13. Historical View on Lead: Guidelines and Regulations
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Hana R. Pohl
Abstract
Lead has been used in many commodities for centuries. As a result, human exposure has occurred through the production and use of these lead-containing products. For example, leaded gasoline, lead-based paint, and lead solder/pipes in water distribution systems have been important in terms of exposure potential to the general population. Worker exposures occur in various industrial activities such as lead smelting and refining, battery manufacturing, steel welding or cutting operations, printing, and construction. Some industrial locations have also been a source of exposure to the surrounding communities. While the toxicity of relatively high lead exposures has been recognized for centuries, modern scientific studies have shown adverse health effects at very low doses, particularly in the developing nervous system of fetuses and children. This chapter reflects on historical and current views on lead toxicity. It also addresses the development and evolution of exposure prevention policies. As discussed here, these lead policies target a variety of potential exposure routes and sources. The changes reflect our better understanding of lead toxicity. The chapter provides lead-related guidelines and regulations currently valid in the U. S. and in many countries around the world. The reader will learn about the significant progress that has been made through regulations and guidelines to reduce exposure and prevent lead toxicity.
Abstract
Lead has been used in many commodities for centuries. As a result, human exposure has occurred through the production and use of these lead-containing products. For example, leaded gasoline, lead-based paint, and lead solder/pipes in water distribution systems have been important in terms of exposure potential to the general population. Worker exposures occur in various industrial activities such as lead smelting and refining, battery manufacturing, steel welding or cutting operations, printing, and construction. Some industrial locations have also been a source of exposure to the surrounding communities. While the toxicity of relatively high lead exposures has been recognized for centuries, modern scientific studies have shown adverse health effects at very low doses, particularly in the developing nervous system of fetuses and children. This chapter reflects on historical and current views on lead toxicity. It also addresses the development and evolution of exposure prevention policies. As discussed here, these lead policies target a variety of potential exposure routes and sources. The changes reflect our better understanding of lead toxicity. The chapter provides lead-related guidelines and regulations currently valid in the U. S. and in many countries around the world. The reader will learn about the significant progress that has been made through regulations and guidelines to reduce exposure and prevent lead toxicity.
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- About the Editors v
- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series Metal Ions in Life Sciences vii
- Preface to Volume 17 ix
- Contents xiii
- Contributors to Volume 17 xix
- Titles of Volumes 1–44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series xxiii
- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series xxv
- 1. The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Lead in the Context of Its Toxicity 1
- 2. Biogeochemistry of Lead. Its Release to the Environment and Chemical Speciation 21
- 3. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment 49
- 4. Smart Capsules for Lead Removal from Industrial Wastewater 61
- 5. Lead Speciation in Microorganisms 79
- 6. Human Biomonitoring of Lead Exposure 99
- 7. Solid State Structures of Lead Complexes with Relevance for Biological Systems 123
- 8. Lead(II) Complexes of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Other Related Ligands of Biological Interest 201
- 9. Lead(II) Binding in Metallothioneins 241
- 10. Lead(II) Binding in Natural and Artificial Proteins 271
- 11. Complex Formation of Lead(II) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents 319
- 12. The Role of Lead(II) in Nucleic Acids 403
- 13. Historical View on Lead: Guidelines and Regulations 435
- 14. Environmental Impact of Alkyl Lead(IV) Derivatives: Perspective after Their Phase-out 471
- 15. Lead Toxicity in Plants 491
- 16. Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs 501
- Subject Index 535
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- About the Editors v
- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series Metal Ions in Life Sciences vii
- Preface to Volume 17 ix
- Contents xiii
- Contributors to Volume 17 xix
- Titles of Volumes 1–44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series xxiii
- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series xxv
- 1. The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Lead in the Context of Its Toxicity 1
- 2. Biogeochemistry of Lead. Its Release to the Environment and Chemical Speciation 21
- 3. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment 49
- 4. Smart Capsules for Lead Removal from Industrial Wastewater 61
- 5. Lead Speciation in Microorganisms 79
- 6. Human Biomonitoring of Lead Exposure 99
- 7. Solid State Structures of Lead Complexes with Relevance for Biological Systems 123
- 8. Lead(II) Complexes of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Other Related Ligands of Biological Interest 201
- 9. Lead(II) Binding in Metallothioneins 241
- 10. Lead(II) Binding in Natural and Artificial Proteins 271
- 11. Complex Formation of Lead(II) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents 319
- 12. The Role of Lead(II) in Nucleic Acids 403
- 13. Historical View on Lead: Guidelines and Regulations 435
- 14. Environmental Impact of Alkyl Lead(IV) Derivatives: Perspective after Their Phase-out 471
- 15. Lead Toxicity in Plants 491
- 16. Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs 501
- Subject Index 535
