUREIN
8. PRIMARY STRUCTURES OF MUREIN AND PSEUDOMUREIN 11
9. STRUCTURE OF THE PEPTIDOGLYCAN OF THE CYANOBACTERIUM SYNECHOCYSTIS PCC 6714 19
10. CHARACTERIZATION OF MUROPEPTIDES RELEASED FROM MUREIN OF CAULO-BACTER CRESCENTUS BY ENDO-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE 25
11. THE ANALYSIS OF MUREIN COMPOSITION WITH HIGH-PRESSURE-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 29
12. THE ANIONIC NATURE AND SOME PERMEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MUREIN 35
13. ELECTROCHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL INTERACTIONS IN BACILLUS SPORE AND VEGETATIVE MUREINS 43
14. THE STATE OF ORDER OF BACTERIAL PEPTIDOGLYCAN 49
15. A THREE DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE MUREIN LAYER EXPLAINING ONE STEP OF ITS BIOSYNTHESIS BY SELF-ASSEMBLY 55
16. COMPUTER AIDED MOLECULAR MODELLING OF THE THREEDIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF BACTERIAL PEPTIDOGLYCAN 61
17. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SUGAR CHAIN CONFORMATION IN MUREIN AND PSEUDOMUREIN 67
18. THE CONFORMATIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE PEPTIDE PART OF MUREIN - AN INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY 73
19. DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF BACTERIAL CELL WALLS PROBED BY IN VIVO ¹⁵N NMR 79
20. A NOVEL AND RAPID METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT CELL WALL PARAMETERS: FOURIER-TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 85
21. CALORIMETRIC STUDIES ON THE BINDING OF VANCOMYCIN - LIKE ANTIBIOTICS TO PEPTIDOGLYCAN 91
22. PART II. MODELS FOR THE GROWTH OF THE MUREIN SACCULUS
23. THE SHAPES OF GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS: VARI ABLE-T MODELS 99
24. MUREIN RING STRICTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS IN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA: SOME TENTATIVE CONTEMPLATIONS 105
25. REGULATION OF THE INITIA1ICN AND OCMPLETICK OF ENVELOPE GRCWIH SITES IN STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM (ATCC 9790) 113
26. A NEW MODEL FDR GROWTH OF THE MUREIN SACCULUS 119
27. PEPTIDE CROSSBRIDGES IN THE MUREIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ARE BROKEN AND REFORMED AS THE BACTERIUM GROWS 129
28. A NOVEL HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN REGULATION OF THE MUREIN SACCULUS SHAPE 135
29. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE CELL DIVISION MUTANTS OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM 141
30. PREMATURE DIVISION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI IN THE PRESENCE OF TRIS-EDTA 147
31. PART III. FUNCTION OF MUREIN HYDROLASES AND CONTROL OF MUREIN DEGRADATION
32. MUREIN HYDROLASES - ENZYMES IN SEARCH OF A PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION? 155
33. THE AUTOLYTIC SYSTEM OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM 165
34. INTERACTION BETWEEN CHOLINE AND THE N-ACETYL-MURAMYL-L-ALANINEAMIDASE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE 173
35. THE INFLUENCE OF LIPOTEICHOIC ACIDS ON THE AUTOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 179
36. COENZYME A-GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE: AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF THE LYTIC ENZYMES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI 185
37. AUTOLYSIS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI INDUCTION AND CONTROL 191
38. EXPRESSION OF ØX174 LYSIS GENE CLONED INTO DIFFERENT PLASMIDS 197
39. LOCALISATION OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE ØX1.74 LYSIS GENE PRODUCT IN THE CELL ENVELOPE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 205
40. INDUCTION OF CELL LYSIS BY MECILLINAM PLUS NOCARDICIN A: ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF A TOLERANT MUTANT 211
41. INCREASED WALL AUTOLYSIS AND DECREASED PEPTIDOGLYCAN CROSSLINKING IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS GROWN IN THE PRESENCE OF METHICILLIN 217
42. MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THERMOSENSITIVE LYSIS MUTANTS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS 223
43. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOLERANT GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI 229
44. CELL WALL METABOLISM IN LYT-MUTANTS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS 237
45. RESTORATION OF PENICILLIN-DAMAGED CELL WALLS BY DE NOVO MUREIN SYNTHESIS AND SUCCESSIVE MUREIN DEGRADATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCI, REVEALING A HITHERTO UNKNOWN MECHANISM OF PENICILLIN ACTION: BLOCKAGE OF AUTOLYTIC WALL PROCESSES BY PENICILLIN 243
46. β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS DO NOT TRIGGER THE ACTIVITIES OF AUTOLYSINS IN ETHER PERMEABILIZED ESCHERICHIA COLI 249
47. O-ACETYLATION AND HYDROLASES OF GONOCOCCAL PEPTIDOGLYCAN 255
48. ACETYLATION IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCI AND THEIR RELATION TO CELL WALL DEGRADABILITY BY LYSOZYME 261
49. EFFECT OF PENICILLIN"AND CHLORAMPHENICOL-TREATMENT ON THE MUREIN IN STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE : ALTERATION IN STRUCTURE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MUREIN HYDROLASES 267
50. MICROCALORIMETRIC AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION ON STAPHYLOCOCCI BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH PENICILLIN AND CHLORAMPHENICOL AND THEIR COMBINATIONS 273
51. CORRELATION OF CELL WALL TURNOVER AND AUTOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN FLA AND SUPERMOTILE MUTANTS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS 279
52. B. SUBTILIS W23/168 RECOMBINANTS WITH HYBRID CELL WALLS AND PHAGE RESISTANCE PATTERNS 285
53. PART IV. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND MEDICAL ASPECTS OF MUREIN
54. IMMUNOMODULATING PROPERTIES OE NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC MUROPEPTIDES 293
55. THE IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN 299
56. A NEW MUREIN HYDROLASE IN HUMAN SERUM 305
57. LYSOZYME-RESISTANT Q-ACETYLATED PEPTIDOGLYCAN OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE : STRAIN VARIATION, RESISTANCE TO HUMAN PEPTIDOGLYCAN HYDROLASES, AND PATHOBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 311
58. THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT ANTIBIOTICS ON THE DEGREE OF O-ACETYLATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL CELL WALLS 317
59. CELL WALL DEGRADATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BY AUTOLYSINS AND LYSOZYME 323
60. CELL WALL DEGRADATION OF ANTIBIOTIC-TREATED STAPHYLOCOCCI UNDER PHAGOCYTE-SPECIFIC CONDITIONS: Distinction between Penicillin-Induced Lytic Effects and Wall Alterations Caused by Anticoagulants 329
61. INDUCED AUTOLYTIC WALL PROCESSES IN HEAT-INACTIVATED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 335
62. CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTES ACTIVATE AUTOLYTIC WALL ENZYMES IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS: Modulation by anionic polyelectrolytes in relation to the survival of bacterial constituents in tissues 341
63. PART V. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS
64. PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS AS TARGETS OF THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS 349
65. BINDING SPECIFICITIES OF PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS - A CONFORMATIONAL APPROACH 359
66. THE ACTIVE SITES OF THE D-ALANYL-D-ALANINE-CLEAVING PEPTIDASES 369
67. X-RAY STRUCTURE OF A PENICILLIN TARGET ENZYME 387
68. THE FINE ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE GENE CODING FOR PBP-3 OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 393
69. SEQUENCE OF PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEIN 5 OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 403
70. PURIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE Pseudomonas aeruginosa DD-ENDOPEPTIDASE AS A PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEIN 409
71. PURIFICATION OF PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS FROM STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE 415
72. CHARACTERIZATION OF PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS FROM STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE BY PROTEOLYSIS 421
73. DISTRIBUTION OF PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL ENVELOPE OF Escherichia coli 427
74. LABELLING AND CROSS-LINKING OF E. COLI PBPs WITH BIS-B-LACTAM AND PHOTOREACTIVE DERIVATIVES OF B-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS 433
75. TOPOLOGICAL INTERRELATION OF PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS IN E. COLI - A STUDY USING CLEAVABLE CROSS-LINKERS 439
76. ELECTROFOCUSING OF INTEGRAL BACTERIAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO PBPs. 445
77. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHANGES IN PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS THAT OCCUR DURING SPORULATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS 451
78. PATTERN OF PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS DURING THE LIFE CYCLE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 459
79. GROWTH DEPENDENT MODIFICATIONS OF THE PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS OF Escherichia coli : INFORMATION SUPPORTING THE GENERALITY OF THE PROCESS AND THE MULTIPLICITY OF MECHANISMS 465
80. RECOMBINANT PLASMIDS CARRYING PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEIN/CELL SHAPE GENES FROM THE lip-leuS REGION OF THE ESCHERICHIA COLI CHROMOSOME 471
81. SOME ASPECTS OF THE MECHANISM OF EXPRESSION OF PBP 3 IN E.coli 475
82. THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF BACTERIAL SHAPE AND SIMULTANEOUS BLOCKING OF PBP 2 AND 3 IN ESCHERICHIA COLI SP 45 AND ESCHERICHIA COLI SP 63 481
83. BENZYLPENICILLIN-RESISTANT MUTANTS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS 487
84. STUDIES OF ß-LACTAM RESISTANCE IN STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM 493
85. BIOSYNTHESIS OF MUREIN (PEPTIDOGLYCAN) 499
86. ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN-CROSSBRIDGES IN E. COLI 505
87. NEW INSIGHTS IN THE PROCESS OF IN VITRO MUREIN SYNTHESIS IN E. COLI REVEALED BY MUREIN-ANALYSIS WITH HIGH-PRESSURE-LIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHY 511
88. PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN BIOSYNTHESIS IN BACILLUS MEGATERIUM 517
89. FUNCTION OF PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEIN 3 IN STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM 523
90. THE ROLE OF A PROTEIN THAT BINDS PENICILLIN WITH SLOW KINETICS IN PHYSIO LOGY AND RESPONSE TO PENICILLIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM ATCC 9790 531
91. TRANSPEPTIDATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS WITH INTRINSIC RESISTANCE TO ß-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS ("METHICILLIN RESISTANCE") 537
92. PENICILLIN-SENSITIVE ENZYMES IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 543
93. VI. BIOSYNTHESIS OF MUREIN
94. PEPTIDOGLYCAN BIOSYNTHESIS : CONTROL OF PRECURSOR SYNTHESIS AND INTERMEDIATES IN ASSEMBLY 551
95. CYTOPLASMIC STEPS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS IN E. coli K 12 559
96. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON THE FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF INTERMEDIATES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI MUREIN BIOSYNTHESIS 565
97. THE EFFECT OF 6-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS ON MUREIN SYNTHESIS IN ETHER TREATED ESCHERICHIA COLI 571
98. COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS ON MUREIN SYNTHESIS OF ß-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS AND D-AMINO ACIDS 577
99. Hildegard Criegee and Walter P. Hammes 583
100. BIOSYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN GAFFKYA HOMARI: Processing of nascent glycan by reactivated membranes 589
101. THE INHIBITION OF IN VITRO SYNTHESIS OF MUREIN IN GAFFKYA HOMARI BY MONOCYCLIC ß-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS NOCARDICIN B,E AND AZTHREONAM 595
102. PEPTIDOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY PARTICULATE PREPARATION FROM Streptococcus sangui s 34 601
103. SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN FROM EXTEENALLY SUPPLIED PBECUESOES BY PARTLY AUTOLYSED CELLS OP Bacillus subtilis W23 607
104. O-ACETYLATION OF MURAMIC ACID, BIOSYNTHESIS OF MUREIN AND THE EFFECT OF PENICILLIN G IN VIVO IN SYNCHRONIZED CELLS OF PROTEUS MIRABILIS 613
105. PEPTIDOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS AND TURNOVER IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS 619
106. POTENTIAL SITES FOR THE COORDINATE CONTROL OF MUREIN AND TEICHOIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN S. PNEUMONIAE 625
107. MECHANISM OF STRINGENT CONTROL OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI 631
108. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WALL AND MEMBRANE BIOSYNTHESIS 637
109. FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF COLICIN M 643
110. Author Index 649
111. Subject Index 653
112. Backmatter 664